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Pimentel-Almeida W, Testolin RC, Gaspareto P, Gerlach OMS, Pereira-Filho J, Sanches-Simões E, Corrêa AXR, Almerindo GI, González SYG, Somensi CA, Radetski CM. Degradation of cytostatics methotrexate and cytarabine through physico-chemical and advanced oxidative processes: influence of pH and combined processes on the treatment efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:4053-4061. [PMID: 37482803 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2240488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental release of wastewater that contains cytostatic drugs can cause genotoxic impact, since these drugs act directly on the genetic material of aquatic organisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the removal of the cytostatic drugs cytarabine (CTR) and methotrexate (MTX) using different physico-chemical methods individually (i.e. US, O3, H2O2 and UV) and combined (i.e. O3/US, US/H2O2, O3/H2O2 and O3/US/H2O2) under different pH conditions (4, 7 and 10). In the degradation tests, the efficiency of the methods applied was found to be dependent on the pH of the solution, with the degradation of CTR being better at pH 4 and MTX at pH 7 and pH 10. The US, H2O2 and US + H2O2 methods were the least efficient in degrading CTR and MTX under the pH conditions tested. The highest MTX degradation rate after 16 min of treatment at pH 7 was achieved by the O3 + H2O2 method (97.05% - C/C0 = 0.0295). For CTR, the highest degradation rate after 16 min of treatment was achieved by the O3 process (99.70% - C/C0 = 0.0030) at pH 4. In conclusion, most of the treatment methods tested for the degradation of CTR and MTX are effective. Notably, ozonolysis is an efficient process applied alone. Also, in combination with other methods (US + O3, O3 + H2O2 and O3 + H2O2 + US) it increases the degradation performance, showing a rapid removal rate of 70-94% in less than 4 min of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell Pimentel-Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Renan C Testolin
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Patrick Gaspareto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Hospital Universitário, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Otto M S Gerlach
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Jurandir Pereira-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Eric Sanches-Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Albertina X R Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Gizelle I Almerindo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Sergio Y G González
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cleder A Somensi
- Instituto Federal Catarinense - Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil
| | - Claudemir M Radetski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Brazil
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Camcıoğlu Ş, Özyurt B, Oturan N, Portehault D, Trellu C, Oturan MA. Heterogeneous electro-Fenton treatment of chemotherapeutic drug busulfan using magnetic nanocomposites as catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140129. [PMID: 37690550 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and efficient mineralization of the chemotherapeutic drug busulfan (BSF) as the target pollutant has been investigated for the first time by three different heterogeneous EF systems that were constructed to ensure the continuous electro-generation of H2O2 and •OH consisting of: i) a multifunctional carbon felt (CF) based cathode composed of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), iron oxide nanoparticles and carbon black (CB) (rGO-Fe3O4/CB@CF), ii) rGO modified cathode (rGO/CB@CF) and rGO supported Fe3O4 (rGO-Fe3O4) catalyst and iii) rGO modified cathode (rGO/CB@CF) and multi walled carbon nanotube supported Fe3O4 (MWCNT-Fe3O4) catalyst. The effects of main variables, including the catalyst amount, applied current and initial pH were investigated. Based on the results, H2O2 was produced by oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the liquid-solid interface of both fabricated cathodes. •OH was generated by the reaction of H2O2 with the active site of ≡FeII on the surface of the multifunctional cathode and heterogeneous EF catalysts. Utilizing carbon materials with high conductivity, the redox cycling between ≡FeII and ≡FeIII was effectively facilitated and therefore promoted the performance of the process. The results demonstrated almost complete mineralization of BSF through the heterogeneous systems over a wide applicable pH range. According to the reusability and stability tests, multifunctional cathode exhibited outstanding performance after five consecutive cycles which is promising for the efficient mineralization of refractory organic pollutants. Moreover, intermediates products of BSF oxidation were identified and a plausible oxidation pathway was proposed. Therefore, this study demonstrates efficient and stable cathodes and catalysts for the efficient treatment of an anticancer active substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şule Camcıoğlu
- Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey; Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France.
| | - Baran Özyurt
- Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey; Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France
| | - Nihal Oturan
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France
| | - David Portehault
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de La Matière Condensée de Paris (CMCP), 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Clément Trellu
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France
| | - Mehmet A Oturan
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France.
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Castellano-Hinojosa A, Gallardo-Altamirano MJ, González-López J, González-Martínez A. Anticancer drugs in wastewater and natural environments: A review on their occurrence, environmental persistence, treatment, and ecological risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130818. [PMID: 36680899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of anticancer drugs (also known as chemotherapy drugs or antineoplastic drugs) has augmented over the last decades due to increased cancer incidence. Although there is an increasing concern about the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in natural environments and urban/domestic wastewater, anticancer drugs used in chemotherapy and anticancer medication have received less attention. In this review, the occurrence, environmental persistence, and known and potential ecological impacts of anticancer drugs is discussed. This review shows that these compounds are being increasingly detected in effluents of hospitals, influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants, river surface water and sediments, groundwater, and even drinking water. Anticancer drugs can impact aquatic organisms such as algae, crustaceans, rotifers, and fish and may promote changes in soil and water microbial communities that may alter ecosystem functioning. Our knowledge of technologies for the removal of anticancer drugs is still limited, and these drugs can be dispersed in nature in a diffuse way in an uncontrolled manner. For this reason, an improved understanding of the presence, persistence, and ecological impacts of anticancer drugs in wastewater and natural environments is needed to help design management strategies, protect aquatic microorganisms, and mitigate potential ecological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesús González-López
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, C/Ramon y Cajal, 4, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Khurshid A, Ahmad I, Khan N, Usmani M, Anwar Z. Solvent effect on the photolysis of 5‐fluorouracil: A kinetic study. INT J CHEM KINET 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeela Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Nimra Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Muneeba Usmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
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Pérez-Poyatos LT, Morales-Torres S, Maldonado-Hódar FJ, Pastrana-Martínez LM. Magnetite Nanoparticles as Solar Photo-Fenton Catalysts for the Degradation of the 5-Fluorouracil Cytostatic Drug. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4438. [PMID: 36558291 PMCID: PMC9782202 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts based on magnetite nanoparticles, Fe3O4, were prepared by the chemical coprecipitation method using iron (III) chloride as a salt precursor. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were determined by different techniques and the efficiency was evaluated for the degradation of the cytostatic drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), in aqueous solution by photo-Fenton process under simulated solar radiation. The most influential parameters, namely pH of the solution, catalyst load, H2O2 dosage, and use of radiation, were studied and optimized in the degradation process. The optimal conditions to achieve a 100% degradation of 5-FU (10 mg L-1) and a high mineralization degree (76%) were established at the acidic pH of 3.0, 100 mg L-1 of catalyst loading, and 58 mM of H2O2 under simulated solar radiation. The contribution of iron leaching to the catalyst deactivation, the role of the dissolved iron ions on homogenous reactions, and the stability of the catalyst were assessed during consecutive reaction cycles.
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Sanabria P, Wilde ML, Ruiz-Padillo A, Sirtori C. Trends in Fenton and photo-Fenton processes for degradation of antineoplastic agents in water matrices: current knowledge and future challenges evaluation using a bibliometric and systematic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:42168-42184. [PMID: 34403053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic agents present potential hazards to human health and the environment. For this reason, these compounds have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers in the environmental sciences field. In order to help guide future research, it is important to understand the current state of investigation of the occurrence of these microcontaminants and methods for their removal, especially focusing on Fenton and photo-Fenton processes applied to various aqueous matrices in which this class of pharmaceuticals is present. For this purpose, a systematic review of these topics was performed by bibliometric analysis of articles published during the last decade and available in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. This study enables visualization of the current panorama and trends in this field, providing a guide for future collaborative research and exchange of knowledge. Various strategies have been suggested to improve the efficiency of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, mainly by means of the application of multiples additions of iron, the use of heterogeneous catalysts, and/or the use of chelating agents. Some studies have evaluated different radiation sources employed for photo-Fenton processes, such as solar and/or artificial radiation. In turn, the identification of transformation products generated by Fenton and photo-Fenton treatments, together with their evaluation by in silico (Q)SAR predictions or experimental toxicological bioassays, are related subjects that have been less reported in published works and that should be studied in depth. These subjects can support treatment evaluations that are more realistic, considering their limitations or potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sanabria
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Wilde
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Padillo
- Mobility and Logistics Laboratory. Transportation Department, Federal Universityof Santa Maria, Roraima Av., 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Sirtori
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Bilici Z, Saleh M, Yabalak E, Khataee A, Dizge N. The effect of different types of AOPs supported by hydrogen peroxide on the decolorization of methylene blue and viscose fibers dyeing wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:77-89. [PMID: 35050867 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater from the textile industry containing a high concentration of organic and inorganic chemicals has strong color and residual chemical oxygen demand (COD). Therefore, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are very good candidates to treat textile industry wastewater. In this study, we investigated the effect of different types of AOPs supported with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the treatment of viscose fibers dyeing wastewater. Fenton, photo-Fenton, and Fenton-supported subcritical water oxidation (FSWO) processes were chosen as AOPs to compare the treatment efficiency of viscose fibers dyeing wastewater. The effects of solution pH, Fe2+ concentration, and H2O2 concentration on the treatment of viscose fibers dyeing wastewater were tested. The maximum color and COD removal efficiency was obtained corresponding to pH 2.5 for all oxidation methods when methylene blue (MB) dye solution was used. However, the maximum efficiencies were obtained at pH 3.0 for real textile wastewater decolorization. The MB dye removal efficiency was increased to 97.22, 100, and 100% for Fenton, photo-Fenton, and FSWO processes, respectively, when the addition of H2O2 concentration was adjusted to 125 mg/L. However, the maximum color removal efficiencies of viscose fibers dyeing wastewater were obtained 56.94, 61.26, 64.11% for Fenton, photo-Fenton, FSWO processes, respectively. As a result, the FSWO showed maximum color removal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Bilici
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin 33343, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Mohammed Saleh
- National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Jenin, Palestine
| | - Erdal Yabalak
- Department of Chemistry, Mersin University, Mersin 33343, Turkey
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Turkey; Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nadir Dizge
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin 33343, Turkey E-mail:
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Martins N, Pradhan A, Pascoal C, Cássio F. Individual and mixed effects of anticancer drugs on freshwater rotifers: A multigenerational approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112893. [PMID: 34655884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human population growth has led to an increased release of chemical contaminants into aquatic environments. Emerging chemical contaminants (ECCs) are of increasing concern because they can affect non-target organisms in aquatic ecosystems. The application of anticancer drugs is increasing because of enhanced cancer rates and use of chemotherapy. We assessed the impacts of two widely used anticancer drugs known for their distinct modes of action, namely 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and doxorubicin (DOX), on the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus across generations. Rotifer mortality (24 h) and population growth (48 h) were assessed to determine initial lethal and sub-lethal effects. Exposure of rotifers to 5-FU (up to 200 mg L-1) did not cause mortality, while DOX caused mortality at high concentrations (EC50 = 15.6 mg L-1). Effects of 5-FU on population growth rate was higher than DOX (5-FU EC50 =10.49 µg L-1, DOX EC50 = 8.78 mg L-1). The effects of the drugs in binary mixture on population growth rates were dose dependent; significant antagonistic effects were found when 5-FU was present in the mixture at high concentrations. Finally, a transgenerational assay for five generations revealed that rotifers were able to recover their population growth rate after fourth generation when exposed to 5-FU; however, population became non-viable after the second generation of exposure to DOX. At the cellular level, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and plasma membrane damage were observed at EC10 and increased at EC50 for both drugs. After exposure of rotifers to 5-FU across generations, there were signs of oxidative stress recovery, as shown by a decrease in ROS accumulation and plasma membrane damage. Our results showed for the first time that the adverse effects of anticancer drugs on freshwater rotifer populations are drug and dose dependent and can persist or be attenuated along generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute for Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Arunava Pradhan
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute for Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute for Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute for Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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9
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Zhang S, Ye C, Li J, Yu X, Feng M. Treatment-driven removal efficiency, product formation, and toxicity evolution of antineoplastic agents: Current status and implications for water safety assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117729. [PMID: 34624659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic compounds, designed for chemotherapeutic anticancer therapy, have become emerging contaminants of global concern over the past decade due to their ubiquitous occurrence, environmental persistence, and multiple adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. Increasing efforts have been devoted to developing efficient strategies for remediating water containing these micropollutants. In this study, the physicochemical properties, natural attenuation, and chemical reactivity with aqueous oxidizing species of five antineoplastic drugs with the highest environmental prevalence (i.e., tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, 5-fluorouracil, and methotrexate) were summarized. The removal performance, transformation products (TPs) of varying structures, overall reaction pathways, and toxicity evolution during different treatments were evaluated and discussed. Additionally, the biodegradability and multi-endpoint toxicity of each TP were predicted using in silico QSAR software. Depending on their distinct inherent structures, the reactivity of the antineoplastics with oxidizing species varied, with hydroxyl radicals exhibiting unparalleled merits in rapid oxidation. Complete elimination of these contaminants was observed during oxidative treatments, but with inadequate mineralization. Notably, the increase in toxicity within multiple processes was determined based on both experimental bioassays and theoretical predictions. This may be attributed to the adverse effects induced by the large number of identified and unknown TPs individually and in combination. Together with the environmental persistence and low biodegradability of most TPs, these results necessitate the application of efficient post-treatments in conjunction with a more thorough water safety evaluation (e.g., using high-throughput screening) of the mixtures of treated water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
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Yadav A, Rene ER, Mandal MK, Dubey KK. Threat and sustainable technological solution for antineoplastic drugs pollution: Review on a persisting global issue. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128285. [PMID: 33297229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past 20 years, the discharge of pharmaceuticals and their presence in the aquatic environment have been continuously increasing and this has caused serious public health and environmental concerns. Antineoplastic drugs are used in chemotherapy, in large quantities worldwide, for the treatment of continuously increasing cancer cases. Antineoplastic drugs also contaminate water sources and possess mutagenic, cytostatic and eco-toxicological effects on microorganisms present in the aquatic environment as well as on human health. Due to the recalcitrant nature of antineoplastic drugs, the commonly used wastewater treatment processes are not able to eliminate these drugs. Globally, various anticancer drugs are being consumed during chemotherapy in hospitals and households by out-patients. These anti-cancer agents enter the water bodies in their original form or as metabolites via urine and faeces of the out-patients or the patients admitted in hospitals. Due to its high lipid solubility, the antineoplastic drugs accumulate in the fatty tissues of the organisms. These drugs enter through the food chain and cause adverse health effects on humans due to their cytotoxic and genotoxic properties. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) elucidated new regulations for the management of hazardous pharmaceuticals in the water environment. In this paper, the role of antineoplastic agents as emerging water contaminants, its transfer through the food chain, its eco-toxicological properties and effects, technological solutions and management aspects were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Yadav
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mrinal Kanti Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India; Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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11
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Environmental Remediation of Antineoplastic Drugs: Present Status, Challenges, and Future Directions. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of cancer is on the rise, and as a result, the number of therapeutics administered for chemotherapy is increasing. The occupational exposure, recalcitrant nature and ecotoxicological toxicity of these therapeutics, referred to as antineoplastic (ANP) drugs, have raised concerns about their safe remediation. This review provides an overview of the environmental source of ANPs agents, with emphasis on the currently used remediation approaches. Outpatient excreta, hospital effluents, and waste from pharmaceutical industries are the primary source of ANP waste. The current review describes various biotic and abiotic methods used in the remediation of ANP drugs in the environment. Abiotic methods often generate transformation products (TPs) of unknown toxicity. In this light, obtaining data on the environmental toxicity of ANPs and its TPs is crucial to determine their toxic effect on the ecosystem. We also discuss the biodegradation of ANP drugs using monoculture of fungal and bacterial species, and microbial consortia in sewage treatment plants. The current review effort further explores a safe and sustainable approach for ANP waste treatment to replace existing chemical and oxidation intensive treatment approaches. To conclude, we assess the possibility of integrating biotic and abiotic methods of ANP drug degradation.
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12
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Macedo E, Santos MSF, Maldonado-Hódar FJ, Alves A, Madeira LM. Insights on Carbonaceous Materials Tailoring for Effective Removal of the Anticancer Drug 5-Fluorouracil from Contaminated Waters. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Macedo
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica S. F. Santos
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - F. J. Maldonado-Hódar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis M. Madeira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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