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Portilio MN, Prado MC, Rigo L. Is drug use associated with the presence of periodontitis and oral lesions? A meta-analysis. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2024; 54:224-235. [PMID: 38014773 PMCID: PMC11377893 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2302920146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review investigated whether drug use is associated with the presence of oral lesions and periodontitis. METHODS A search was performed for studies that analyzed the presence of periodontitis and/or oral lesions in users of crack, cocaine, and/or marijuana in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Observational studies in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, without limitation of year, age, and sex, were included. Studies that did not evaluate periodontitis and oral lesions according to the eligibility criteria were excluded. Two authors independently performed study selection and data extraction using a standardized form. The risk of bias of studies included in the meta-analysis was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. The meta-analysis included studies that investigated the association of drug use with the outcome. RESULTS The initial search resulted in 9,279 articles, from which 16 studies with 15,434 participants were included in the review and 8 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Most studies that evaluated periodontitis in drug users and non-users found a positive association in users. Most studies that analyzed oral lesions reported a higher prevalence, association, or risk of oral lesions in drug users than in non-users. A critical evaluation identified a need to improve the control and reporting of confounding factors in studies on this topic. An association was found between periodontitis and the use of crack, cocaine, and/or marijuana (odds ratio [OR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-3.27; P=0.04) and between oral lesions and the use of these drugs (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.58-2.86; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Drug users are more likely to develop oral lesions and periodontitis than non-users. However, the results should be interpreted with caution, considering the heterogeneity and quality of the studies included in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara Colpo Prado
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, ATITUS Education, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Lilian Rigo
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, ATITUS Education, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
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Quaranta A, D'Isidoro O, Piattelli A, Hui WL, Perrotti V. Illegal drugs and periodontal conditions. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:62-87. [PMID: 36183328 PMCID: PMC9828249 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the practice of dentistry and periodontology has become complicated by several risk factors, including the treatment of an increasing number of patients with substance use disorder. This review presents an update in the current literature of the impact of illegal drug use on periodontal conditions and their possible effect as risk factors or indicators. The main illegal drugs that may have an impact on periodontal health and conditions are described, including their effect, medical manifestations, risks, and the overall effect on oral health and on the periodontium. Where available, data from epidemiologic studies are analyzed and summarized. The clinical management of periodontal patients using illegal drugs is reported in a comprehensive approach inclusive of the detection of illicit drug users, screening, interviewing and counseling, the referral to treatment, and the dental and periodontal management. With regard to the impact of illegal substance use on periodontal conditions, there is moderate evidence that regular long-term use of cannabis is a risk factor for periodontal disease, manifesting as a loss of periodontal attachment, deep pockets, recessions, and gingival enlargements. Limited evidence also shows that the use of cocaine can cause a series of gingival conditions that mostly presents as chemical induced-traumatic lesions (application of cocaine on the gingiva) or necrotizing ulcerative lesions. There is a scarcity of data regarding the impact of other drug use on periodontal health. There is evidence to suggest that regular long-term use of cannabis is a risk factor for periodontal disease and that the use of cocaine can cause a series of periodontal conditions. The dental treatment of subjects that use illegal substances is becoming more common in the daily clinical practice of periodontists and other dental clinicians. When the clinicians encounter such patients, it is essential to manage their addiction properly taking into consideration the impact of it on comprehensive dental treatment. Further studies and clinical observations are required to obtain sound and definitive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Quaranta
- School of DentistryUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Smile Specialists SuiteNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Adriano Piattelli
- Dental SchoolSaint Camillus International University for Health Sciences (Unicamillus)RomeItaly,Casa di Cura Villa SerenaCittà Sant'Angelo, PescaraItaly
| | - Wang Lai Hui
- Smile Specialists SuiteNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Vittoria Perrotti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences (DSMOB)University of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
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How Do Drugs Affect the Skeleton? Implications for Forensic Anthropology. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040524. [PMID: 35453723 PMCID: PMC9030599 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Forensic anthropologists analyze human remains to assist in the identification of the deceased, predominantly by assessing age-at-death, sex, stature, ancestry and any unique identifying features. Whilst methods have been established to create this biological profile of the skeleton, these may be influenced by a number of factors. This paper, for the first time, provides an overview from a reading of the clinical and pharmacological literature to explore whether the intake of drugs can affect the skeleton and whether these may have implications for forensic anthropology casework. In effect, drugs such as tobacco, heroin, and prescription medications can alter bone mineral density, can increase the risk of fractures, destroy bone and changes to the dentition. By considering how drugs can affect the skeleton, forensic anthropologists can be aware of this when attempting to identify the deceased. Abstract Forensic anthropologists rely on a number of parameters when analyzing human skeletal remains to assist in the identification of the deceased, predominantly age-at-death, sex, stature, ancestry or population affinity, and any unique identifying features. During the examination of human remains, it is important to be aware that the skeletal features considered when applying anthropological methods may be influenced and modified by a number of factors, and particular to this article, prescription drugs (including medical and non-medical use) and other commonly used drugs. In view of this, this paper aims to review the medical, clinical and pharmacological literature to enable an assessment of those drug groups that as side effects have the potential to have an adverse effect on the skeleton, and explore whether or not they can influence the estimation of age-at-death, sex and other indicators of the biological profile. Moreover, it may be that the observation of certain alterations or inconsistencies in the skeleton may relate to the use of drugs or medication, and this in turn may help narrow down the list of missing persons to which a set of human remains could belong. The information gathered from the clinical and medical literature has been extracted with a forensic anthropological perspective and provides an awareness on how several drugs, such as opioids, cocaine, corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol, tobacco and others have notable effects on bone. Through different mechanisms, drugs can alter bone mineral density, causing osteopenia, osteoporosis, increase the risk of fractures, osteonecrosis, and oral changes. Not much has been written on the influence of drugs on the skeleton from the forensic anthropological practitioner perspective; and this review, in spite of its limitations and the requirement of further research, aims to investigate the current knowledge of the possible effects of both prescription and recreational drugs on bones, contributing to providing a better awareness in forensic anthropological practice and assisting in the identification process of the deceased.
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4
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Rossow I. Illicit drug use and oral health. Addiction 2021; 116:3235-3242. [PMID: 33247857 DOI: 10.1111/add.15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
People with drug use disorders (PWDUD) have elevated prevalence of oral diseases, in particular dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal (gum) disease and xerostomia (dry mouth). When left untreated, these oral health conditions may progress and lead to tooth ache, abscesses and tooth loss, and in turn, to poor chewing functioning and digestion, dental aesthetic problems and reduced wellbeing. Illicit drug use may, per se, cause xerostomia, which in turn increases vulnerability for dental caries. However, the other main drivers of oral diseases and their progression-poor oral hygiene, frequent sugar intake and infrequent dental visits-can mainly be ascribed to the irregular lifestyle, poor economy and mental health problems that often accompany illicit drug use. Establishment of good oral health habits is essential in the dental care for PWDUD. Dental treatment is often comprehensive and challenging; because the patients may have extensive treatment needs but also difficulties adhering to preventive measures and dental appointments. An integrated care approach for PWDUD would likely benefit both their oral and general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Rossow
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Malacarne IT, De Souza DV, Rosario BDA, Viana MDB, Pereira CDS, Estadella D, Dos Santos JN, Ribeiro DA. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response induced by crack-cocaine: relevance to carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14285-14292. [PMID: 33534101 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crack-cocaine is a cocaine by-product widely consumed by general population in developing countries. The drug is low cost and is associated with more intense effects when compared to other illicit drugs. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response are considered crucial events in carcinogenesis, since they actively participate in the multistep process. The purpose of this paper was to provide a mini review regarding the relationship between carcinogenesis and genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation induced by crack-cocaine. The present study was conducted on search of the scientific literature from the published studies available in PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar for all kind of articles (all publications to November 2020) using the following key words: crack-cocaine, DNA damage, genotoxicity, cellular death, cytotoxicity, mutation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mutagenicity. The results showed that published papers available were almost all in vivo test system being conducted in humans or rodents. Crack-cocaine was able to induce genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mammalian cells. However, the role of inflammatory response after exposure to crack-cocaine was not conclusive so far. In summary, this study is consistent with the notion that crack-cocaine is a chemical carcinogen as a result of genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced in mammalian and non-mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingra Tais Malacarne
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vitor De Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Barbara Dos Anjos Rosario
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Milena De Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | | | - Debora Estadella
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Therapeutics, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil.
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Araujo NS, das Graças Alonso Oliveira M, Neto AVB, de Oliveira Lima Arsati YB, Dos Santos JN, Cury PR. Salivary flow rates and buffer capacity and its relationship with oral health status: a cross-sectional study on crack-cocaine-addicted males. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41876-41884. [PMID: 32700275 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study evaluated the saliva profile in crack-cocaine-addicted males and its relationship with dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral mucosal lesion (OML) using 148 adult male volunteers (37 addicted; 111 non-addicted) at the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia. Data on decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT), periodontal disease and OML were collected from the clinical examination of the participants. Samples were analysed for the salivary flow rate (SFR) of unstimulated and wax-stimulated whole saliva and the saliva buffer capacity. Bivariate and regression analyses were conducted to assess the salivary profile and its association with the oral status of addicted participants (α = 0.05). The mean buffer capacity of stimulated saliva was significantly lower in the addicted participants (pH 5.2 ± 1.7) than in the non-addicted group (pH 5.8 ± 1.3, p = 0.03). In the addicted group, OML was associated with a stimulated SFR < 1.0 mL/min (OR = 11.98, 95% CI = 1.30-27.10, p = 0.04). The DMFT index and periodontal disease were not associated with the salivary profile, but with older age (OR = 7.20, 95% CI = 1.51-31.14, p = 0.01) and lower education levels (OR = 24.00, 95% CI = 1.68-341.00, p = 0.02), respectively. In conclusion, addiction was associated with the lower buffer capacity of stimulated saliva, and OML was associated with lower-stimulated salivary flow rate. Periodontal disease or DMFT was not associated with salivary factors in addicted males. Therapy approaches dealing with saliva status may be important for use with addicted males to reduce OMLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Santos Araujo
- Program of Post-graduation and Dentistry and Health, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, no. 62, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Alonso Oliveira
- Department of Propaedeutic and Integrated Clinic, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, no.62, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Antenor Vieira Borges Neto
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, no.62, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Ynara Bosco de Oliveira Lima Arsati
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, State University of Feira de Santana, Pc Purificação, no.48, Santo Amaro, Feira de Santana, Bahia, 44200-000, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, no.62, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ramos Cury
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62. Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil.
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Chaiben CL, Batista TBD, Penteado CAS, Barbosa MCM, Ventura TMO, Dionizio A, Rosa EAR, Buzalaf MAR, Azevedo-Alanis LR. Salivary proteome analysis of crack cocaine dependents. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 121:104952. [PMID: 33186792 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salivary proteomic analysis may help to understand physiopathological changes in crack cocaine dependents. This study aimed to compare the salivary protein profile between crack cocaine dependents and non-drug users. DESIGN Nine heavy smokers and alcohol consumers men admitted to rehab due to crack cocaine abuse and nine non-drug users age-matched men were evaluated. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected. Proteomic analysis was performed by mass spectrometer. Data were processed using ProteinLynx GlobalServer software. Results were obtained by searching the Homo sapiens database from the UniProt catalog. The search tool IBI-IMIM was used to identify proteins candidates for biomarkers. RESULTS The mean age of crack cocaine and control groups was 36.89 ± 7.78 and 35.78 ± 6.68 years, respectively. 458 salivary proteins were identified in both groups; 305 proteins in the crack cocaine group. Among the 68 proteins presented in both groups, 29 were down-regulated (i.e. "Statherin" and "Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3" were down-regulated at least 10-fold) and 27 up-regulated (i.e. "Negative elongation factor" was up-regulated 19-fold) in the crack cocaine group compared to controls. 90 out of the 458 proteins found in the proteomic analysis were identified as candidates for biomarkers of diseases. Among these, 65 (72.22 %) were detected in the crack cocaine group. CONCLUSION Crack cocaine dependents with chronic alcohol and tobacco use have a higher number of proteins in saliva compared to non-drug users. 22.3 % of salivary proteins present in crack cocaine dependents were present in controls; 3.9 % of them were expressed in similar quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiano Lima Chaiben
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, Postal Code: 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Beltrami Dias Batista
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, Postal Code: 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Antonio Schäffer Penteado
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, Postal Code: 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Maria Carolina Maciel Barbosa
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, Postal Code: 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Talita Mendes Oliveira Ventura
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP Postal Code: 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP Postal Code: 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro Rosa
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, Postal Code: 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, SP Postal Code: 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Reis Azevedo-Alanis
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, PR, Postal Code: 80215-901, Brazil.
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Góes Rabelo R, Salgueiro AP, Visioli F, da Silva VP, das Graças Alonso Oliveira M, Ribeiro DA, Cury PR, Dos Santos JN. Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in oral mucosa cells of crack and cocaine users: a cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:37920-37926. [PMID: 32617811 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09892-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the presence of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in exfoliated cells obtained from the buccal mucosa among crack and cocaine users and non-users by the AgNOR staining technique. Seventy-three males ≥ 18 years were categorized into two groups: 38 crack and/or cocaine users and 35 non-user volunteers. They were interviewed and responded a questionnaire regarding general health and drug addiction. Exfoliative cytology specimens were collected from the clinically intact buccal mucosa, and cytological preparations were fixed and stained by AgNOR technique. The mean number of AgNORs (p = 0.02) and the percentage of epithelial cells with more than 3 (p = 0.01) and 4 (p = 0.04) AgNORs/nucleus were significantly higher in the non-user group. In conclusion, the frequency and diversity of substances present in the drugs-cocaine, crack, and alcohol-consumed by the volunteers of this study may have influenced the number of AgNORs and the response to damage and consequent effect on protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Góes Rabelo
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62-Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Arthur Pias Salgueiro
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2492-Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2492-Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Viviane Palmeira da Silva
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62-Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Alonso Oliveira
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62-Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Silva Jardim, 136-Vila Matias, Santos, São Paulo, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ramos Cury
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62-Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62- Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil.
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Hughes FJ, Bartold PM. Periodontal complications of prescription and recreational drugs. Periodontol 2000 2019; 78:47-58. [PMID: 30198137 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug use for both therapeutic and recreational purposes is very widespread in most societies. The range of drugs used, the variations in response to these drugs and other health and behavioral confounders mean that drug use may be an important contributor to individualized periodontal diagnoses. In this narrative review, we review the main reported effects of drugs on the periodontal tissues and periodontal disease processes. Although some of the more common adverse drug reactions on periodontal tissues are well described, in many other cases the evidence for these drug effects is quite limited and based on small case series or isolated reports. Prescription drugs are responsible for a range of effects, including drug-induced gingival overgrowth and increased gingival bleeding, and influence periodontal inflammation and periodontal breakdown. The effects of recreational drugs on the periodontal tissues is less well researched, perhaps for the obvious reason that assembling large cohorts of recreational drug users presents particular challenges. Use of nearly all of these substances is associated with poorer periodontal and dental health, although there is almost certainly a large degree of behavioral confounding in these findings. Overall, further studies of adverse drug reactions on the periodontal tissues are required as this continues to be an important and increasing factor in periodontal health determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Mark Bartold
- Periodontology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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10
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Cury PR, Araujo NS, das Graças Alonso Oliveira M, Dos Santos JN. Association between oral mucosal lesions and crack and cocaine addiction in men: a cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:19801-19807. [PMID: 29736657 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) and their association with crack/cocaine addiction in men. Clinical oral examination was performed in 161 adult male patients at the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil. Crack/cocaine addiction was determined from the medical records, and all drug-addicted individuals used both crack and cocaine. All participants (40 crack/cocaine-addicted men and 121 non-addicted men) underwent a systematic evaluation of the lips, labial mucosa, commissures, buccal mucosa and sulcus, gingiva and alveolar ridge, tongue, floor of the mouth, and soft and hard palate by a single examiner. Bivariate and regression analyses were conducted to assess for the presence of OMLs and the association of OMLs with crack/cocaine addiction. OMLs were found in 22 participants with a significantly greater prevalence in the crack/cocaine-addicted group (25 vs. 9.9%; p = 0.01). The most prevalent types of lesions in the addicted group were traumatic ulcer and actinic cheilitis (7.5% for each) followed by fistulae associated with a retained dental root (5%). After adjusting for covariates, crack/cocaine addiction was significantly associated with OMLs (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.08-7.67; p = 0.03). The prevalence of OMLs was higher in crack/cocaine-addicted individuals, and crack/cocaine addiction was significantly associated with OMLs. A public health program aimed at the early diagnosis and treatment of OMLs is vital to improving the oral health status of individuals addicted to crack/cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ramos Cury
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculdade de Odontologia, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62. Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil.
| | - Nara Santos Araujo
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62. Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Alonso Oliveira
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62. Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62. Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil
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Antoniazzi RP, Zanatta FB, Ardenghi TM, Feldens CA. The use of crack and other illicit drugs impacts oral health-related quality of life in Brazilians. Oral Dis 2017; 24:482-488. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RP Antoniazzi
- School of Dentistry; Master's Degree in Health and Life Sciences; Centro Universitário Franciscano; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - FB Zanatta
- Stomatology Department; School of Dentistry; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria Brazil
| | - TM Ardenghi
- Stomatology Department; School of Dentistry; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria Brazil
| | - CA Feldens
- Post-graduate Program in Dentistry; Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA); Canoas Brazil
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Cury PR, Oliveira MGA, de Andrade KM, de Freitas MDS, Dos Santos JN. Dental health status in crack/cocaine-addicted men: a cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7585-7590. [PMID: 28120223 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between crack/cocaine addiction and dental health in men. Forty crack/cocaine-addicted patients and 120 nonaddicted patients (≥18 years) underwent full-mouth dental examinations. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) were identified using the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization. Crack/cocaine addiction was determined, based on the medical records and interviews of each patient. All drug-addicted patients used both crack and cocaine. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to assess the association between DMFT and crack/cocaine addiction (p ≤ 0.05). Decayed teeth showed a positive association with crack/cocaine addiction (odds ratio (OR) = 3.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.68-7.92; p = 0.001), whereas filled and missing teeth showed a negative association (filled teeth: OR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18-0.76; p = 0.008; missing teeth: OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.13-0.81; p = 0.02). The DMFT was only associated with age (OR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.11-4.08, p = 0.023). In the present population, crack/cocaine addiction was associated with a greater decayed teeth index and a lower filled and missing teeth index. Programs aimed to encourage self-esteem and encourage individuals to seek dental care are required for this population. Further studies using a larger sample size and studies with women are required to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Cury
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Maria G A Oliveira
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Katia Montanha de Andrade
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maíra D S de Freitas
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jean N Dos Santos
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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