1
|
Jang J, Park J, Park J, Yoon YJ, Dall'Osto M, Park KT, Jang E, Lee JY, Cho KH, Lee BY. Ocean-atmosphere interactions: Different organic components across Pacific and Southern Oceans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162969. [PMID: 36958547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles strongly influence clouds and climate but the potential impact of ocean microbiota on SSA fluxes is still a matter of active research. Here-by means of in situ ship-borne measurements-we explore simultaneously molecular-level chemical properties of organic matter (OM) in oceans, sea ice, and the ambient PM2.5 aerosols along a transect of 15,000 km from the western Pacific Ocean (36°13'N) to the Southern Ocean (75°15'S). By means of orbitrap mass spectrometry and optical characteristics, lignin-like material (24 ± 5 %) and humic material (57 ± 8 %) were found to dominate the pelagic Pacific Ocean surface, while intermediate conditions were observed in the Pacific-Southern Ocean waters. In the marine atmosphere, we found a gradient of features in the aerosol: lignin-like material (31 ± 9 %) dominating coastal areas and the pelagic Pacific Ocean, whereas lipid-like (23 ± 16 %) and protein-like (11 ± 10 %) OM controlled the sympagic Southern Ocean (sea ice-influence). The results of this study showed that the OM composition in the ocean, which changes with latitude, affects the OM in aerosol compositions in the atmosphere. This study highlights the importance of the global-scale OM monitoring of the close interaction between the ocean, sea ice, and the atmosphere. Sympagic primary marine aerosols in polar regions must be treated differently from other pelagic-type oceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyi Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongkwan Park
- Department of Environment & Energy Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunho Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yong Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Keuschnig C, Vogel TM, Barbaro E, Spolaor A, Koziol K, Björkman MP, Zdanowicz C, Gallet JC, Luks B, Layton R, Larose C. Selection processes of Arctic seasonal glacier snowpack bacterial communities. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:35. [PMID: 36864462 PMCID: PMC9979512 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arctic snowpack microbial communities are continually subject to dynamic chemical and microbial input from the atmosphere. As such, the factors that contribute to structuring their microbial communities are complex and have yet to be completely resolved. These snowpack communities can be used to evaluate whether they fit niche-based or neutral assembly theories. METHODS We sampled snow from 22 glacier sites on 7 glaciers across Svalbard in April during the maximum snow accumulation period and prior to the melt period to evaluate the factors that drive snowpack metataxonomy. These snowpacks were seasonal, accumulating in early winter on bare ice and firn and completely melting out in autumn. Using a Bayesian fitting strategy to evaluate Hubbell's Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity at multiple sites, we tested for neutrality and defined immigration rates at different taxonomic levels. Bacterial abundance and diversity were measured and the amount of potential ice-nucleating bacteria was calculated. The chemical composition (anions, cations, organic acids) and particulate impurity load (elemental and organic carbon) of the winter and spring snowpack were also characterized. We used these data in addition to geographical information to assess possible niche-based effects on snow microbial communities using multivariate and variable partitioning analysis. RESULTS While certain taxonomic signals were found to fit the neutral assembly model, clear evidence of niche-based selection was observed at most sites. Inorganic chemistry was not linked directly to diversity, but helped to identify predominant colonization sources and predict microbial abundance, which was tightly linked to sea spray. Organic acids were the most significant predictors of microbial diversity. At low organic acid concentrations, the snow microbial structure represented the seeding community closely, and evolved away from it at higher organic acid concentrations, with concomitant increases in bacterial numbers. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that environmental selection plays a significant role in structuring snow microbial communities and that future studies should focus on activity and growth. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Keuschnig
- Formerly at Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ampère, UMR5005, 69134, Ecully Cedex, France
- Currently at Interface Geochemistry, German Research Center for Geosciences, GFZ, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Timothy M Vogel
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ampère, UMR5005, 69134, Ecully Cedex, France
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venice Mestre, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venice Mestre, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Krystyna Koziol
- Department of Environmental Change and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mats P Björkman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Zdanowicz
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Bartłomiej Luks
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rose Layton
- Formerly at Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ampère, UMR5005, 69134, Ecully Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Larose
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ampère, UMR5005, 69134, Ecully Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abás E, Marina-Montes C, Laguna M, Lasheras R, Rivas P, Peribáñez P, Del Valle J, Escudero M, Velásquez A, Cáceres JO, Pérez-Arribas LV, Anzano J. Evidence of human impact in Antarctic region by studying atmospheric aerosols. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135706. [PMID: 35842047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air quality is a global concerning topic because of its great impact on the environment and health. Because of that, the study of atmospheric aerosols looking for harmful pollutants is rising, as well as the interest in the origin of the contaminants. Depending on the nature and size of the aerosols, some elements can be detected at a great distance from the emission source, even in Antarctica, where this study is conducted. Several samples of PM filters from 2018 to 2019 (Deception Island) and 2019-2020 (Livingston Island) campaigns have been analyzed by three powerful spectroscopic techniques: FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy), and ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). These techniques have allowed us to find some heavy metals in the air of the Antarctic region (Al, Fe, Ti, Ni, Cr, and Mn). Deeper studies on ICP-MS results have confirmed those results and have also provided information on their potential sources. Thus, while Al, Fe, Ti and Mn concentrations can be explained by crustal origin, Ni and Cr presented high values only coherent with important human contribution. The results point out that the Antarctic region is no longer a clean and isolated environment from human pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Abás
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Plaza S. Francisco S/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - César Marina-Montes
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Plaza S. Francisco S/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Mariano Laguna
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Plaza S. Francisco S/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Roberto Lasheras
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Plaza S. Francisco S/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Patricia Rivas
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Plaza S. Francisco S/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Pablo Peribáñez
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Plaza S. Francisco S/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Javier Del Valle
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa de Zaragoza-AGM, Carretera de Huesca S/n, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Miguel Escudero
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Abrahan Velásquez
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Plaza S. Francisco S/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabı, Manta, Ecuador.
| | - Jorge O Cáceres
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias a, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Vicente Pérez-Arribas
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias a, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Anzano
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Plaza S. Francisco S/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feltracco M, Barbaro E, Maule F, Bortolini M, Gabrieli J, De Blasi F, Cairns WR, Dallo F, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Airborne polar pesticides in rural and mountain sites of North-Eastern Italy: An emerging air quality issue. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119657. [PMID: 35750305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
North-Eastern Italy and in particular Veneto Region, stands out as a major centre of agriculture and viticulture which has rapidly expanded in the last decade with high productivity indexes. In this context, assessing atmospheric pollution caused by crop spraying with pesticides in rural areas and their transport to high-altitude remote sites is crucial to provide a basis for understanding possible impacts on the environment and population health. We aim to improve existing methods with a highly sensitive technique by using high pressure anion exchange chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Thus, a total of fourteen polar pesticides were determined in aerosol samples collected from August to December 2021 at Roncade (Venetian plain) and Col Margherita Observatory (Dolomites). The observatory was chosen as the background site as it is representative of the surrounding alpine region. Some samples revealed a substantial amount of cyanuric acid mainly at Roncade (mean concentration of 10 ± 10 ng m-3), glyphosate and fosetyl-aluminium (0.1 ± 0.2 and 0.1 ± 0.1 ng m-3, respectively). Surprisingly, some pesticides have been also found at Col Margherita, a high mountain background site, with concentrations an order of magnitude lower than at Roncade. This is the first time that fourteen polar pesticides have been assessed in the aerosol phase of the Po' Valley and detected at a high-altitude remote site, and consequently this study provides the first data on their occurrences in Italian aerosols. It represents a basis for the assessment of risks for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Francesca Maule
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Mara Bortolini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Jacopo Gabrieli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Blasi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Warren Rl Cairns
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Federico Dallo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Center for the Built Environment, University of California, (UC Berkeley-CBE), 390 Wurster Hall, CA-94720, Berkeley, United States
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155-30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bamotra S, Kaushal D, Yadav S, Tandon A. Variations in the concentration, source activity, and atmospheric processing of PM 2.5-associated water-soluble ionic species over Jammu, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:601. [PMID: 35864231 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, sources, and atmospheric processing of water-soluble ionic species associated with PM2.5 collected from 2015 to 2017 were studied in Jammu, an urban location in the North-Western Himalayan Region (NWHR). Being ecologically sensitive and sparsely studied for dynamics in PM2.5 and associated WSIS, the present study is important for developing robust air pollution abatement strategies for the air-shed of NWHR. Twenty-four hourly PM2.5 samples were collected on weekly basis at a receptor site and analyzed for WSIS using ion chromatography system. On annual basis, total sum of WSIS (ΣWSIS) contributed about 28.5% of PM2.5, where the contribution of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium, a proxy for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), was found to be 18.7% of PM2.5. The ΣWSIS and PM2.5 concentration showed a seasonal cycle with the maximum concentration during winters and the minimum in summers. Mass fraction of ΣWSIS in PM2.5 showed an anti-phase seasonal pattern indicating more source activity during summers. Season-wise, dominant WSIS constituting PM2.5 were NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, and K+ during winters; whereas summer was marked with dominant contributions from SO42-, NH4+, Ca2+, and K+. Seasonal variability exhibited among SIA constituents underscored the crucial role of air temperature and relative humidity regime. It was observed that nss-K+ + NH4+ were sufficient to neutralize most of the acidic species arising from precursor gases (NOx and SOx). Using principal component analysis, five major sources and processes, viz. (a) biomass burning activities, (b) secondary inorganic aerosol formation, (c) input from re-suspended dust, (d) transported dust, and (e) fertilizer residue, were identified for the emissions of PM2.5-associated WSIS over Jammu. In future studies, impacts of dry and/or wet deposition of aerosol-associated WSIS on the crop productivity in the region should be studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Bamotra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, J&K, 181143, India
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, H.P, 176215, India
| | - Deepika Kaushal
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, H.P, 176215, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, J&K, 181143, India.
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, H.P, 176215, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feltracco M, Barbaro E, Spolaor A, Vecchiato M, Callegaro A, Burgay F, Vardè M, Maffezzoli N, Dallo F, Scoto F, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Year-round measurements of size-segregated low molecular weight organic acids in Arctic aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142954. [PMID: 33498125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids in aerosols Earth's atmosphere are ubiquitous and they have been extensively studied across urban, rural and polar environments. However, little is known about their properties, transport, source and seasonal variations in the Svalbard Archipelago. Here, we present the annual trend of organic acids in the aerosol collected at Ny-Ålesund and consider their size-distributions to infer their possible sources and relative contributions. A series of carboxylic acids were detected with a predominance of C2-oxalic acid. Pinic acid and cis-pinonic acid were studied in order to better understand the oxidative and gas-to-particle processes occurred in the Arctic atmosphere. Since the water-soluble organic fraction is mainly composed by organic acids and ions, we investigated how the seasonal variation leads to different atmospheric transport mechanisms, focusing on the chemical variations between the polar night and boreal summer. Using major ions, levoglucosan and MSA, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified five different possible sources: a) sea spray; b) marine primary production; c) biomass burning; d) sea ice related process and e) secondary products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Alice Callegaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - François Burgay
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Vardè
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Niccolò Maffezzoli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Dallo
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Scoto
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy (ISAC-CNR), SP Lecce-Monteroni Km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Illuminati S, Annibaldi A, Truzzi C, Mantini C, Conca E, Malandrino M, Giglione G, Fanelli M, Scarponi G. Determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in the Atmospheric Aerosol of Central East Antarctica at Dome C (Concordia Station). Molecules 2021; 26:1997. [PMID: 33916238 PMCID: PMC8036987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Cu were determined (by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry) in aerosol samples collected at Dome C (the Italo-French Station Concordia), a remote site of the Central East Antarctic plateau, for which no data are available until now. During the Austral Summer 2005-2006, three PM10 high-volume impactors were installed in two locations nearby of Concordia station: the first one very close and downwind of the station (about 50 m north), the other two (very close to each other) in a 'distant' site, upwind of the station and close to the astrophysics tent (not used in that expedition) at ~800 m south of Station Concordia. For each sample, the availability of the mass of the aerosol collected (obtained by differential weighing carried out on site), in addition to the volume of the filtered air, allowed us to express results both in terms of metal mass fractions in the aerosol and in the usual way of metal atmospheric concentrations. Metal contents increased in the order Cd < Pb < Cu with the following ranges of values: Cd 1.0-8.4 µg g-1 (0.09-3.1 pg m-3), Pb 96-470 µg g-1 (12-62 pg m-3), and Cu 0.17-20 mg g-1 (0.027-2.4 ng m-3). From the metal temporal profiles obtained we estimated the following background values for the area of Dome C, expressed both in mass fractions and in atmospheric concentrations: Cd 1.2 ± 0.2 µg g-1 (0.24 ± 0.13 pg m-3), Pb (here fixed as upper limit) 113 ± 13 µg g-1 (21 ± 8 pg m-3), and Cu 0.91 ± 0.48 mg g-1 (0.12 ± 0.07 ng m-3). The highest values were observed in the first part of the season, and particularly for the site close to the station, possibly related to sample contamination linked to intense activity at the Concordia station connected with the beginning of the expedition, including aircraft arrivals/departures. Increments of up to 10 times (and even 20 times for Cu) were recorded with respect to the background values. The metal excesses of the contaminated over background samples were found approximately, except for Cu, in the same proportion of the metal contents of the special Antarctic blend (SAB) diesel fuel, which is used almost exclusively at Concordia Station. The effect of the wind direction was also observed. Thus in the intermediate period of the campaign, when the wind direction reversed for several days with respect to the prevailing one, Cd and Pb metal contents decreased at the sampling point installed close to the station, now upwind of Concordia station, and increased at the 'clean' site astrophysics tent, turned downwind at the main station. No simple and easily interpretable effect of the wind direction was observed for Cu, which suggests that some other extemporaneous and not clearly identified factor may have intervened in this case. These results suggest that the human impact at Dome C influences mainly the zone very close to the station, but also the area in the neighborhood, including the supposed clean site of the astrophysics tent (about 800 m far from the station), when the wind direction reverses with respect to the prevailing one, leaving the site downwind of the station Concordia. Since no other data are reported for the Dome C area, our results are compared with literature data referred to the South Pole Station (the only other plateau site for which data are available) and several other coastal Antarctic sites, observing that our results (excluding Cu) are the lowest ever observed for Antarctic aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Illuminati
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Caterina Mantini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Eleonora Conca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Giada Giglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Matteo Fanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Scarponi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spolaor A, Varin C, Pedeli X, Christille JM, Kirchgeorg T, Giardi F, Cappelletti D, Turetta C, Cairns WRL, Gambaro A, Bernagozzi A, Gallet JC, Björkman MP, Barbaro E. Source, timing and dynamics of ionic species mobility in the Svalbard annual snowpack. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141640. [PMID: 32892077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all ice core archives from the Arctic and middle latitudes (such as the Alps), apart from some very high elevation sites in Greenland and the North Pacific, are strongly influenced by melting processes. The increases in the average Arctic temperature has enhanced surface snow melting even of higher elevation ice caps, especially on the Svalbard Archipelago. The increase of the frequency and altitude of winter "rain on snow" events as well as the increase of the length of the melting season have had a direct impact on the chemical composition of the seasonal and permanent snow layers due to different migration processes of water-soluble species, such as inorganic ions. This re-allocation along the snowpack of ionic species could significantly modify the original chemical signal present in the annual snow. This paper aims to give a picture of the evolution of the seasonal snow strata with a daily time resolution to better understand: a) the processes that can influence deposition b) the distribution of ions in annual snow c) the impact of the presence of liquid water on chemical re-distribution within the annual snow pack. Specifically, the chemical composition of the first 100 cm of seasonal snow on the Austre Brøggerbreen Glacier (Spitsbergen, Svalbard Islands, Norway) was monitored daily from the 27th of March to the 31st of May 2015. The experimental period covered almost the entire Arctic spring until the melting season. This unique dataset gives us a daily picture of the snow pack composition, and helps us to understand the behaviour of cations (K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) and anions (Br-, I-, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, MSA) in the Svalbard snow pack. We demonstrate that biologically related depositions occur only at the end of the snow season and that rain and melting events have different impacts on the snowpack chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Varin
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Xanthi Pedeli
- Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of Statistics, 76 Patision Street, 10434 Athens, Greece
| | - Jean Marc Christille
- Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA), Loc. Lignan 39, 11020 Nus, AO, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Torben Kirchgeorg
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Fabio Giardi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Giovanni Sansone, 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Clara Turetta
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Warren R L Cairns
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernagozzi
- Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA), Loc. Lignan 39, 11020 Nus, AO, Italy
| | | | - Mats P Björkman
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Earth Sciences, Box 460, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marina-Montes C, Pérez-Arribas LV, Escudero M, Anzano J, Cáceres JO. Heavy metal transport and evolution of atmospheric aerosols in the Antarctic region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137702. [PMID: 32169645 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) measurements and backward air mass trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model were performed to better understand the main sources and transport pathways of heavy metals in atmospheric aerosols reaching the Antarctic region. Field campaigns were carried out during the austral summer 2016-2017 at the "Gabriel de Castilla" Spanish Antarctic Research Station, located on Deception Island. Aerosols were deposited in an air filter through a low-volume sampler and chemically analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study of air masses and high enrichment factor values of several elements (Hf, Zr, As, Cu, Sn, Zn, Pb) together with their correlations (Hf/Zr, V/As, Ti/Mn and Cu/Sn) suggests a potentially significant role of three main sources in this area: remote maritime traffic, local petrol combustion (generators and/or tourist cruises), and remote/local crust. Additionally, the investigation of atmospheric flow patterns through backward trajectory analysis revealed that Hf/Zr correlation was related to a remote crustal origin, V/As to anthropogenic local pollution, Ti/Mn to terrestrial inputs on the island and Cu/Sn to remote anthropogenic sources. Overall, the present study demonstrates the existence of anthropogenic pollution at this remote site from distant as well as local sources following the Antarctic circumpolar wind pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Marina-Montes
- Laser Lab, Chemistry & Environment Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L V Pérez-Arribas
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Escudero
- Chemistry & Environment Group, Centro Universitario de Defensa, Academia General Militar, ctra. Huesca, s/n, 50091 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Anzano
- Laser Lab, Chemistry & Environment Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J O Cáceres
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Feltracco M, Barbaro E, Kirchgeorg T, Spolaor A, Turetta C, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Free and combined L- and D-amino acids in Arctic aerosol. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:412-421. [PMID: 30597360 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples were collected with a high-volume cascade impactor with a 10 day sampling frequency at the Gruvebadet observatory, close to Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands). A total of 42 filters were analyzed for free and combined amino acids, as they are key components of bio-aerosol. This article provides the first investigation of free and combined L- and d-amino acids in Arctic atmospheric particulate matter. The main aim of this study was to determine how these compounds are distributed in size-segregated aerosols after short-range and long-range atmospheric transport and understand the possible sources of amino acids. The total load of free amino acids ranged from 2.0 to 10.8 pmol m-3, while combined amino acids ranged from 5.5 to 18.0 pmol m-3. At these levels amino compounds could play a role in the chemistry of cloud condensation nuclei and fine particles, for example by influencing their buffering capacity and basicity. Free and combined amino acids were mainly found in the fine aerosol fraction (<0.49 μm) and their concentrations could be affect by several sources, the most important of which were biological primary production and biomass burning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Torben Kirchgeorg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Clara Turetta
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barbaro E, Feltracco M, Cesari D, Padoan S, Zangrando R, Contini D, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Characterization of the water soluble fraction in ultrafine, fine, and coarse atmospheric aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1423-1439. [PMID: 30678002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water soluble organic carbon significantly contributes to aerosol's carbon mass and its chemical composition is poorly characterized due to the huge number of species. In this study, we determined 94 water-soluble compounds: inorganic ions (Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, SO42-,K+, Mg+, Na+, NH4+, Ca2+), organic acids (methanesulfonic acid and C2-C7 carboxylic acids), monosaccharides, alcohol-sugars, levoglucosan and its isomers, sucrose, phenolic compounds, free l- and d-amino acids and photo-oxidation products of α-pinene (cis-pinonic acid and pinic acid). The sampling was conducted using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) at the urban area of Mestre-Venice from March to May 2016. The main aim of this work is to identify the source of each detected compound, evaluating its particle size distribution. Clear differences in size distributions were observed for each class of analyzed compounds. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to identify six factors related to different sources: a) primary biogenic aerosol particles with particle size > 10 μm; b) secondary sulfate contribution; c) biomass burning; d) primary biogenic aerosol particles distributed between 10 and 1 μm; e) an aged sea salt input and f) SOA pinene. Each factor was also characterized by different composition in waters soluble compounds and different particles size distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sara Padoan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barbaro E, Zangrando R, Padoan S, Karroca O, Toscano G, Cairns WRL, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Aerosol and snow transfer processes: An investigation on the behavior of water-soluble organic compounds and ionic species. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:132-138. [PMID: 28544898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of water-soluble compounds (ions, carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolic compounds) in aerosol and snow have been determined at the coastal Italian base "Mario Zucchelli" (Antarctica) during the 2014-2015 austral summer. The main aim of this research was to investigate the air-snow transfer processes of a number of classes of chemical compounds and investigate their potential as tracers for specific sources. The composition and particle size distribution of Antarctic aerosol was measured, and water-soluble compounds accounted for 66% of the PM10 total mass concentration. The major ions Na+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- made up 99% of the total water soluble compound concentration indicating that sea spray input was the main source of aerosol. These ionic species were found mainly in the coarse fraction of the aerosol resulting in enhanced deposition, as reflected by the snow composition. Biogenic sources were identified using chemical markers such as carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and phenolic compounds. This study describes the first characterization of amino acids and sugar concentrations in surface snow. High concentrations of amino acids were found after a snowfall event, their presence is probably due to the degradation of biological material scavenged during the snow event. Alcohol sugars increased in concentration after the snow event, suggesting a deposition of primary biological particles, such as airborne fungal spores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barbaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sara Padoan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Ornela Karroca
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Toscano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Warren R L Cairns
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| |
Collapse
|