1
|
Juárez ID, Dou T, Biswas S, Septiningsih EM, Kurouski D. Diagnosing arsenic-mediated biochemical responses in rice cultivars using Raman spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1371748. [PMID: 38590750 PMCID: PMC10999542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1371748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is the primary crop for nearly half of the world's population. Groundwater in many rice-growing parts of the world often has elevated levels of arsenite and arsenate. At the same time, rice can accumulate up to 20 times more arsenic compared to other staple crops. This places an enormous amount of people at risk of chronic arsenic poisoning. In this study, we investigated whether Raman spectroscopy (RS) could be used to diagnose arsenic toxicity in rice based on biochemical changes that were induced by arsenic accumulation. We modeled arsenite and arsenate stresses in four different rice cultivars grown in hydroponics over a nine-day window. Our results demonstrate that Raman spectra acquired from rice leaves, coupled with partial least squares-discriminant analysis, enabled accurate detection and identification of arsenic stress with approximately 89% accuracy. We also performed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-analysis of rice leaves to identify the key molecular analytes sensed by RS in confirming arsenic poisoning. We found that RS primarily detected a decrease in the concentration of lutein and an increase in the concentration of vanillic and ferulic acids due to the accumulation of arsenite and arsenate in rice. This showed that these molecules are detectable indicators of biochemical response to arsenic accumulation. Finally, a cross-correlation of RS with HPLC and ICP-MS demonstrated RS's potential for a label-free, non-invasive, and non-destructive quantification of arsenic accumulation in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac D. Juárez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tianyi Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sudip Biswas
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Endang M. Septiningsih
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adhikari S, Struwig M. Concentrations and health risks of selected elements in leafy vegetables: a comparison between roadside open-air markets and large stores in Johannesburg, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:170. [PMID: 38236350 PMCID: PMC10796695 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study compared concentrations and health risks of selected elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in leafy vegetables (coriander, lettuce, mint, spring onion, swiss chard) from roadside open-air markets (OM) and large stores (supermarkets: SM, vegetable markets: VM) in Johannesburg, South Africa. Along with washed leaves (OMW, SMW, VMW), unwashed OM leaves (OMUW) were assessed to investigate the contribution of deposition. The findings revealed that OMUW leaves had the highest concentrations of all elements. Furthermore, compared with washed leaves, OMUW leaves showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean concentrations of Cd, Hg, Ni and Pb, elements that typify the composition of polluted urban air. Bi- and multivariate analysis indicated anthropogenic origin of most elements in OM leaves and several in SMW and VMW leaves. Although only OMUW leaves exhibited hazard quotient above the safe threshold of 1 for Cd, Cr, As and Ni, hazard index exceeded this safe limit in all samples (OMUW (11.77) > OMW (1.83) > SMW (1.29) > VMW (1.01)). Determined cancer risk for Cd and As was greater than 1 × 10-6 in both washed and unwashed leaves, and the greatest cancer risk was estimated for OM leaves. Thorough washing of OM vegetables with water reduced non-carcinogenic risk (84%) and cancer risk (74‒87%) markedly. In conclusion, residents primarily relying on open-air markets for their regular leafy vegetable supplies might face far more severe lifelong health implications compared to customers of large stores in Johannesburg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Adhikari
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, South Africa.
| | - Madeleen Struwig
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Romero-Estévez D, Yánez-Jácome GS, Navarrete H. Non-essential metal contamination in Ecuadorian agricultural production: A critical review. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
4
|
Otero XL, Atiaga O, Estrella R, Tierra W, Ruales J, Zayas L, Souza V, Ferreira TO, Nóbrega GN, Oliveira DP, Queiroz HM, Nunes LM. Geographical variations in arsenic contents in rice plants from Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula in relation to soil conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3351-3372. [PMID: 32350805 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous, toxic element that is efficiently accumulated by rice plants. This study assessed the spatial variability in the total As (tAs) contents and organic and inorganic forms in different types of rice, plant parts (husk, stem, leaves and phytoliths) and residues. Samples were collected in different countries in Latin America (Ecuador, Brazil and Peru) and the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). The tAs content in commercial polished rice from the Latin American countries was similar (0.130-0.166 mg kg-1) and significantly lower than in the rice from the Iberian countries (0.191 ± 0.066 mg kg-1), and together, the tAs concentration in brown rice (236 ± 0.093 mg kg-1) was significantly higher than in polished and parboiled rice. The inorganic As (iAs) content in rice was similar in both geographical regions, and the aforementioned difference was attributed to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). The relative abundance of organic species increased as the tAs content in rice grain increased. A meta-analysis of our and previously reported data confirmed the negative correlation between iAs/tAs and tAs. At low tAs concentrations, inorganic forms are dominant, while at higher values (tAs > 0.300 mg kg-1) the concentration of organic As increases substantially and DMA becomes the dominant form in rice grain. On the contrary, inorganic arsenic was always the dominant form, mainly as arsenate [As(V)], in leaves and stems. The presence in soils of high concentrations of amorphous Fe and Al oxides and hydroxides, which are capable of strongly adsorbing oxyanions (i.e. arsenate), was associated with low concentrations of As in rice plants. In addition, the presence of high concentrations of As(V) in stems and leaves, low concentration of As in phytoliths, and the As associated with organic matter in stems and husk, together suggest that rice plants take up more As(V) than As(III).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X L Otero
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - O Atiaga
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y la Construcción, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - R Estrella
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y la Construcción, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - W Tierra
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Biotecnología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - J Ruales
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Biotecnología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - L Zayas
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - V Souza
- Departamento de Agronomia, Área de Solo, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - T O Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - G N Nóbrega
- Departamento de Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/nº, Campus do Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-14, Brazil
| | - D P Oliveira
- Graduate Course in Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - H M Queiroz
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - L M Nunes
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, CERIS, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Menon M, Sarkar B, Hufton J, Reynolds C, Reina SV, Young S. Do arsenic levels in rice pose a health risk to the UK population? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110601. [PMID: 32302858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of rice and rice products can be a significant exposure pathway to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is a group 1 carcinogen to humans. The UK follows the current European Commission regulations so that iAs concentrations must be < 0.20 mg kg-1 in white (polished) rice and <0.25 mg kg-1 in brown (unpolished) rice. However, iAs concentration in rice used for infant food production or direct consumption has been set at a maximum of 0.1 mg kg-1. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate iAs concentrations in different types of rice sold in the UK and to quantify the health risks to the UK population. Here, we evaluated 55 different types of rice purchased from a range of retail outlets. First, we analysed all rice types for total As (tAs) concentration from which 42 rice samples with tAs > 0.1 mg kg-1 were selected for As speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS. Based on the average concentration of iAs of our samples, we calculated values for the Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Margin of Exposure (MoE). We found a statistically significant difference between organically and non-organically grown rice. We also found that brown rice contained a significantly higher concentration of iAs compared to white or wild rice. Notably, 28 rice samples exceeded the iAs maximum limit stipulated by the EU (0.1 mg kg-1) with an average iAs concentration of 0.13 mg kg-1; therefore consumption of these rice types could be riskier for infants than adults. Based on the MoE, it was found that infants up to 1 year must be restricted to a maximum of 20 g per day for the 28 rice types to avoid carcinogenic risks. We believe that consumers could be better informed whether the marketed product is fit for infants and young children, via appropriate product labelling containing information about iAs concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Menon
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hufton
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Reynolds
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Saul Vazquez Reina
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RF, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Young
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Atiaga O, Nunes LM, Otero XL. Effect of cooking on arsenic concentration in rice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10757-10765. [PMID: 31950418 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of rinsing and boiling on total content of As (tAs) and of its inorganic and organic forms in different types of rice (polished and brown) from Spain and Ecuador. Rice was subjected to five different treatments. The results showed that the treatment consisting of three grain rinsing cycles followed by boiling in excess water showed a significant decrease in tAs content compared with raw rice. Regarding As species, it is worth noting that the different treatments significantly reduced the content of the most toxic forms of As. The estimated lifetime health risks indicate that pre-rinsing alone can reduce the risk by 50%, while combining it with discarding excess water can reduce the risk by 83%; therefore, the latter would be the preferable method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliva Atiaga
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y la Construcción, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Ecuador
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Luis M Nunes
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, CERIS - Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Xosé L Otero
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan KM, Chakraborty R, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Parvez F. Health effects of arsenic exposure in Latin America: An overview of the past eight years of research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136071. [PMID: 31918184 PMCID: PMC7063974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies conducted over the past eight years in Latin America (LA) have continued to produce new knowledge regarding health impacts of arsenic (As) in drinking water. We conducted a systematic review of 92 peer-reviewed English articles published between 2011 and 2018 to expand our understanding on these health effects. Majority of the LA studies on As have been conducted in Chile and Mexico. Additional data have emerged from As-exposed populations in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Uruguay. The present review has documented recent data on the biomarkers of As exposure, genetic susceptibility and genotoxicity, and risk assessment to further characterize the health effects and exposed populations. Some recent findings on the associations of As with bladder and lung cancers, reproductive outcomes, and declined cognitive performance have been consistent with what we reported in our previous systematic review article. We have found highly convincing evidence of in utero As exposure as a significant risk factor for several health outcomes, particularly for bladder cancer, even at moderate level. New data have emerged regarding the associations of As with breast and laryngeal cancers as well as type 2 diabetes. We observed early life As exposure to be associated with kidney injury, carotid intima-media thickness, and various pulmonary outcomes in children. Other childhood effects such as low birth weight, low gestational age, anemia, increased apoptosis, and decreased cognitive functions were also reported. Studies identified genetic variants of As methyltransferase that could determine susceptibility to As related health outcomes. Arsenic-induced DNA damage and alteration of gene and protein expression have also been reported. While the scope of research is still vast, the substantial work done on As exposure and its health effects in LA will help direct further large-scale studies for more comprehensive knowledge and plan appropriate mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Khan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
| | - Rishika Chakraborty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia; UNESCO Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liao N, Seto E, Eskenazi B, Wang M, Li Y, Hua J. A Comprehensive Review of Arsenic Exposure and Risk from Rice and a Risk Assessment among a Cohort of Adolescents in Kunming, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102191. [PMID: 30297612 PMCID: PMC6210429 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is carcinogenic and highly concentrated in rice. Dietary exposure to iAs is concerning among adolescents due to their developmental stage and iAs’s long-latency effects. This paper aimed to assess iAs exposure from rice and related lifetime cancer risks (LCR) among adolescents in Kunming, China. A comprehensive literature review of iAs levels in rice and LCR in humans was also conducted. Average daily consumption of rice (ADC) was estimated from 267 adolescents (15–18 years). Rice samples obtained from 6 markets were analyzed for iAs concentration (AC). Estimated daily intake (EDI) of iAs was calculated using ADC, AC, and average body weight (BW). Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) was calculated using EDI and U.S. EPA derived iAs oral slope factor. The AC was 0.058 mg/kg and the average BW and ADC were 67.5 kg and 410 g/day for males and 55.5 kg and 337 g/day for females. The EDI and LCR were 3.52 × 10−4 mg/kg-BW/day and 5.28 × 10−4 for both males and females, with LCR 5 times above the U.S. LCR upper limit of 1.0 × 10−4. While the AC was below the Chinese maximum contaminant level of 0.2 mg/kg, study results indicated that Kunming adolescents may be at increased risk for iAs-related cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Liao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - May Wang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yan Li
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650221, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jenna Hua
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|