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Bouzayani B, Sanromán MÁ. Polymer-Supported Heterogeneous Fenton Catalysts for the Environmental Remediation of Wastewater. Molecules 2024; 29:2188. [PMID: 38792049 PMCID: PMC11124390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Materials based on polymer hydrogels have demonstrated potential as innovative Fenton catalysts for treating water. However, developing these polymer-supported catalysts with robust stability presents a significant challenge. This paper explores the development and application of polymer-supported heterogeneous Fenton catalysts for the environmental remediation of wastewater, emphasizing the enhancement of metal incorporation into catalysts for improved efficiency. The study begins with an introduction to the heterogeneous Fenton process and its relevance to wastewater treatment. It further delves into the specifics of polymer-supported heterogeneous Fenton catalysts, focusing on iron oxide, copper complexes/nanoparticles, and ruthenium as key components. The synthesis methods employed to prepare these catalysts are discussed, highlighting the innovative approaches to achieve substantial metal incorporation. Operational parameters such as catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration, and the effect of pH on the process efficiency are thoroughly examined. The catalytic performance is evaluated, providing insights into the effectiveness of these catalysts in degrading pollutants. Recent developments in the field are reviewed, showcasing advancements in catalyst design and application. The study also addresses the stability and reusability of polymer-supported heterogeneous Fenton catalysts, critical factors for their practical application in environmental remediation. Environmental applications are explored, demonstrating the potential of these catalysts in addressing various pollutants. The Conclusions offers future perspectives, underlining the ongoing challenges and opportunities in the field, and the importance of further research to enhance the efficacy and sustainability of polymer-supported heterogeneous Fenton catalysts for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhta Bouzayani
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of the Solid State, Department of Chemical, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Sanromán
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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2
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Wang J, Chai T, Chen X. Comparison and Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectrum Analysis of Activated Sludge Treatment with Fenton and UV-Fenton. Microorganisms 2023; 11:3003. [PMID: 38138147 PMCID: PMC10745679 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11123003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of single Fenton and Fenton and UV combined processes on the cracking degree of anaerobic sludge under the same conditions. The optimal experimental conditions were obtained by repeated determination of Fe2+ dosage, H2O2 dosage and reaction time, so as to achieve the maximum cracking of sludge. In addition, this study applied three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum analysis technology to analyze the organic matter leached from the treated sludge, and different regions of the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra were analyzed and compared for each treatment condition. Repeated experiments showed that the optimal conditions for Fenton are a pH of 3, reaction time of 40 min, 1.4 g/L of Fe2+ and 9 g/L of H2O2. The Fenton process cracking yielded a protein concentration of 0.66 mg/L and sCOD of 5489 mg/L, and the UV-Fenton pretreatment yielded a protein concentration of 0.74 mg/L and sCOD of 5856 mg/L. The sludge particle size was reduced from the original 54.52 mm to 40.30 mm and 36.37 mm, respectively. In addition to these parameters, it was also demonstrated that the Fenton process has a strong cracking effect on sludge by indicators such as the SEM and sludge water content and that UV irradiation can play a role in assisting and helping sludge cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Chai
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (J.W.); (X.C.)
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3
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Muzenda C, Nkwachukwu OV, Jayeola KD, Zinyemba O, Zhou M, Arotiba OA. Heterogenous electro-Fenton degradation of sulfamethoxazole on a polyethylene glycol-coated magnetite nanoparticles catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139698. [PMID: 37532200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation and application of poly (ethylene) glycol (PEG) coated magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) catalyst for the heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) degradation of sulfamethoxazole in real wastewater PEG-coated MNPs of four MNP:PEG ratios were synthesised using the co-precipitation method. The synthesised MNP were characterised using FTIR, XRD, EDX, TEM, and CHN elemental analysis. It was observed that the coating of MNP with PEG influences the nanoparticle size, agglomeration tendencies and catalytic efficiency of MNPs properties in the HEF degradation process. A 1:1 optimal MNP:PEG catalyst yielded 91% sulfamethoxazole degradation and 48% total organic carbon removal in 60 min, which is an improvement of 11% over degradation with the uncoated MNP. The PEG-coated MNP showed higher stability in 10 consecutive reaction cycles, reduced leaching, and improved performance at a lower dosage and broader pH range than the uncoated MNPs. These results show that coating MNP with PEG enhances HEF catalytic performance in the degradation of sulfamethoxazole in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Muzenda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oluchi V Nkwachukwu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kehinde D Jayeola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Orpah Zinyemba
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Omotayo A Arotiba
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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4
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Casado J. Minerals as catalysts of heterogeneous Electro-Fenton and derived processes for wastewater treatment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27776-7. [PMID: 37266777 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as Fenton's reagent, which generates highly reactive oxygen species, are efficient in removing biorefractory organic pollutants from wastewater. However, Fenton's reagent has drawbacks such as the generation of iron sludge, high consumption of H2O2, and the need for pH control. To address these issues, Electro-Fenton (EF) and heterogeneous Electro-Fenton (HEF) have been developed. HEF, which uses solid catalysts, has gained increasing attention, and this review focuses on the use of mineral catalysts in HEF and derived processes. The reviewed studies highlight the advantages of using mineral catalysts, such as efficiency, stability, affordability, and environmental friendliness. However, obstacles to overcome include the agglomeration of unsupported nanoparticles and the complex preparation techniques and poor stability of some catalyst-containing cathodes. The review also discusses the optimal pH range and dosage of the heterogeneous catalysts and compares the performance of iron sulfides versus iron oxides. Although natural minerals appear to be the best choice for effluents at pH>4, no scale-up reports have been found. The need for further development in this field and the importance of considering the environmental impact of trace toxic metals or catalytic nanoparticles in the treated water on the receiving ecosystem is emphasized. Finally, the article acknowledges the high energy consumption of HEF processes at the lab scale and calls for their performance development to achieve environmentally friendly and cost-effective results using real wastewaters on a pilot scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Facultad de Ciencias y Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB s/n, 08038, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Zeng G, Wang J, Dai M, Meng Y, Luo H, Zhou Q, Lin L, Zang K, Meng Z, Pan X. Natural iron minerals in an electrocatalytic oxidation system and in situ pollutant removal in groundwater: Applications, mechanisms, and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161826. [PMID: 36708820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural iron-bearing minerals are widely distributed in the environment and show prominent catalytic performance in pollutant removal. This work provides an overview of groundwater restoration technologies utilizing heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) techniques with the aid of different iron forms as catalysts. In particular, applications of natural iron-bearing minerals in groundwater in the HEF system have been thoroughly summarized from either the view of organic pollutant removal or degradation. Based on the analysis of the catalytic mechanism in the HEF process by pyrite (FeS2), goethite (α-FeOOH), and magnetite (Fe3O4) and the geochemistry analysis of these natural iron-bearing minerals in groundwater, the feasibility and challenges of HEF for organic degradation by using typical iron minerals in groundwater have been discussed, and natural factors affecting the HEF process have been analyzed so that appropriate in situ remedial measures can be applied to contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganning Zeng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Ocean Space Resource Management Technology, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mengzheng Dai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yutong Meng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hongwei Luo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Liangyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Space Resource Management Technology, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Academic of Marine Science, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Kunpeng Zang
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhu Meng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Song Y, Wang A, Ren S, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Flow-through heterogeneous electro-Fenton system using a bifunctional FeOCl/carbon cloth/activated carbon fiber cathode for efficient degradation of trimethoprim at neutral pH. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115303. [PMID: 36642126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of multifunctional cathode with high-efficiency and stable catalytic activity for simultaneously producing and activating H2O2 is an effective way for promoting the performance of heterogeneous electro-Fenton process (HEF). In addition, accelerating mass transfer by adopting a flow-through reactor is also great importance because of its better utilization of catalysts and adequate contact of the contaminant with the oxidants generated on the electrode surface. Herein, a novel flow-through HEF (FHEF) system was designed for the degradation of trimethoprim (TMP) using bifunctional cathode with a sandwich structure FeOCl nanosheets loaded onto carbon cloth (CC) and activated carbon fiber (ACF) (FeOCl/CC/ACF). The cathode exhibited excellent performance in activating H2O2 for the in-situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements and radical quenching tests proved that the high production of •OH in the FHEF process was favorable to the high catalytic efficiency. 25 mg L-1 TMP was entirely degraded after 60 min, with the TOC removal of 62.6% (180 min) at pH 6.8, 9.0 mA cm-2, and flux rate 210 mL min-1. Moreover, the degradation rate still could reach 83% (60 min) after 10 cycles without obvious valence and crystal phase changes. Simultaneously, the current utilization rate has also been greatly enhanced, with an average current efficiency of 69.9% and a low energy consumption of 0.28 kWh kg-1. The reasonable degradation pathways for TMP were proposed based on the UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS results. Finally, the results of toxicological simulation showed a declining trend in the toxicity of the samples during TMP degradation. These results claim that the FeOCl/CC/ACF-FHEF system is an efficient and economical technology for the treatment of organic contaminants in effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, China.
| | - Songyu Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
| | - Zhongguo Zhang
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, China
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7
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Tang Q, Luo S, Gao H, Fan Y, Bao W, Gao Y, Sun Y, Yang C. N-doped graphene aerogel cathode with internal aeration for enhanced degradation of p-nitrophenol by electro-Fenton process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:23481-23493. [PMID: 36327069 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A columnar N-doped graphene aerogel (NGA) was successfully fabricated by one-step hydrothermal synthesis using L-hydroxyproline as reductant, N-doping, and swelling agent, and it was used as the cathode with internal aeration mode for the electro-Fenton degradation of p-nitrophenol. Owing to the stable solid-liquid-gas three-phase interface, more active defects, and modulated nitrogen dopants, the NGA cathode exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity. H2O2 could be continuously electro-generated via a two-electron oxygen reduction, and the yield of H2O2 was 153.3 mg·L-1·h-1 with the low electric energy consumption of 15.3 kWh kg-1. Simultaneously, the NGA cathode had better charge transfer capability with N-doping, which was conducive to the conversion of Fe3+/Fe2+. Under the optimal condition, nearly 100% removal of p-nitrophenol and 84% removal of TOC were obtained within 60 and 120 min, respectively. The NGA cathode also presented good stability and versatile applicability in different water matrices. Therefore, the NGA is a cost-effective cathode material in electro-Fenton system with adequate activity and reuse stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, The Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China.
| | - Sijia Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Hang Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Yixin Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Wenqi Bao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Yonghui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, The Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Yuwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, The Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Chunwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, The Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
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8
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Ren H, Qian H, Hou Q, Li W, Ju M. Removal of ionic liquid in water environment: A review of fundamentals and applications. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Deng F, Jiang J, Sirés I. State-of-the-art review and bibliometric analysis on electro-Fenton process. CARBON LETTERS 2023; 33. [PMCID: PMC9594000 DOI: 10.1007/s42823-022-00420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The electro-Fenton (EF) process was first proposed in 1996 and, since then, considerable development has been achieved for its application in wastewater treatment, especially at lab and pilot scale. After more than 25 years, the high efficiency, versatility and environmental compatibility of EF process has been demonstrated. In this review, bibliometrics has been adopted as a tool that allows quantifying the development of EF as well as introducing some useful correlations. As a result, information is summarized in a more visual manner that can be easily analyzed and interpreted as compared to conventional reviewing. During the recent decades under review, 83 countries have contributed to the dramatic growth of EF publications, with China, Spain and France leading the publication output. The top 12 most cited articles, along with the top 32 most productive authors in the EF field, have been screened. Four stages have been identified as main descriptors of the development of EF throughout these years, being each stage characterized by relevant breakthroughs. To conclude, a general cognitive model for the EF process is proposed, including atomic, microscopic and macroscopic views, and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090 People’s Republic of China
- Laboratori d’Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jizhou Jiang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d’Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Muzenda C, Arotiba OA. Improved Magnetite Nanoparticle Immobilization on a Carbon Felt Cathode in the Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Degradation of Aspirin in Wastewater. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19261-19269. [PMID: 35721921 PMCID: PMC9202057 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Toward the improvement of the application of heterogeneous electro-Fenton in water treatment, we report a new strategy of enhancing the immobilization of a magnetite nanoparticle catalyst on a carbon felt cathode. Exploiting the intrinsic ferrimagnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles, magnet bars were used to attach the magnetite into the void spaces of the porous carbon felt (CF) cathode. The magnetite nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation with variations in the molar ratios of Fe2+/Fe3+. The magnetite was characterized, attached onto the CF electrode with magnetic bars, and used in the heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) degradation of aspirin. The effects of the following on the degradation were studied: Fe2+/Fe3+, pH, catalyst loading concentration, and voltage. The heterogeneous EF degradation of aspirin in wastewater improved by 23% when magnetic bars were used to enhance the immobilization of the magnetite catalysts. The 1:4 Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio resulted in the highest hetero-EF catalytic degradation of aspirin with complete degradation (100%) achieved after 140 min. For a mixture of pharmaceuticals, degradation percentages of 94.3% (aspirin), 88% (ciprofloxacin), and 80% (paracetamol) in 3 h were obtained. The magnetized magnetite on the cathode was reusable for 10 cycles. Thus, the use of magnets shows a promising strategy to avoid the leaching of ferrimagnetic nanoparticle catalysts embedded in the cathode for heterogeneous EF processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Muzenda
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Omotayo A. Arotiba
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Centre
for Nanomaterials Science Research, University
of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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11
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Ghasemi MH, Neekzad N, Ajdari FB, Kowsari E, Ramakrishna S. Mechanistic aspects of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling-toward enabling high quality sustainability decisions in waste management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43074-43101. [PMID: 34146328 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since plastic waste pollution is a severe environmental concern in modern life, the demand for recycling poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has increased due to its versatile applications. Taking advantage of plastic recycling methods creates the chances of minimizing overall crude oil-based materials consumption, and as a result, greenhouse gasses, specifically CO2, will be decreased. Although many review articles have been published on plastic recycling methods from different aspects, a few review articles exist to investigate the organic reaction mechanism in plastic recycling. This review aims to describe other processes for recycling bottle waste of PET, considering the reaction mechanism. Understanding the reaction mechanism offers practical solutions toward protecting the environment against disadvantageous outgrowths rising from PET wastes. PET recycling aims to transform into a monomer/oligomer to produce new materials from plastic wastes. It is an application in various fields, including the food and beverage industry, packaging, and textile applications, to protect the environment from contamination and introduce a green demand for the near future. In this review, the chemical glycolysis process as an outstanding recycling technique for PET is also discussed, emphasizing the catalysts' performance, reaction conditions and methods, degradation agents, the kinetics of reactions, and reprocessing products. In general, a correct understanding of the PET recycling reaction mechanism leads to making the right decisions in waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Ghasemi
- Applied Chemistry Research Group, ACECR-Tehran Organization, PO Box 13145-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Neekzad
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
| | | | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
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12
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Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical products in the water cycle may cause harmful effects such as morphological, metabolic and sex alterations in aquatic organisms and the selection/development of organisms resistant to antimicrobial agents. The compounds’ stability and persistent character hinder their elimination by conventional physico-chemical and biological treatments and thus, the development of new water purification technologies has drawn great attention from academic and industrial researchers. Recently, the electro-Fenton process has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative for the removal of these hazardous, recalcitrant compounds. This process occurs under the action of a suitable catalyst, with the majority of current scientific research focused on heterogeneous systems. A significant area of research centres working on the development of an appropriate catalyst able to overcome the operating limitations associated with the homogeneous process is concerned with the short service life and difficulty in the separation/recovery of the catalyst from polluted water. This review highlights a present trend in the use of different materials as electro-Fenton catalysts for pharmaceutical compound removal from aquatic environments. The main challenges facing these technologies revolve around the enhancement of performance, stability for long-term use, life-cycle analysis considerations and cost-effectiveness. Although treatment efficiency has improved significantly, ongoing research efforts need to deliver economic viability at a larger scale due to the high operating costs, primarily related to energy consumption.
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13
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Xia Y, Zhang Y, Su Q, Dong K. Theoretical Insights into the Effect of Cations, Anions, and Water on Fixation of CO 2 Catalyzed by Different Ionic Liquids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:6391-6400. [PMID: 32729650 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fixation of CO2 is an efficient means for decreasing amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. One of promising technologies is the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides to synthesize cyclic carbonates. In this reaction, ionic liquid (IL) catalysts show versatile and unique advantages. However, the reaction mechanism using ILs is not clear. In this work, a detailed theoretical investigation was performed by DFT calculations. The energetic profile shows that the reaction consists of three steps, with the ring-opening step being the rate-determining step. Based on the results, effects of cations, anions and water were calculated. Cations show strong hydrogen bonding interactions with epoxides, which decreases the energy barrier of the ring-opening step, indicating that hydrogen bonds play a positive role in promoting the reaction. The effect of anions was evaluated by nucleophilicity index (NNu ); anions with a larger NNu (stronger nucleophilicity) value show lower energy barriers. The influence of water was investigated by implicit and explicit models. Compared with the solvent-free case, water as an implicit solvent decreases the energy barriers through polarization with epoxides. In the explicit solvent model, the water molecules form new hydrogen bonds with epoxides and cations, which can efficiently reduce the energy barriers. The result indicates that there is a new synergic catalytic mechanism, in which the water acts not only as solvent but also as a catalyst in the reaction. Supporting experiments further confirm the calculation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfeng Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of ionic liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of ionic liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qian Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of ionic liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kun Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of ionic liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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14
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Nasrollahzadeh M, Shafiei N, Nezafat Z, Soheili Bidgoli NS, Soleimani F. Recent progresses in the application of cellulose, starch, alginate, gum, pectin, chitin and chitosan based (nano)catalysts in sustainable and selective oxidation reactions: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ye Z, Padilla JA, Xuriguera E, Beltran JL, Alcaide F, Brillas E, Sirés I. A Highly Stable Metal-Organic Framework-Engineered FeS 2/C Nanocatalyst for Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Treatment: Validation in Wastewater at Mild pH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4664-4674. [PMID: 32108464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the novel application of FeS2/C nanocomposite as a highly active, stable, and recyclable catalyst for heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) treatment of organic water pollutants is discussed. The simultaneous carbonization and sulfidation of an iron-based metal-organic framework (MOF) yielded well-dispersed pyrite FeS2 nanoparticles of ∼100 nm diameter linked to porous carbon. XPS analysis revealed the presence of doping N atoms. EF treatment with an IrO2/air-diffusion cell ensured the complete removal of the antidepressant fluoxetine spiked into urban wastewater at near-neutral pH after 60 min at 50 mA with 0.4 g L-1 catalyst as optimum dose. The clear enhancement of catalytic activity and stability of the material as compared to natural pyrite was evidenced, as deduced from its characterization before and after use. The final solutions contained <1.5 mg L-1 dissolved iron and became progressively acidified. Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis demonstrated the large mineralization of all wastewater components at 6 h, which was accompanied by a substantial decrease of toxicity. A mechanism with •OH as the dominant oxidant was proposed: FeS2 core-shell nanoparticles served as Fe2+ shuttles for homogeneous Fenton's reaction and provided active sites for the heterogeneous Fenton process, whereas nanoporous carbon allowed minimizing the mass transport limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Ye
- Laboratori d'Electroquı́mica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Padilla
- DIOPMA, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica, Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Xuriguera
- DIOPMA, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica, Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L Beltran
- Secció de Quı́mica Analı́tica, Departament d'Enginyeria Quı́mica i Quı́mica Analı́tica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Alcaide
- Laboratori d'Electroquı́mica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIDETEC, Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquı́mica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquı́mica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Ranjbar M, Majidian N, Samipourgiri M. Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process by MWCNT-Ce/WO3 Nanocomposite Modified GF Cathode for Catalytic Degradation of BTEX: Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-019-00550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tu X, Pan Y, Gao H, Li B, Song Y. Post-treatment of bio-treated acrylonitrile wastewater using UV/Fenton process: degradation kinetics of target compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:24570-24580. [PMID: 31236864 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, post-treatment of bio-treated acrylonitrile wastewater was performed using the UV/Fenton process. Five target compounds (furmaronitrile, 3-pyridinecarbonitrile, 1,3-dicyanobenzene, 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, and 7-azaindole) were selected as target compounds and their degradation kinetics were examined. Under optimal reaction conditions (H2O2 dosage 3.0 mM, Fe2+ dosage 0.3 mM, and initial pH 3.0), more than 85% of total organic carbon (TOC) was eliminated in 30 min when a 10-W UV lamp was employed, and the electrical energy per order of magnitude for TOC removal was as low as 2.96 kWh m-3. Furthermore, the target compounds and the toxicity were largely removed from the bio-treated effluent. Size exclusion chromatography with organic carbon detector analysis revealed that organic components with a wide range of molecular weights were greatly reduced after the UV/Fenton process. A simplified pseudo steady-state (SPSS) model was applied to predict the degradation of target compounds during the UV/Fenton process. The concentrations of generated hydroxyl radicals were estimated to be 3.06 × 10-12 M, 6.37 × 10-12 M, and 10.9 × 10-12 M under 5-, 10-, and 15-W UV lamps, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed SPSS model fitted well with experimental data on the post-treatment of real wastewater, and consequently indicate that this model can be a useful tool in the prediction of degradation of target compounds during the UV/Fenton process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, China
| | - Hongjie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yonghui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Javaid R, Qazi UY. Catalytic Oxidation Process for the Degradation of Synthetic Dyes: An Overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2066. [PMID: 31212717 PMCID: PMC6603921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dyes are used in various industries as coloring agents. The discharge of dyes, specifically synthetic dyes, in wastewater represents a serious environmental problem and causes public health concerns. The implementation of regulations for wastewater discharge has forced research towards either the development of new processes or the improvement of available techniques to attain efficient degradation of dyes. Catalytic oxidation is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), based on the active radicals produced during the reaction in the presence of a catalyst. This paper reviews the problems of dyes and hydroxyl radical-based oxidation processes, including Fenton's process, non-iron metal catalysts, and the application of thin metal catalyst-coated tubular reactors in detail. In addition, the sulfate radical-based catalytic oxidation technique has also been described. This study also includes the effects of various operating parameters such as pH, temperature, the concentration of the oxidant, the initial concentration of dyes, and reaction time on the catalytic decomposition of dyes. Moreover, this paper analyzes the recent studies on catalytic oxidation processes. From the present study, it can be concluded that catalytic oxidation processes are very active and environmentally friendly methods for dye removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Javaid
- Renewable Energy Research Center, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, 2-2-9 Machiikedai, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0298, Japan.
| | - Umair Yaqub Qazi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O Box 1803 Hafr Al Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia.
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Higueras PL, Sáez-Martínez FJ, Lefebvre G, Moilleron R. Contaminated sites, waste management, and green chemistry: new challenges from monitoring to remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3095-3099. [PMID: 30411295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco J Sáez-Martínez
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Faculty of Economics, Plaza de la Universidad, 1, 02071, Albacete, Spain.
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Poza-Nogueiras V, Arellano M, Rosales E, Pazos M, Sanromán MA, González-Romero E. Electroanalytical techniques applied to monitoring the electro-Fenton degradation of aromatic imidazolium-based ionic liquids. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-018-1236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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