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Zhao Z, Zhang L, Yuan L, Bouma TJ. Seed settling and trapping during submerged secondary dispersal: Implications for saltmarsh recruitment and restoration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119301. [PMID: 37837761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Given the decline of global salt marshes, there is a pressing need to pinpoint the key processes that limit and facilitate seed-based pioneer recruitment. Secondary seed dispersal, in the form of short-distance submerged movement, is a prerequisite for initiating pioneer establishment in adjacent tidal flats but has not been fully appreciated and understood. In this study, using a settling tube and race-track flume, seeds of four global occurring saltmarsh species were studied in terms of their settlement speed and trapping opportunity to understand how seed traits and physical settings affect submerged dispersal behavior and thus seed-based saltmarsh recruitment. Present study led to the following novel insights: 1) Seeds have density-dependent settling speeds, which are comparable to that of fine sand, but much faster than that of very fine sand and silt. Since the latter is the type of sediment commonly found in many estuaries worldwide (such as the Scheldt), seeds will typically settle faster than local sediments. A sufficiently long hydrodynamic-calm period allows slowly settling sediment to bury settled seeds, otherwise, seeds will remain uncovered if the period is short. 2) Seed trapping ratio increased linearly with surface roughness (a proxy for local topographic complexity), but this effect becomes smaller with increasing hydrodynamic intensity. Seed drag coefficient was identified as the key biotic factor contributing to interspecies variability in trapping ratio. Overall, present results suggest that submerged seed dispersal may form a primary bottleneck for salt marsh recruitment by limiting seed availability via two mechanisms: i) reduced chance of seed burial through asynchronous settling of seeds and sediment particles; ii) reduced probability of seed trapping due to encountering smooth tidal flat surfaces. This study provide mechanistic and data basis for the targeted application of biophysical models in predicting outcomes of saltmarsh recruitment and long-term maintenance, thereby informing seed-based conservation and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, Center for Blue Carbon Science and Technology, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 4401 NT, Yerseke, the Netherlands; Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Liquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, Center for Blue Carbon Science and Technology, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Institute of Eco-Chongming, Center for Blue Carbon Science and Technology, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, 202162, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tjeerd J Bouma
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 4401 NT, Yerseke, the Netherlands; Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, 3584 CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands; HZ University of Applied Sciences, Building with Nature Group, 4382 NW, Vlissingen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Woo HE, Jeong I, Kim JO, Kim YR, Lee IC, Kim K. Field experiments on chemical and biological changes of thin-layer oyster shells capping sediments in dense aquaculture area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116893. [PMID: 37586451 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Thin-layer oyster shell capping has been proposed as a method for improving contaminated coastal environments. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of oyster shell capping on nutrient concentrations, microorganisms, and macrobenthic communities. The concentration of PO4-Pin the experimental area decreased by approximately 38% more than in the control, due to phosphorus fixation of oyster shells and the presence of Proteobacteria. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria such as the order Pirellulales (phylum Planctomycetes) were related to the low ratio of NH3-N found in dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the experimental area, indicating nitrification promotion. The reduction in annular benthic organisms observed in the experimental area indicates a decline in sediment organic matter, which could potentially mitigate eutrophication. Oyster shell capping was confirmed to be an effective material for restoring coastal sediments by improving their chemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Eun Woo
- Research Center for Ocean Industrial Development, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilwon Jeong
- Research Center for Ocean Industrial Development, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; School of Marine and Fisheries Life Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ryun Kim
- Marine Eco-Technology Institute, 406 Sinseon-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48520, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Cheol Lee
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghoi Kim
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kota Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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3
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Oncken NS, Lange T, Kristensen E, Quintana CO, Steinfurth RC, Flindt MR. Sand-capping - A large-scale approach to restore organic-enriched estuarine sediments. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 173:105534. [PMID: 34864512 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Decades of eutrophication have deteriorated marine coastal habitats severely and has led to massive decline of eelgrass along European coastlines and impoverishment of benthic fauna. Although nutrient loadings were reduced and water quality increased decades ago, eutrophication in the past had enriched marine sediments in organic matter to an extent that is still affecting ecosystems today. Organic-rich sediments are readily resuspended, keeping shallow estuaries in a turbid state and benthic fauna communities remain low in density and diversity. Sand-capping of muddy sediments may restore such deteriorated estuaries and is in this study applied for the first time as a large-scale restoration approach. A 10 cm layer of sand was added on 1.0 and 1.4 ha muddy sediments at two locations in Odense Fjord, Denmark. The organic content of the mud at the sites was 8-9% and 3-5% before sand-capping. The sand-cap stabilized the mud without mixing the sand-mud interface, not even after one year. The associated lower resuspension of fine particle improved light conditions in the overlying water by up to 9 and 22% at the two locations. Benthic fauna recruitment improved after sand-capping, leading to a local shift from low to high diversity of the benthic community and increased ecosystem functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Svenja Oncken
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Troels Lange
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Erik Kristensen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Cintia O Quintana
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rune C Steinfurth
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mogens R Flindt
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
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Rämö RA, Honkanen J, Nybom I, Gunnarsson JS. Biological Effects of Activated Carbon on Benthic Macroinvertebrates are Determined by Particle Size and Ingestibility of Activated Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3465-3477. [PMID: 34748656 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of activated carbon (AC) to the surface of contaminated sediments is a promising technology for sediment remediation in situ. Amendment with AC has proved to be effective in reducing bioavailability and sediment-to-water release of hydrophobic organic contaminants. However, AC may cause positive or negative biological responses in benthic organisms. The causes of these effects, which include changes in growth, reproduction, and mortality, are unclear but are thought to be related to the size of AC particles. The present study investigated biological response to AC ranging from ingestible powdered AC to noningestible granular AC in two benthic deposit feeders: the polychaete Marenzelleria spp. and the clam Limecola balthica (syn. Macoma balthica). In the polychaete, exposure to powdered AC (ingestible) reduced both dry weight and carbon assimilation, whereas exposure to granular AC (noningestible) increased both dry weight and carbon assimilation. Responses in the clam were similar but less pronounced, indicating that response levels are species-specific and may vary within a benthic community. In addition, worms exposed to the finest ingestible AC particles had reduced gut microvilli length and reduced gut lumen, indicating starvation. These results strongly suggest that biological responses to AC depend on particle ingestibility, whereby exposure to ingestible particles may cause starvation through reduced bioavailability of food coingested with AC or due to rejection of AC-treated sediment as a food source. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3465-3477. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Rämö
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Honkanen
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inna Nybom
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Trannum HC, Raymond C, Næss R, Borgersen G, Gunnarsson JS, Schaanning MT. Long-term response of marine benthic fauna to thin-layer capping with powdered activated carbon in the Grenland fjords, Norway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145971. [PMID: 33652322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Grenland fjords in Norway have a long history of contamination by large emissions of dioxins and mercury. As a possible sediment remediation method in situ, thin-layer capping with powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay was applied at two test sites at 30 m and 95 m depth in the Grenland fjords. This study presents long-term effects of the AC treatment on the benthic community structure, i.e. nine years after capping. Capping with AC significantly reduced the number of species, their abundance and biomass at the two test sites, compared to uncapped reference sites. At the more shallow site, the dominant brittle star species Amphiura filiformis disappeared shortly after capping and did not re-establish nine years after capping. At the deeper site, the AC treatment also caused long-lasting negative effects on the benthic community, but some recovery was observed after nine years. Ecological indices used to assess environmental status did not capture the impaired benthic communities caused by the capping. The present study is the first documentation of negative effects of powdered AC on marine benthic communities on a decadal scale. Our results show that the benefits of reduced contaminant bioavailability from capping with AC should be carefully weighed against the cost of long-term detrimental effects on the benthic community. More research is needed to develop a thin-layer capping material that is efficient at sequestering contaminants without being harmful to benthic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde C Trannum
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; University of Agder, Center for Coastal Research, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Caroline Raymond
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rita Næss
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild Borgersen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morten T Schaanning
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
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6
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Life cycle environmental and economic assessment of highly efficient carbon-based CO2 adsorbents: A comparative study. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Raymond C, Samuelsson GS, Agrenius S, Schaanning MT, Gunnarsson JS. Impaired benthic macrofauna function 4 years after sediment capping with activated carbon in the Grenland fjords, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16181-16197. [PMID: 33269443 PMCID: PMC7969561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The sediments in the Grenland fjords in southern Norway are heavily contaminated by large emissions of dioxins and mercury from historic industrial activities. As a possible in situ remediation option, thin-layer sediment surface capping with powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay was applied at two large test sites (10,000 and 40,000 m2) at 30-m and 95-m depths, respectively, in 2009. This paper describes the long-term biological effects of the AC treatment on marine benthic communities up to 4 years after treatment. Our results show that the capping with AC strongly reduced the benthic species diversity, abundance, and biomass by up to 90%. Vital functions in the benthic ecosystem such as particle reworking and bioirrigation of the sediment were also reduced, analyzed by using novel bioturbation and bioirrigation indices (BPc, BIPc, and IPc). Much of the initial effects observed after 1 and 14 months were still present after 49 months, indicating that the effects are long-lasting. These long-lasting negative ecological effects should be carefully considered before decisions are made on sediment remediation with powdered AC, especially in large areas, since important ecosystem functions can be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Raymond
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Stefan Agrenius
- Department of Marine Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Schaanning MT, Beylich B, Gunnarsson JS, Eek E. Long-term effects of thin layer capping in the Grenland fjords, Norway: Reduced uptake of dioxins in passive samplers and sediment-dwelling organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128544. [PMID: 33065324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Grenlandfjords in South East Norway are severely contaminated with dioxins from a magnesium smelter operated between 1950 and 2001. In 2009, the proposal of thin-layer capping as a potential mitigation method to reduce spreading of dioxins from the fjord sediments, resulted in the set-up of a large-scale field experiment in two fjord areas at 30 and 100 m depth. After capping, several investigations have been carried out to determine effects on benthic communities and bioavailability of dioxins. In this paper we present the results on uptake of dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) in passive samplers and two sediment-dwelling species exposed in boxcores collected from the test plots during four surveys between 2009 (after cap placement) and 2018. Sediment profile images (SPI) and analyses of dioxins revealed that the thin (1-5 cm) cap layers became buried beneath several centimeters of sediments resuspended from adjacent bottoms and deposited on the test plots after capping. Uptake reduction ratios (R) were calculated as dioxins accumulated in cores collected from capped sediments divided by dioxins accumulated in cores collected from uncapped reference sediments. Cap layers with dredged clay or crushed limestone had only short-term positive effect with R-values increasing to about 1.0 (no effect) 1-4 years after capping. In spite of the recontamination, cap layers with clay and activated carbon had significant long-term effects with R-values slowly increasing from 0.12-0.33 during the first three years to 0.39-0.46 in 2018, showing 54-61% reduced uptake of dioxins (PCDD/F-TE) nine years after capping with AC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 0806, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Tu YJ, Premachandra GS, Boyd SA, Sallach JB, Li H, Teppen BJ, Johnston CT. Synthesis and evaluation of Fe 3O 4-impregnated activated carbon for dioxin removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128263. [PMID: 33297207 PMCID: PMC7733032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/PCDFs) are highly toxic organic pollutants in soils and sediments which persist over timescales that extend from decades to centuries. There is a growing need to develop effective technologies for remediating PCDD/Fs-contaminated soils and sediments to protect human and ecosystem health. The use of sorbent amendments to sequester PCDD/Fs has emerged as one promising technology. A synthesis method is described here to create a magnetic activated carbon composite (AC-Fe3O4) for dioxin removal and sampling that could be recovered from soils using magnetic separation. Six AC-Fe3O4 composites were evaluated (five granular ACs (GACs) and one fine-textured powder AC(PAC)) for their magnetization and ability to sequester dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD). Both GAC/PAC and GAC/PAC-Fe3O4 composites effectively removed DD from aqueous solution. The sorption affinity of DD for GAC-Fe3O4 was slightly reduced compared to GAC alone, which is attributed to the blocking of sorption sites. The magnetization of a GAC-Fe3O4 composite reached 5.38 emu/g based on SQUID results, allowing the adsorbent to be easily separated from aqueous solution using an external magnetic field. Similarly, a fine-textured PAC-Fe3O4 composite was synthesized with a magnetization of 9.3 emu/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jen Tu
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai, 200234, China
| | | | - Stephen A Boyd
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brian J Teppen
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Cliff T Johnston
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, 550 Stadium Mall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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10
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Abel S, Akkanen J. Novel, Activated Carbon-Based Material for in-Situ Remediation of Contaminated Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3217-3224. [PMID: 30781950 PMCID: PMC6727589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Applying activated carbon (AC) to contaminated sediments is an in-situ approach to remediation with great potential. The bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants can be rapidly reduced and kept low over long periods of time. However, there are limitations to the method. The high buoyancy of AC particles makes their application difficult in the field, and AC retention on the amended site can be low in turbulent waters. Furthermore, the fine particles of powdered AC (PAC) can have adverse effects on organisms, but their remediation potential is superior to coarser, granular ACs (GAC). To tackle these shortcomings, a novel sorbent material was developed, consisting of PAC embedded into a stable, granular clay-matrix, significantly reducing buoyancy. These AC-clay granules (ACC-G) were tested for remediation potential (PCB-bioaccumulation reduction) and adverse effects on the benthic invertebrates Chironomus riparius and Lumbriculus variegatus. The novel ACC-G material was compared to GAC of the same particle size, the clay-matrix, and PAC. The findings show that ACC-G has a significantly higher remediation potential than GAC, allowing for reductions in PCB-bioaccumulation of up to 89%. Adverse effects could not be totally eliminated with ACC-G, but they were less severe than with PAC, likely due to the increased particle size.
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Abel S, Akkanen J. A Combined Field and Laboratory Study on Activated Carbon-Based Thin Layer Capping in a PCB-Contaminated Boreal Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4702-4710. [PMID: 29606006 PMCID: PMC6150667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The in situ remediation of aquatic sediments with activated carbon (AC)-based thin layer capping is a promising alternative to traditional methods, such as sediment dredging. Applying a strong sorbent like AC directly to the sediment can greatly reduce the bioavailability of organic pollutants. To evaluate the method under realistic field conditions, a 300 m2 plot in the PCB-contaminated Lake Kernaalanjärvi, Finland, was amended with an AC cap (1.6 kgAC/m2). The study lake showed highly dynamic sediment movements over the monitoring period of 14 months. This led to poor retention and rapid burial of the AC cap under a layer of contaminated sediment from adjacent sites. As a result, the measured impact of the AC amendment was low: Both the benthic community structure and PCB bioaccumulation were similar on the plot and in surrounding reference sites. Corresponding follow-up laboratory studies using Lumbriculus variegatus and Chironomus riparius showed that long-term remediation success is possible, even when an AC cap is covered with contaminated sediment. To retain a measurable effectiveness (reduction in contaminant bioaccumulation), a sufficient intensity and depth of bioturbation is required. On the other hand, the magnitude of the adverse effect induced by AC correlated positively with the measured remediation success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Abel
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- E-mail:
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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12
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Libralato G, Minetto D, Lofrano G, Guida M, Carotenuto M, Aliberti F, Conte B, Notarnicola M. Toxicity assessment within the application of in situ contaminated sediment remediation technologies: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:85-94. [PMID: 29179080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polluted sediment represents a great problem for aquantic environments with potential direct acute and chronic effects for the biota and can be tackled with both in situ and ex situ treatments. Once dredging activities are not compulsory, sediment can be kept in place and managed with techniques involving the use of amendment and/or capping. Before their application, the assessment of their potential impact to the target environment cannot ignore the safe-by-design approach. The role of toxicity in in situ sediment remediation was reviewed discussing about how it can be used for the selection of amendments and the monitoring of treatment technologies. Results evidenced that capping technology coupled to activated carbon (AC) is the most frequently applied approach with effects varying according to the rate of contamination in treated sediment, the amount of AC used (% v/v), and target biological models considered. Little data are available for zerovalent iron as well as other minor amending agents such as hematite, natural zeolite, biopolymers and organoclays. Current (eco-)toxicological information for in situ sediment remediation technologies is fragmentary and incomplete or entirely missing, making also the interpretation of existing data quite challenging. In situ sediment remediation represents an interesting potentially effective approach for polluted sediment recovering. As its application in some lab-based and field studies reported to induce negative effects for target organisms, amendments and capping agents must be attentively evaluated for short- and long-term environmental effects, also in the perspective of the remediated site monitoring and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Diego Minetto
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Carotenuto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco Aliberti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Conte
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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