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Guo X, Ji X, Liu Z, Feng Z, Zhang Z, Du S, Li X, Ma J, Sun Z. Complex impact of metals on the fate of disinfection by-products in drinking water pipelines: A systematic review. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 261:121991. [PMID: 38941679 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Metals in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) play an important role on the fate of disinfection by-products (DBPs). They can increase the formation of DBPs through several mechanisms, such as enhancing the proportion of reactive halogen species (RHS), catalysing the reaction between natural organic matter (NOM) and RHS through complexation, or by increasing the conversion of NOM into DBP precursors. This review comprehensively summarizes these complex processes, focusing on the most important metals (copper, iron, manganese) in DWDS and their impact on various DBPs. It organizes the dispersed 'metals-DBPs' experimental results into an easily accessible content structure and presents their underlying common or unique mechanisms. Furthermore, the practically valuable application directions of these research findings were analysed, including the toxicity changes of DBPs in DWDS under the influence of metals and the potential enhancement of generalization in DBP model research by the introduction of metals. Overall, this review revealed that the metal environment within DWDS is a crucial factor influencing DBP levels in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Zihan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Zhuoran Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - ZiFeng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuang Du
- Institute of NBC Defense. PLA Army, P.O.Box1048, Beijing 102205 China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Suzhou University Science & Technology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China.
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Cassivi A, Carabin A, Dorea C, Rodriguez MJ, Guilherme S. Domestic access to water in a decentralized truck-to-cistern system: a case study in the Northern Village of Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik (Canada). JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:797-810. [PMID: 38822460 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Municipal water supply through truck-to-cistern systems is common in northern Canada. Household satisfaction and concerns about water services likely impact user preferences and practices. This case study explores household perspectives and challenges with regard to domestic access to water in a decentralized truck-to-cistern system. A case study was conducted in the Northern Village of Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik (Quebec, Canada). A paper-based questionnaire was completed by 65 households (one quarter of the population). Many households (37%) reported not drinking tap water from the truck-to-cistern system. Chlorine taste was a frequently reported concern, with those households being significantly less likely to drink water directly from the tap (p = 0.002). Similarly, households that reported a water shortage in the previous week (i.e., no water from the tap at least once) (33%) were more likely to express dissatisfaction with delivered water quantity (rs = 0.395, p = 0.004). Interestingly, 77% of households preferred using alternative drinking water sources for drinking purposes, such as public tap at the water treatment plant, natural sources or bottled water. The study underscores the importance of considering household perspectives to mitigate the risks associated with service disruptions and the use of alternative sources for drinking purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cassivi
- Chaire de recherche CRSNG en eau potable, École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada E-mail:
| | - Anne Carabin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering and Computer Science (ECS), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Caetano Dorea
- Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering and Computer Science (ECS), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- Chaire de recherche CRSNG en eau potable, École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Guilherme
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Murdock A, Bashar S, White D, Uyaguari-Diaz M, Farenhorst A, Kumar A. Bacterial diversity and resistome analysis of drinking water stored in cisterns from two First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0314123. [PMID: 38305192 PMCID: PMC10913478 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03141-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiological content of water is an ongoing concern in First Nations communities in Canada. Many communities lack water treatment plants and continue to be under drinking water advisories. However, lack of access to treatment plants is only a part of the problem as poor water distribution systems also contribute to the failure to provide safe drinking water. Here, we studied the microbial diversity and antibiotic resistome from water stored in cisterns from two First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada. We found that the cistern water contained a high number of bacteria and showed the presence of diverse antimicrobial resistance genes. Interestingly, the bacterial diversity and antimicrobial resistance genes varied considerably from that of the untreated source water, indicating that the origin of contamination in the cistern water came from within the treatment plant or along the delivery route to the homes. Our study highlights the importance of proper maintenance of the water distribution system in addition to access to water treatment facilities to ensure a supply of safe water to First Nations communities in Canada.IMPORTANCEThe work described addresses a critical issue in First Nations communities in Canada-the microbiological content of water. Many of these communities lack access to water treatment plants and frequently experience drinking water advisories. This study focused on the microbial diversity and antibiotic resistome in water stored in cisterns within two First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada. These findings reveal that cistern water, a common source of drinking water in these communities, contains a high number of bacteria and a wide range of antimicrobial resistance genes. This highlights a serious health risk as exposure to such water can lead to the spread of drug-resistant infections, posing a threat to the well-being of the residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Murdock
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sabrin Bashar
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Dawn White
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | - Ayush Kumar
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Stalwick JA, Ratelle M, Gurney KEB, Drysdale M, Lazarescu C, Comte J, Laird B, Skinner K. Sources of exposure to lead in Arctic and subarctic regions: a scoping review. Int J Circumpolar Health 2023; 82:2208810. [PMID: 37196187 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2023.2208810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding lead exposure pathways is a priority because of its ubiquitous presence in the environment as well as the potential health risks. We aimed to identify potential lead sources and pathways of lead exposure, including long-range transport, and the magnitude of exposure in Arctic and subarctic communities. A scoping review strategy and screening approach was used to search literature from January 2000 to December 2020. A total of 228 academic and grey literature references were synthesised. The majority of these studies (54%) were from Canada. Indigenous people in Arctic and subarctic communities in Canada had higher levels of lead than the rest of Canada. The majority of studies in all Arctic countries reported at least some individuals above the level of concern. Lead levels were influenced by a number of factors including using lead ammunition to harvest traditional food and living in close proximity to mines. Lead levels in water, soil, and sediment were generally low. Literature showed the possibility of long-range transport via migratory birds. Household lead sources included lead-based paint, dust, or tap water. This literature review will help to inform management strategies for communities, researchers, and governments, with the aim of decreasing lead exposure in northern regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn A Stalwick
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Prairie and Northern Wildlife Research Centre, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Mylène Ratelle
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Kirsty E B Gurney
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Prairie and Northern Wildlife Research Centre, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Mallory Drysdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Calin Lazarescu
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Jérôme Comte
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Eau Terre Environnement Centre, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian Laird
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Kelly Skinner
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Cassivi A, Covey A, Rodriguez MJ, Guilherme S. Domestic water security in the Arctic: A scoping review. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 247:114060. [PMID: 36413873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION More than 50 million people living in the Arctic nations remain without access to safely managed drinking water services. Remote northern communities, where large numbers of Indigenous peoples live, are disproportionally affected. Recent research has documented water and health-related problems among Indigenous communities, including poor water quality and insufficient quantities of water. OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review is to examine the extent of available water security evidence as well as identify research gaps and intervention priorities to improve access to domestic water in the Arctic and Subarctic regions of the eight Arctic nations (Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and the United States (Alaska)). METHODS An extensive literature review was conducted to retrieve relevant documentation. Arctic & Antarctic Regions, Compendex, Geobase, Georef, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases were searched to identify records for inclusion. The initial searches yielded a total of 1356 records. Two independent reviewers systematically screened identified records using selection criteria. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize evidence of included studies. RESULTS A total of 55 studies, mostly conducted in Canada and the United States, were included and classified by four predetermined major dimensions: 1) Water accessibility and availability; 2) Water quality assessment; 3) Water supply and health; 4) Preferences and risk perceptions. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review used a global approach to provide researchers and stakeholders with a summary of the evidence available regarding water security and domestic access in the Arctic. Culturally appropriate health-based interventions are necessary to ensure inclusive water services and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets for universal access to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cassivi
- Chaire de recherche en eau potable, École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Universitè Laval, Quèbec (QC), Canada.
| | - Anna Covey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Colonel By Hall, 161 Louis Pasteur, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (ON), Canada
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- Chaire de recherche en eau potable, École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325 rue des Bibliothèques, Universitè Laval, Quèbec (QC), Canada
| | - Stéphanie Guilherme
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Colonel By Hall, 161 Louis Pasteur, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (ON), Canada
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Maréchal JYA, Hendriksen K, Hansen LT, Gundelund C, Jensen PE. Domestic water supply in rural Greenland – sufficiency, affordability and accessibility. Int J Circumpolar Health 2022; 81:2138095. [DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2022.2138095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Y. A. Maréchal
- Arctic DTU Sisimiut Ilinniarfeqarfik Sisimiut, DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Greenland, Sisimiut
| | - Kåre Hendriksen
- Department of Planning, Aalborg University Copenhagen, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Casper Gundelund
- Section of Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Erland Jensen
- Arctic DTU Sisimiut Ilinniarfeqarfik Sisimiut, DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Greenland, Sisimiut
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Fradette MS, Culley AI, Charette SJ. Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Environmental Water Samples: A Journey into the Past and New Perspectives. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061175. [PMID: 35744692 PMCID: PMC9228427 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the major issues linked with producing safe water for consumption is the presence of the parasitic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Since they are both responsible for gastrointestinal illnesses that can be waterborne, their monitoring is crucial, especially in water sources feeding treatment plants. Although their discovery was made in the early 1900s and even before, it was only in 1999 that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a standardized protocol for the detection of these parasites, modified and named today the U.S. EPA 1623.1 Method. It involves the flow-through filtration of a large volume of the water of interest, the elution of the biological material retained on the filter, the purification of the (oo)cysts, and the detection by immunofluorescence of the target parasites. Since the 1990s, several molecular-biology-based techniques were also developed to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia cells from environmental or clinical samples. The application of U.S. EPA 1623.1 as well as numerous biomolecular methods are reviewed in this article, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed guiding the readers, such as graduate students, researchers, drinking water managers, epidemiologists, and public health specialists, through the ever-expanding number of techniques available in the literature for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Stéphanie Fradette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Aménagement et Développement du Territoire (CRAD), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander I. Culley
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steve J. Charette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Climate Change and Enteric Infections in the Canadian Arctic: Do We Know What’s on the Horizon? GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord3030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Canadian Arctic has a long history with diarrheal disease, including outbreaks of campylobacteriosis, giardiasis, and salmonellosis. Due to climate change, the Canadian Arctic is experiencing rapid environmental transformation, which not only threatens the livelihood of local Indigenous Peoples, but also supports the spread, frequency, and intensity of enteric pathogen outbreaks. Advances in diagnostic testing and detection have brought to attention the current burden of disease due to Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter pylori. As climate change is known to influence pathogen transmission (e.g., food and water), Arctic communities need support in developing prevention and surveillance strategies that are culturally appropriate. This review aims to provide an overview of how climate change is currently and is expected to impact enteric pathogens in the Canadian Arctic.
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Slavik I, Oliveira KR, Cheung PB, Uhl W. Water quality aspects related to domestic drinking water storage tanks and consideration in current standards and guidelines throughout the world - a review. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:439-463. [PMID: 32833673 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In many parts of the world, drinking water storage takes place in near-house or in-house tanks. This can impact drinking water quality considerably. International and numerous national standards and guidelines addressing the construction, installation and operation of domestic drinking water storage tanks are reviewed on their consideration of water quality aspects and the minimisation of health risks associated with drinking water storage. Several national and international standards and guidelines are reviewed in terms of drinking water quality requirements. Factors that have an impact on water quality in relation to the use of domestic drinking water storage tanks are summarised comprehensively. The impact of the domestic storage of drinking water on water quality, the points and locations of use, their positioning, the materials they are made of, their design and operation, as well as aspects of how they are operated and maintained is outlined and discussed in detail. Finally, the incorporation of aspects regarding water quality in drinking water storage tanks in standards and guidelines is presented and assessed. To make the use of domestic drinking water storage tanks safer and more efficient, recommendations for modifications, improvements and extensions of respective standards are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Slavik
- Wahnbachtalsperrenverband, 53721 Siegburg, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Water Supply Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany E-mail:
| | - Keila Roberta Oliveira
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande/MS, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Peter Batista Cheung
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande/MS, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Uhl
- Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Water Supply Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany E-mail: ; Aquateam COWI AS, Karvesvingen 2a, 0579 Oslo, Norway and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Rowles LS, Hossain AI, Aggarwal S, Kirisits MJ, Saleh NB. Water quality and associated microbial ecology in selected Alaska Native communities: Challenges in off-the-grid water supplies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134450. [PMID: 31812391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The availability of safe water for potable purposes in Alaska Native communities is limited due to naturally occurring metals and contaminants released from anthropogenic activities, such as drilling and mining. The impacts of climate change are magnified in the arctic and sub-arctic regions and thus have the potential to mobilize contaminants and exacerbate the water contamination problem. Alaska Native communities are vulnerable to such changes in their water quality because of their remote location and limited access to resources. This study initiates an assessment of water quality, including its microbial ecology, in off-the-grid Alaskan water supplies (i.e., primarily groundwater wells). In particular, water quality data were collected from nine communities (22 ground water wells). Water quality analyses included basic water quality parameters, a suite of metals relevant to human health, and microbial community composition. Results revealed location-specific elevated arsenic concentrations based on the underlying geological formation, particularly in the areas located in the geological formation of the McHugh Complex. Diverse microbial communities were observed, and the grouping appeared to be based on elevation. These findings present evidence of compromised water quality in an understudied area in the United States. The results from this study should be considered as a snapshot in time, which highlight the importance for further systematic studies in similar off-the-grid communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Stetson Rowles
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Areeb I Hossain
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Srijan Aggarwal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Mary Jo Kirisits
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Navid B Saleh
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Gora SL, Trueman BF, Anaviapik-Soucie T, Gavin MK, Ontiveros CC, Campbell J, L'Hérault V, Stoddart AK, Gagnon GA. Source Water Characteristics and Building-specific Factors Influence Corrosion and Point of Use Water Quality in a Decentralized Arctic Drinking Water System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2192-2201. [PMID: 31961665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Access to clean and safe drinking water is a perpetual concern in Arctic communities because of challenging climatic conditions, limited options for the transportation of equipment and process chemicals, and the ongoing effects of colonialism. Water samples were gathered from multiple locations in a decentralized trucked drinking water system in Nunavut, Canada, over the course of one year. The results indicate that point of use drinking water quality was impacted by conditions in the source water and in individual buildings and strongly suggest that lead and copper measured at the tap were related to corrosion of onsite premise plumbing components. Humic-like substances were the dominant organic fraction in all samples, as determined by regional integration of fluorescence data. Iron and manganese levels in the source water and throughout the water system were higher in the winter and lower in the summer months. Elevated concentrations of copper (>2000 μg L-1) and lead (>5 μg L-1) were detected in tap water from some buildings. Field flow fractionation coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ultraviolet-visible spectrometry was used to demonstrate the link between source water characteristics (high organics, iron and manganese) and lead and copper in point of use drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Gora
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Benjamin F Trueman
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | | | - Megan K Gavin
- Nunavut Arctic College , Iqaluit , Nunavut X0A 0H0 , Canada
| | - C Carolina Ontiveros
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Jessica Campbell
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Halifax Water , 450 Cowie Hill Rd. , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3P 2V3 , Canada
| | | | - Amina K Stoddart
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
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