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Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Fradette MS, Culley AI, Charette SJ. Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Environmental Water Samples: A Journey into the Past and New Perspectives. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061175. [PMID: 35744692 PMCID: PMC9228427 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the major issues linked with producing safe water for consumption is the presence of the parasitic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Since they are both responsible for gastrointestinal illnesses that can be waterborne, their monitoring is crucial, especially in water sources feeding treatment plants. Although their discovery was made in the early 1900s and even before, it was only in 1999 that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a standardized protocol for the detection of these parasites, modified and named today the U.S. EPA 1623.1 Method. It involves the flow-through filtration of a large volume of the water of interest, the elution of the biological material retained on the filter, the purification of the (oo)cysts, and the detection by immunofluorescence of the target parasites. Since the 1990s, several molecular-biology-based techniques were also developed to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia cells from environmental or clinical samples. The application of U.S. EPA 1623.1 as well as numerous biomolecular methods are reviewed in this article, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed guiding the readers, such as graduate students, researchers, drinking water managers, epidemiologists, and public health specialists, through the ever-expanding number of techniques available in the literature for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Stéphanie Fradette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Aménagement et Développement du Territoire (CRAD), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander I. Culley
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steve J. Charette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.I.C.); (S.J.C.)
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et Génie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Li Y, Wang M, Chen X, Cui S, Hofstra N, Kroeze C, Ma L, Xu W, Zhang Q, Zhang F, Strokal M. Multi-pollutant assessment of river pollution from livestock production worldwide. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117906. [PMID: 34896811 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Livestock production is often a source of multiple pollutants in rivers. However, current assessments of water pollution seldomly take a multi-pollutant perspective, while this is essential for improving water quality. This study quantifies inputs of multiple pollutants to rivers from livestock production worldwide, by animal types and spatially explicit. We focus on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and Cryptosporidium (pathogen). We developed the MARINA-Global-L (Model to Assess River Inputs of pollutaNts to seAs for Livetsock) model for 10,226 sub-basins and eleven livestock species. Global inputs to land from livestock are around 94 Tg N, 19 Tg P, and 2.9 × 1021 oocysts from Cryptosporidium in 2010. Over 57% of these amounts are from grazed animals. Asia, South America, and Africa account for over 68% of these amounts on land. The inputs to rivers are around 22 Tg Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN), 1.8 Tg Total Dissolved P (TDP), and 1.3 × 1021 oocysts in 2010. Cattle, pigs, and chickens are responsible for 74-88% of these pollutants in rivers. One-fourth of the global sub-basins can be considered pollution hotspots and contribute 71-95% to the TDN, TDP, and oocysts in rivers. Our study could contribute to effective manure management for individual livestock species in sub-basins to reduce multiple pollutants in rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB, Netherlands.
| | - Mengru Wang
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Xuanjing Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 02, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Shilei Cui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Carolien Kroeze
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang, 050021, PR China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Maryna Strokal
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB, Netherlands
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Thomas A, Enemark HL, Poulsen PM, Pedersen ML. First case of community acquired giardiasis in Nuuk, Greenland. Int J Circumpolar Health 2021; 80:1954363. [PMID: 34328057 PMCID: PMC8330710 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2021.1954363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of community acquired giardiasis, in Nuuk, Greenland. Likely source of infection being consumption of untreated water from a local reservoir, alternatively through contact with sewage. Giardia is widespread worldwide but has not commonly been considered a cause of gastrointestinal distress in patients in Greenland, without relevant travel history. This may be due to under diagnosis, or historically low prevalence of Giardia in the region. Climate change with increasing temperatures, growing tourism and pet travel may influence the presence of Giardia in the region. This case highlights the need to include giardiasis as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with suspected infectious gastroenteritis in Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- The Veterinary and Food Authority, Ministry of Fisheries and Hunting, Nuuk, Greenland
| | | | - Michael Lynge Pedersen
- Greenland Center for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Science, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
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Romero PE, Calla-Quispe E, Castillo-Vilcahuaman C, Yokoo M, Fuentes-Rivera HL, Ramirez JL, Ampuero A, Ibáñez AJ, Wong P. From the Andes to the desert: 16S rRNA metabarcoding characterization of aquatic bacterial communities in the Rimac river, the main source of water for Lima, Peru. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250401. [PMID: 33886647 PMCID: PMC8061919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rimac river is the main source of water for Lima, Peru's capital megacity. The river is constantly affected by different types of contamination including mine tailings in the Andes and urban sewage in the metropolitan area. In this work, we aim to produce the first characterization of aquatic bacterial communities in the Rimac river using a 16S rRNA metabarcoding approach which would be useful to identify bacterial diversity and potential understudied pathogens. We report a lower diversity in bacterial communities from the Lower Rimac (Metropolitan zone) in comparison to other sub-basins. Samples were generally grouped according to their geographical location. Bacterial classes Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Campylobacteria, Fusobacteriia, and Gammaproteobacteria were the most frequent along the river. Arcobacter cryaerophilus (Campylobacteria) was the most frequent species in the Lower Rimac while Flavobacterium succinicans (Bacteroidia) and Hypnocyclicus (Fusobacteriia) were the most predominant in the Upper Rimac. Predicted metabolic functions in the microbiota include bacterial motility and quorum sensing. Additional metabolomic analyses showed the presence of some insecticides and herbicides in the Parac-Upper Rimac and Santa Eulalia-Parac sub-basins. The dominance in the Metropolitan area of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, an emergent pathogen associated with fecal contamination and antibiotic multiresistance, that is not usually reported in traditional microbiological quality assessments, highlights the necessity to apply next-generation sequencing tools to improve pathogen surveillance. We believe that our study will encourage the integration of omics sciences in Peru and its application on current environmental and public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro E Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Erika Calla-Quispe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ómicas y Biotecnología Aplicada (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Camila Castillo-Vilcahuaman
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mateo Yokoo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de Piura, Lima, Peru
| | - Hammerly Lino Fuentes-Rivera
- Instituto de Ciencias Ómicas y Biotecnología Aplicada (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge L Ramirez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - André Ampuero
- Departamento de Malacología y Carcinología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Alfredo J Ibáñez
- Instituto de Ciencias Ómicas y Biotecnología Aplicada (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Paolo Wong
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de Piura, Lima, Peru
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Kondo Nakada LY, Urbano Dos Santos L, Guimarães JR. Pre-ozonation of surface water: An effective water treatment process to reduce the risk of infection by Giardia in drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115144. [PMID: 32673973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Giardia is a protozoan parasite of primary concern for the drinking water industry. High contact times are required for Giardia inactivation by chlorination, while ozonation may be effective at much lower Ct products. In this study, we have assessed the occurrence of Giardia cysts in raw water, and in chlorinated or ozonated water from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in Brazil, over a 16-month period. Moreover, we analyzed the effects of primary disinfection on cysts, and calculated the infection risk caused by the occurrence of Giardia cysts in raw water, chlorinated or ozonated water. Furthermore, we assessed the correlation of Giardia cysts with indicator bacteria in raw water. Data referring to concentration of Giardia cysts in raw water showed adherence to a gamma distribution at a significance level α = 0.05. The detection frequency and the mean concentration of Giardia cysts were higher in raw water (86.6%, 26 cysts∙L-1), than in chlorinated (46.1%, 15.7 cysts·L-1) or ozonated water (43.5%, 11.1 cysts·L-1). Overall, Giardia non-viable cysts were detected more frequently in ozonated water (80%) than in chlorinated water (68.2%) or raw water (37.7%). Ozonation and chlorination resulted, respectively, in ≈27.5- and ≈13- fold reduction of Giardia infection risk, when compared to the risk calculated for raw water. Total coliform and Escherichia coli proved to be suitable surrogates to predict the occurrence of Giardia cysts in raw surface water, however, the indicator bacteria may not be suitable surrogates to predict the disinfection of Giardia cysts, as no correlation was found between indicator bacteria and Giardia cysts in treated water. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the efficacy of chlorine and ozone at Ct products actually applied at a full-scale drinking water treatment plant against Giardia cysts naturally occurring in the source water, i.e. real situation. Ozonation has proven more efficient than chlorination against Giardia cysts in surface water. Escherichia coli proved to be suitable surrogate to predict Giardia cysts in raw surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design - Department of Infrastructure and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 -Cidade Universitária, 13083852 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Urbano Dos Santos
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design - Department of Infrastructure and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 -Cidade Universitária, 13083852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design - Department of Infrastructure and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 -Cidade Universitária, 13083852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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7
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Géba E, Aubert D, Durand L, Escotte S, La Carbona S, Cazeaux C, Bonnard I, Bastien F, Palos Ladeiro M, Dubey JP, Villena I, Geffard A, Bigot-Clivot A. Use of the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha as a biomonitoring tool to reflect the protozoan load in freshwater bodies. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115297. [PMID: 31756612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum, Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia duodenalis are worldwide pathogenic protozoa recognized as major causal agents of waterborne disease outbreaks. To overcome the normative process (ISO 15553/2006) limitations of protozoa detection in aquatic systems, we propose to use the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), a freshwater bivalve mollusc, as a tool for biomonitoring protozoan contamination. Mussels were exposed to three concentrations of C. parvum oocysts, G. duodenalis cysts or T. gondii oocysts for 21 days followed by 21 days of depuration in clear water. D. polymorpha accumulated protozoa in its tissues and haemolymph. Concerning T. gondii and G. duodenalis, the percentage of protozoa positive mussels reflected the contamination level in water bodies. As for C. parvum detection, oocysts did accumulate in mussel tissues and haemolymph, but in small quantities, and the limit of detection was high (between 50 and 100 oocysts). Low levels of T. gondii (1-5 oocysts/mussel) and G. duodenalis (less than 1 cyst/mussel) were quantified in D. polymorpha tissues. The ability of zebra mussels to reflect contamination by the three protozoa for weeks after the contamination event makes them a good integrative matrix for the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Géba
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France; EA7510, ESCAPE, EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- EA7510, ESCAPE, EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Loïc Durand
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Sandy Escotte
- EA7510, ESCAPE, EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | | | - Catherine Cazeaux
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50000, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Fanny Bastien
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Mélissa Palos Ladeiro
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA7510, ESCAPE, EpidémioSurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Faculté de Médecine, SFR Cap Santé Fed 4231, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096, Reims, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Aurélie Bigot-Clivot
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France.
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Nakada LYK, Franco RMB, Fiuza VRDS, Santos LUD, Branco N, Guimarães JR. Pre-ozonation of source water: Assessment of efficacy against Giardia duodenalis cysts and effects on natural organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:764-770. [PMID: 30296764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan Giardia duodenalis is one of the parasites of primary concern in drinking water treatment plants, due to its resistance to chlorination. Another matter of concern regarding chlorination of drinking water is the formation of disinfection by-products in the presence of precursors such as natural organic matter (NOM). In this study, the effects of ozonation (5 mg L-1) on G. duodenalis cysts in raw surface water from a drinking water treatment plant were evaluated, and the presence and alteration of NOM were assessed, as an indicative of the potential to prevent total organic halogen (TOX) formation during post-chlorination. Following ozone treatment, the presence of damaged cysts was observed by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and confirmed by the molecular approach propidium monoazide-polymerase chain reaction (PMA-PCR). Using an animal model, analysis of the intestinal tissues revealed that 80% of the animals inoculated with ozonated water were positive for trophozoites. This study shows that analysis of intestinal fragments is imperative to accurately assess animal infection following inoculation of treated cysts. More importantly, considering the low infective dose of Giardia cysts in susceptible hosts, an ozone dosage usually applied in drinking water treatment plants did not completely inactivate G. duodenalis cysts in surface water. Nonetheless, the results suggest that competitive reactions with NOM have occurred, and the applied ozone dosage has proven useful to remove NOM reactivity, and thus prevent halogenated DBP formation during post-chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Biology. Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Institute of Biosciences, Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Universitário, 79070900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Urbano Dos Santos
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Padre Anchieta University Centre, Rua Bom Jesus de Pirapora - até, 848/849, Vila Vianelo, 13207270, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilson Branco
- University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Biology. Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- University of Campinas - School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Sanitation and Environment, Avenida Albert Einstein, 951 - Cidade Universitária, 13083852, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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