Accumulation, fractionation, and risk assessment of mercury and arsenic in the soil-wheat system from the wastewater-irrigated soil in Baiyin, northwest China

Vertical Distribution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic in Ice, Water, and Sediment at a Cold-Arid Lake

Mercury and arsenic are two highly toxic pollutants, and many researchers have explored the effects of the two substances on the environment. However, the research content of toxic substances in frozen periods is relatively small. To explore the spatial and vertical distribution of mercury and arsenic in the ice, water, and sediments of Wuliangsuhai Lake under ice conditions, and to assess the harm degree of the two toxic substances to human beings. We collected the ice, water, and sediments of the lake in December 2020, and tested the contents of Hg and As. The single-factor pollution index method, the local cumulative index method, and the ecological risk coding method were used to assess the pollution status in these three environmental media, and the Monte Carlo simulation combined with the quantitative model recommended by USEPA was used to assess the population health risk. The results showed that (1) The average single-factor pollution values of Hg and As in water were 0.367 and 0.114, both pollutants were at clean levels during the frozen period. (2) The mean Igeo values of Hg and As were 0.657 and -0.948. The bioavailability of Hg in the sediments of Wuliangsuhai Lake during the frozen period was high, and its average value was 7.8%, which belonged to the low-risk grade. The bioavailability of As ranged from 0.2% to 3.7%, with an average value of 1.3%. (3) Monte Carlo simulation results indicate acceptable levels of health risks in both water and ice. This study preliminarily investigated the distribution characteristics of toxic substances and their potential effects on human health in lakes in cold and arid regions during the frozen period. It not only clarified the pollution characteristics of lakes in cold and arid regions during the frozen period, but also provided beneficial supplements for the ecological protection of lake basins. This study lays a foundation for further environmental science research in the region in the future.

Heavy metal contamination impacts the structure and co-occurrence patterns of bacterial communities in agricultural soils

Heavy metal (HM) contamination caused by mining and smelting activities can be harmful to soil microbiota, which are highly sensitive to HM stress. Here, we explore the effects of HM contamination on the taxonomic composition, predicted function, and co-occurrence patterns of soil bacterial communities in two agricultural fields with contrasting levels of soil HMs (i.e., contaminated and uncontaminated natural areas). Our results indicate that HM contamination does not significantly influence soil bacterial α diversity but changes the bacterial community composition by enriching the phyla Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, and Parcubacteria and reducing the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. Our results further demonstrate that HM contamination can strengthen the complexity and modularity of the bacterial co-occurrence network but weaken positive interactions between keystone taxa, leading to the gradual disappearance of some taxa that originally played an important role in healthy soil, thereby possibly reducing the resistance of bacterial communities to HM toxicity. The predicted functions of bacterial communities are related to membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Among these, functions related to HM detoxification and antioxidation are enriched in uncontaminated soils, while HM contamination enriches functions related to metal resistance. This study demonstrated that microorganisms adapt to the stress of HM pollution by adjusting their composition and enhancing their network complexity and potential ecological functions.

Assessment and machine learning prediction of heavy metals fate in mining farmland assisted by Positive Matrix Factorization

The accurate pollutant prediction by Machine Learning (ML) is significant to efficient environmental monitoring and risk assessment. However, application of ML in soil is under studied. In this study, a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) assisted prediction method was developed with Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) for heavy metals (HMs) prediction in mining farmland. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) were selected to pretreat data. Experiment results illustrated Cd was the main pollutant with heavy risks in the study area and Pb was easy to migrate. The method effects of HMs total concentration predicting were PMF > Simple > PCA > PCA - PMF, and RF predicted better than SVM. Data pretreatment by RDA prior inspection improved the model results. Characteristic HMs Tessier fractions prediction received good effects with average R value as 0.86. Risk classification prediction performed good in Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn, however, Pb showed weak effect by simple model. The best classifier method for Pb was PMF - RF method with relatively good effect (Area under ROC Curve = 0.896). Overall, our study suggested the combination between PMF and ML can assist the prediction of HMs in soil. Spatial weighted attribute of HMs can be provided by PMF.

Arsenic accumulation pattern in water-soil-rice systems: A study of tolerance mechanisms and associated health risks

Regardless of the daunting challenge of arsenic (As) contamination in Pakistan, literature on tolerance and responsible factors in paddy fields remain elusive. In this regard, we aimed to explore physiochemical factors responsible for As availability in water-soil-rice systems. The study highlighted rice defense mechanisms to mitigate As toxicity on growth and yield. In the present study, basmati rice samples were collected along with irrigation and soil samples from control (<10 μg/L), low (11-25 μg/L), medium (26-100 μg/L), and high (>100 μg/L) contaminated regions. Oxidative stress markers (MDA and H2O2) and antioxidant enzymatic assays (SOD, CAT, POD, APX) were measured by spectrophotometer. The Durov diagram was constructed by using Grapher software to identify prevalent water types in irrigation wells. Total As was measured in water, soil, and rice tissues by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectroscopy (HG-AAS). The Durov diagram showed that the majority of irrigation water was Ca-Mg-Cl type. Furthermore, the FTIR analysis identified different organic compounds, i.e., OH, CC, CI, and CBr, particularly in soil from high regions. The results indicated higher accumulation and translocation of As in the water-soil-rice system from a high region compared to control and other regions. Phenotypic traits, i.e., grain yield, biological yield, chlorophyll, and root parameters were significantly impacted under high As-contaminated region. A concentration-dependent increase was indicated in oxidative stress and antioxidant activities except for APX. Risk assessment indicated a higher hazard quotient (1.09) and carcinogenic risk (5.0 × 10-03) due to grain consumption in high As-contaminated regions. The present study emphasized the need for strict regulations and policies to mitigate As calamity at the local level and protect human health.

Effects of long-term metal exposure on the structure and co-occurrence patterns of the oral microbiota of residents around a mining area

Objectives

The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of long-term exposure to heavy metals on the microbiome of the buccal mucosa, to unveil the link between environmental contamination and the oral microbial ecosystem, and to comprehend its potential health implications.

Methods

Subjects were divided into two groups: the exposure group and the control group. We collected samples of buccal mucosa, soil, and blood, and conducted microbial diversity analysis on both groups of oral samples using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The concentrations of heavy metals in blood and soil samples were also determined. Additionally, microbial networks were constructed for the purpose of topological analysis.

Results

Due to long-term exposure to heavy metals, the relative abundance of Rhodococcus, Delftia, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus increased, while the abundance of Streptococcus, Gemella, Prevotella, Granulicatella, and Porphyromonas decreased. The concentrations of heavy metals in the blood (Pb, Cd, Hg, and Mo) were associated with the growth of Rhodococcus, Delftia, Porphyromonas, and Gemella. In addition, the relative abundances of some pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus anginosus, S. gordonii, and S. mutans, were found to be enriched in the exposure group. Compared to the exposure group network, the control group network had a greater number of nodes, modules, interactive species, and keystone taxa. Module hubs and connectors in the control group converted into peripherals in the exposure group, indicating that keystone taxa changed. Metals in the blood (Pb, Cd, Hg, and Mo) were drivers of the microbial network of the buccal mucosa, which can have adverse effects on the network, thus providing conditions for the occurrence of certain diseases.

Conclusion

Long-term exposure to multiple metals perturbs normal bacterial communities in the buccal mucosa of residents in contaminated areas. This exposure reduces the complexity and stability of the microbial network and increases the risk of developing various diseases.

Remediation of arsenic-contaminated calcareous agricultural soils by iron-oxidizing bacteria combined with organic fertilizer

In arid soil with low-iron and high-calcium carbonate contents, the fate of arsenic (As) is mainly controlled by the contents of calcium and organic matter in the soil. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about their interaction and that effect on their absorption by maize. The purpose of this study was to explore the long-term immobilization and repair mechanism of in situ As-contaminated farmland. We designed three treatments: iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB), organic fertilizer, FeOB and organic fertilizer added in combination. After 140-day field farmland remediation trial, the results showed that the FeOB can effectively immobilize the water-soluble As (F_S1) in soil, and the organic fertilizer promoted the remediation of FeOB. In addition, the content of As in maize grains was reduced after treatment by FeOB and organic fertilizer. The XRD and XPS analysis of the topsoil showed that the combined treatment of FeOB and organic fertilizer promoted the formation of calcium arsenate mineral with low solubility and high stability; As(III) would gradually transform into As(V). The biological iron (hydr)oxide can increase the contents of Fe and As in the rhizosphere and form iron plaques on the surface of the roots by SEM-EDS analysis of maize root. Collectively, these results clarify the main biogeochemical ways to control the fate of As in calcareous soils with low-iron and low-organic matter contents and provide a basis for in situ remediation of As.

The changes in the physicochemical properties of calcareous soils and the factors of arsenic (As) uptake by wheat were investigated after the cessation of effluent irrigation for nearly 20 years

It is not known what the buffering capacity of soils and arsenic (As) enrichment by crops is for calcareous agricultural soils after the end of long-term effluent irrigation. In this study, changes in soil physicochemical properties and factors of influencing As uptake by wheat were investigated in agricultural soils where sewage irrigation had been ceased for nearly 20 years. The results showed that the content of CaCO₃ and pH in soil increased compared to the period before the cessation of sewage irrigation, but remained below the soil background value. Furthermore, CaCO₃ is by far the main buffering substance in agricultural soils and indirectly contributes to the increase in pH. The As concentration in the soil was 36.4 ± 34.8 mg/kg, which was 0.56-10.28 times and 0.28-5.18 times higher than the soil background and risk screening values, respectively, but showed a decreasing trend. pH and Fe dissolution were the main reasons for the lower As concentration in the soil. Total As in soil was a better predictor of As in wheat, and soil electrical conductivity (EC) and soil organic matter (SOM) promoted As uptake by wheat. The competitive uptake of As by dissolved Si was an important reason for the mismatch between As concentrations in soil and wheat. This study highlighted the key issues of As transport transformation in soil-wheat systems after cessation of effluent irrigation, using agricultural soils, and provided a reference for soil risk management in agricultural soils in mining areas.

Migration, accumulation, and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soil-plant (shrub and herbage) systems at typical polymetallic mines in Northwest China

In grassland systems of the semi-arid mining area, the migration, accumulation, and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are important ecological and health risk issues. Thirty-eight pairs of topsoil (0-20 cm) and plant samples were collected around Baiyin City and in Dongdagou stream valley to investigate the migration of PTEs in soils, transfer of PTEs in soil-plant (shrub and herbage) systems, and assess the risk in soils and plants. The total concentrations of PTE (Hg, As, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed following digestion in mixture acid solution, and bioavailable PTE was extracted with a strong chelating agent (DTPA-TEA-CaCl₂). The transfer factor (TF) and bioaccumulation factor (BCF) were calculated to examine the migration of PTEs in soil-plant. Hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) were calculated to assess the risk and migration of PTEs in soils. The results showed that PTEs in soils and plants of study area exceeded the soil background value and Hygienic Standard for Feeds. Correlation among the total Hg, As, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in soils of Dongdagou stream valley was significant at p < 0.01. A good correlation was exhibited between PTEs in root/aboveground parts of plants and DTPA-soil extractable. Difference of TF and BCF was existed between Dongdagou stream valley and around Baiyin City. Hg, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were mainly accumulated in soils near the mining area. The calculated THI exceeded 1, and As and Pb were the major risk factors. The ability to absorb and transfer Hg, As, Cu, and Pb of plants was lower in more serious polluted area. As had a stronger migration capacity in study area. PTEs in soils had an adverse health effect for residents, and PTEs in plants may cause toxicity to cattle and sheep.

Differentiated emission control strategy based on comprehensive evaluation of multi-media pollution: Case of mercury emission control

In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental impact of multi-media mercury pollution under differentiated emission control strategies in China, a literature review and case studies were carried out. Increased human exposure to methylmercury was assessed through the dietary intake of residents in areas surrounding a typical coal-fired power plant and a zinc (Zn) smelter, located either on acid soil with paddy growth in southern China, or on alkaline soil with wheat growth in northern China. Combined with knowledge on speciated mercury in flue gas and the fate of mercury in the wastewater or solid waste of the typical emitters applying different air pollution control devices, a simplified model was developed by estimating the incremental daily intake of methylmercury from both local and global pollution. Results indicated that air pollution control for coal-fired power plants and Zn smelters can greatly reduce health risks from mercury pollution, mainly through a reduction in global methylmercury exposure, but could unfortunately induce local methylmercury exposure by transferring more mercury from flue gas to wastewater or solid waste, then contaminating surrounding soil, and thus increasing dietary intake via crops. Therefore, tightening air emission control is conducive to reducing the comprehensive health risk, while the environmental equity between local and global pollution control should be fully considered. Rice in the south tends to have higher bioconcentration factors than wheat in the north, implying the great importance of strengthening local pollution control in the south, especially for Zn smelters with higher contribution to local pollution.

Identification of arsenic-tolerant varieties and candidate genes of tolerance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Despite the growing concerns about arsenic toxicity, information on tolerance and responsible genetic factors in wheat remains elusive. To address that, the present study aimed to screen the wheat varieties against arsenic based on growth parameters, yield, grain accumulation, and associated genes. A total of 110 wheat varieties were grown in arsenic-contaminated regions to record physio-morphological traits. The wheat 90K Infinium iSelect SNP array was used for the genome-wide association model to identify genomic regions. Wheat varieties such as Punjab-81, AARI-11, and Daman showed arsenic concentrations >45 μg/kg in similar conditions as well as the impact on grain yield, chlorophyll, Thousand Kernel Weight, and plant height. Contrastingly, varieties like Kohistan-97, As-2002, Barani-70, and Pari-73 showed grain concentrations <5 μg/kg grown under highly contaminated conditions. Three significant loci associated with arsenic accumulation in grain were identified on chromosomes 6A (qASG1-6A) and 6B (qASG3-6B and qASG4-6B). Annotation at these loci identified 39 wheat genes among which several were important for growth and tolerance against stress. The candidate gene (TraesCS6B02G429400) responsible for Glutathione-S-transferase was identified in the present study and must be investigated further using a transcriptomic approach. The present study provided background information for breeding prospects to improve wheat yield and tolerance against arsenic.

Pollution assessment, source identification, and health risks of heavy metals: a case study in a typical wheat-maize rotation area of eastern China

Winter-wheat-summer-maize rotations are important cropping patterns in China, and the quality of the food produced from these systems can affect human health. However, the effects of heavy metal pollution on both crops remain unclear. We analyzed soil-wheat and soil-maize samples from eastern China for their Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, and Pb contents. The concentrations of these metals in the soils analyzed were found to be lower than those recommended by the national guidelines, but the Cd, Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations were higher than the natural soil background values in China. Quality indices showed that subpollution was predominant in wheat/maize (95.00%/81.25%) samples. Positive matrix factorization model data revealed that the contributions from natural sources, agricultural activities, and traffic to the heavy metal pollution levels were 30.40-43.07%, 34.67-26.63%, and 34.92-30.27%, respectively, in the wheat-maize rotations. Although the health hazard quotient values for wheat were higher than those for maize, there were no health risks for children or adults.

Risk assessment of trace elements accumulation in soil-herbage systems at varied elevation in subalpine grassland of northern Tibet Plateau

Ecological environment of remote grassland has become a problem in many countries due to mining, tourism, grazing, and other human activities. In this study, a total of 15 pairs of soil-herbage samples were collected in the northeast of the Tibet Plateau to study the relationship between physicochemical properties and content of trace elements in soils at different elevation, and to examine the accumulation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil-herbage systems. In addition, the ecological risk of the subalpine grassland was also assessed. The average concentrations of Hg, As, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Mn in soil were higher than their background values of Gansu soil, but the average concentrations of these heavy metals in herbage satisfied Hygienical Standard for Feeds. The speciation analysis of heavy metals in soil indicated that the exchangeable content of heavy metal was very low, except Pb, Cd, and Mn. There was a linear relationship between pH, CaCO₃, total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM), concentrations of Hg, As, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Mn in soils, dry weight of herbage, and elevation, while there was a quadratic curve trend between Cu, Cd in soils, and elevation. The results of risk assessment showed that there was no obvious ecological risk in the study area.

Risk sources quantitative appointment of ecological environment and human health in farmland soils: a case study on Jiuyuan District in China

Heavy metals (HMs) in farmland soils lead to adverse influences on ecosystem and human health. Despite that, data on quantitative risk from different sources are still scarce. In this study, 100 farmland soil samples in Jiuyuan District were collected and analyzed for selected HMs (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) content characteristics and pollution statuses. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model combined with the Nemerow integrated risk index (NIRI) and human health risk assessment (HHRA) was used to quantitatively identify the primary risk sources. The results indicated that the mean contents or median values (mg/kg) of 10 HMs were all higher than the background values. The contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) revealed that the soil was severely polluted. Based on PMF, the main source of HM pollution was anthropogenic activities, accounting for 78.91%. Sewage irrigation represented the biggest input but was not associated with the highest risk. The results of PMF-based NIRI and PMF-based HHRA showed that the chemical fertilizers and pesticides were the largest and priority risk sources with contribution rates of 38.10% to ecological risk and 34.61 and 32.82% to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk, respectively. In addition, non-carcinogenic risk of children was higher than that of adults, while the carcinogenic risk was the opposite. The integrated approaches were beneficial for priority risk quantification from different sources and can provide direct risk information and effective policy recommendations for management and control of key risk sources.

Novel fluorescent probe based on dicoumarin for rapid on-site detection of Hg2+ in loess

It is momentous to exploit rapid, specific and on-site detection methods for mercury ion (Hg²⁺) in loess, as the severe toxicity of Hg²⁺ and the fragile ecological environment of Loess Plateau. In this paper, a novel fluorescent probe DC-Hg (Dicoumarin-Hg) was synthesized by 3-hydroxybiscoumarin and phenyl thiochloroformate at room temperature. DC-Hg could exclusively combine with Hg²⁺ to 'turn-on' yellow fluorescence at 530 nm among various other metal ions. The relationship between the remarkable increase in intensity and concentration of Hg²⁺ was associated with photoinduced electron transfer (PET), which was founded by Job's plot and ¹H NMR. The limit detection of DC-Hg showed to 85.25 nM in aqueous medium, which could be applied to varying situations. For the loess samples, they were only extracted by hand-shake and filtration for quickly complete the treatment operation on site, and the results proved that DC-Hg could satisfactorily detect the Hg²⁺ in mercury pollution areas.

Decreases in arsenic accumulation by the plasma membrane intrinsic protein PIP2;2 in Arabidopsis and yeast

Arsenic (As) is a toxic pollutant that mainly enters the human body via plants. Therefore, understanding the strategy for reducing arsenic accumulation in plants is important to human health and the environment. Aquaporins are ubiquitous water channel proteins that bidirectionally transport water across cell membranes and play a role in the transportation of other molecules, such as glycerol, ammonia, boric acid, and arsenic acid. Previously, we observed that Arabidopsis PIP2;2, encoding a plasma membrane intrinsic protein, is highly expressed in NtCyc07-expressing Arabidopsis, which shows a higher tolerance to arsenite (As(III)). In this study, we report that the overexpression of AtPIP2;2 enhanced As(III) tolerance and reduced As(III) levels in yeast. Likewise, AtPIP2;2-overexpressing Arabidopsis exhibited improved As(III) tolerance and lower accumulation of As(III). In contrast, atpip2;2 knockout Arabidopsis showed reduced As(III) tolerance but no significant change in As(III) levels. Interestingly, the AtPIP2;2 transcript and protein levels were increased in roots and shoots of Arabidopsis in response to As(III). Furthermore, As(III) efflux was enhanced and As(III) influx/accumulation was reduced in AtPIP2;2-expressing plants. The expression of AtPIP2;2 rescued the As(III)-sensitive phenotype of acr3 mutant yeast by reducing As levels and slightly reduced the As(III)-tolerant phenotype of fps1 mutant yeast by enhancing As content, suggesting that AtPIP2; 2 functions as a bidirectional channel of As(III), while the As(III) exporter activity is higher than the As(III) importer activity. All these results indicate that AtPIP2;2 expression promotes As(III) tolerance by decreasing As(III) accumulation through enhancing As(III) efflux in Arabidopsis. This finding can be applied to the generation of low arsenic crops for human health.

Arsenic uptake and toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): A review of multi-omics approaches to identify tolerance mechanisms

Arsenic (As) due to its widespread has become a primary concern for sustainable food production, especially in Southeast Asian countries. In that context, the present review presented a comprehensive detail of the available literature marking an assortment of As-induced impacts on wheat. The conclusive findings of past research suggest that As tends to grossly affect the germination, elongation, biomass, grain yield, and induce oxidative stress. Several human studies are suggestive of higher cancer risks (>1 × 10^-6) due to the ingestion of wheat grains. However, the body of proof is limited and the scarcity of information limited understanding about tolerance mechanism in wheat against As. Therefore, the paper provided a reference from tolerance mechanism based studies in other crops like rice and maize. The generated knowledge of arsenomics would pave the way for plant breeders to develop resistant varieties for As to ensure sustainable food production.

Immobilization of fluoride in the sediment of mine drainage stream using loess, Northwest China

Fluoride (F) is a necessary trace element in the human body, which would lead to some diseases if human body lacks or accumulates it excessively (1-1.5 mg d^-1). Fluoride contamination in sediments has become more and more serious, which has potential hazards to human body. In this paper, a novel sorbent (loess) was proposed to immobilize trace element F in sediment. The effectiveness of loess on F stabilization was evaluated by decreasing F bioavailability in contaminated sediment. The loess and the sediment were mixed at different proportions for stabilization. About 70 days after the application of loess, the soil column was subject to simulate acid rain leaching test to observe the leaching-migration of F, which can be used to predict the leaching migration of F in the study area. The results showed that when the loess dose was 5 kg, the loess converted highly effective fractions of F (i.e., water-soluble and exchangeable fractions) into a more stable state (i.e., residual state). After 30 days of leaching with HNO₃ solution with pH at 3.0, the lowest concentration of F was found in the leachate of soil column with 2 kg loess application. Correlation analysis showed that the F concentration in soil column profile was affected by CaCO₃, EC, pH, and OM, of which, pH and CaCO₃ have greater influence than other factors.

Wheat is an emerging exposure route for arsenic in Bihar, India

In arsenic (As) endemic areas of south-east Asia, where a subsistence rice-based diet is prevalent, As exposure from food is mainly focused on rice intake. However, consumption of wheat is substantial and increasing. We present a probabilistic assessment of increased cancer risk from wheat-based food intake in a study population of rural Bihar, India where As exposure is endemic. Total As in wheat grains (43.64 ± 48.19 µg/kg, n = 72) collected from 77 households across 19 villages was found to be lower than reported As in wheat grains from other south-east Asian countries but higher than a previous study from Bihar. This is the first study where As concentration in wheat flour was used for risk estimation, bearing in mind that it was the flour obtained after indigenous household processing of the grains that was used for making the home-made bread (chapati) which contributed 95% of wheat intake for the studied population. Interestingly, while 78% of the surveyed participants (n = 154) consumed rice every day, chapati was consumed every day by 99.5% of the participants. In contrast to previous studies, where As concentration in wheat grains was found to be lower than the flour due to the removal of the bran on grinding, we did not find any appreciable lowering of arsenic in the wheat flour (49.80 ± 74.08 µg/kg, n = 58), most likely due to external contamination during processing and grinding. Estimated gender adjusted excess lifetime cancer risk of 1.23 × 10^-4 for the studied rural population of Bihar indicated risk higher than the 10^-4-10^-6 range, typically used by the USEPA as a threshold to guide regulatory values. Hence, our findings suggest As exposure from wheat-based food intake to be of concern not only in As endemic areas of rural Bihar but also in non-endemic areas with similar wheat-based diet due to public distribution of the wheat across India.

Multiple methods for the identification of heavy metal sources in cropland soils from a resource-based region

Examination of heavy metal sources in soils from a resource-based region is essential for source identification and implementation of restoration strategies regarding soil contamination. A total of 1069 samples were collected from cropland soils in the Baiyin District (Loess Plateau, Northwest China), a characteristically resource-based region to investigate the sources of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). Source identification was analyzed by multiple methods including spatial deviation (SD), correlation analysis (CA), enrichment factor (EF), principal component analysis (PCA), geographic information system (GIS), and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The results showed the combined applications of PMF, GIS, and PCA were accurate, pragmatic, and effective for source apportionment. Three origins were identified and the contribution rates were calculated as follows: approximately 95% of As came from wastewater irrigation; 75, 88, 60, and 76% of Cr, Mn, Ni, and V were separately derived from natural origins; and 81, 93, and 70% of Cu, Pb, and Zn originated from industrial sources, respectively. Natural origins, industrial sources, and wastewater irrigation were the three main contributors of heavy metals to cropland soils in this region.