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Wang T, Chen S, Liu R, Liu D, Fang Y. Spatial distribution and source apportionment of surface soil's polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Yangtze River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 46:3. [PMID: 38071689 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil acts as a crucial reservoir of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment, and its PAH content serves as a significant indicator of regional PAH pollution. Monitoring PAH levels in soil is important for assessing the potential risks to human and environmental health. In this study, 53 surface soil samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta. These samples were monitored for 16 priority PAHs. Pollution levels, compositional profiles, and source differences of soil PAHs were analyzed among different regions, urban and rural areas, and functional zones. The total PAH content (Σ16PAHs) in the surface soil of the Yangtze River Delta was 2326.01 ± 2901.53 ng/g. High-ring PAHs (4-6 rings) accounted for the predominant portion (85.50%) of total PAHs. The average pollution level of soil PAHs in Jiangsu Province (2651.92 ± 3242.87 ng/g) was significantly higher than that of Zhejiang Province (2001.44 ± 2621.71 ng/g) and Shanghai (1669.13 ± 1758.34 ng/g), and high-ring PAHs constituted a predominant portion in these three regions. There was no significant difference in the PAH content between urban and rural areas. In different functional areas, automobile stations exhibited the highest PAH levels among the functional zones analyzed, with traffic emissions identified as a major source of soil PAH in this area. The primary factors influencing the distribution of soil PAHs in the study area were the duration of urbanization exposure (r = 0.753, p < 0.01) and soil organic carbon content (r = 0.452, p < 0.01). This provides novel evidence for the cumulative build-up of PAHs during urbanization. The positive matrix factorization model was used to analyze the sources of PAHs in the surface soil of the Yangtze River Delta, revealing that biomass and coal combustion (60.19%) and traffic emissions and coal combustion (31.82%) were the primary sources of PAHs in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing , 210024, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China.
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China.
| | - Shenjie Chen
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Rongze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing , 210024, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing , 210024, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Yining Fang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing , 210024, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
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Sankar TK, Kumar A, Mahto DK, Das KC, Narayan P, Fukate M, Awachat P, Padghan D, Mohammad F, Al-Lohedan HA, Soleiman AA, Ambade B. The Health Risk and Source Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Soil of Industrial Cities in India. TOXICS 2023; 11:515. [PMID: 37368615 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Industrial areas play an important role in the urban ecosystem. Industrial site environmental quality is linked to human health. Soil samples from two different cities in India, Jamshedpur and Amravati, were collected and analyzed to assess the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial areas and their potential health risks. The total concentration of 16 PAHs in JSR (Jamshedpur) varied from 1662.90 to 10,879.20 ng/g, whereas the concentration ranged from 1456.22 to 5403.45 ng/g in the soil of AMT (Amravati). The PAHs in the samples were dominated by four-ring PAHs, followed by five-ring PAHs, and a small percentage of two-ring PAHs. The ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) of the soil of Amravati was lower compared to that of Jamshedpur. The risk due to PAH exposure for children and adults was reported to be in the order of ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation while for adolescents it was dermal contact > ingestion > inhalation in Jamshedpur. In contrast, in the soil of Amravati, the PAH exposure path risk for children and adolescents were the same and showed the following order: dermal contact > ingestion > inhalation while for the adulthood age group, the order was ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The diagnostic ratio approach was used to assess the sources of PAHs in various environmental media. The PAH sources were mainly dominated by coal and petroleum/oil combustion. As both the study areas belong to industrial sites, the significant sources were industrial emissions, followed by traffic emissions, coal combustion for domestic livelihood, as well as due to the geographical location of the sampling sites. The results of this investigation provide novel information for contamination evaluation and human health risk assessment in PAH-contaminated sites in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Sankar
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 43149, Taiwan
| | - Dilip Kumar Mahto
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, India
| | - Kailash Chandra Das
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Prakash Narayan
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Manish Fukate
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Prashant Awachat
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Dhanshri Padghan
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, G H Raisoni University, Amravati 444701, India
| | - Faruq Mohammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad A Al-Lohedan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Soleiman
- College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur 831014, India
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Chen YF, He MX, Feng HM, Liu Q, Chen JX, Li T. Health risk study of cadmium, chromium, lead and arsenic in reservoir water of Changzhou, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37128809 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2206772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurately assessing the health risks of human exposure to heavy metals via water is of great importance for performing targeted health risk prevention measures. To better understand the concentration characteristics and potential harm to human health of cadmium, chromium, lead and arsenic in the main drinking water-type reservoirs of Changzhou city, we collected samples from the Haidi Reservoir, Dongjin Reservoir, Xinfushan Reservoir, Maodong Reservoir and Xiangyang Reservoir of Changzhou in the summer of 2019. The results showed that the daily average comprehensive exposure level of metals was much lower than the provisional tolerated daily intake (PTDI), i.e., Cd: 1 µg kg-1 d-1; Cr: 3 µg kg-1 d-1; Pb: 3.57 µg kg-1 d-1; and As: 2.14 µg kg-1 d-1. The comprehensive non-carcinogenic risk levels of four metals under water-drinking exposure and water-skin exposure routes ranged from 4.68E - 3 to 1.69E - 1, and the carcinogenic risk ranged from 2.09E - 5 to 7.30E - 5, which were all at acceptable risk levels. Although lead and chromium were present at acceptable health risk levels, they still represented the main pollutants of potential health risk in the local water environment from a non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic perspective, and they should be listed as the primary targets for water environmental risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fang Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Xue He
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Min Feng
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Gu S, Cui J, Liu F, Chen J. Biochar loaded with cobalt ferrate activated persulfate to degrade naphthalene. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5283-5292. [PMID: 36777931 PMCID: PMC9912118 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the simple preparation of biochar and the excellent activation performance of cobalt ferrate material, a biochar supported cobalt ferrate composite was synthesized by a solvothermal method. The material was used to activate persulfate (PS) to degrade naphthalene (NAP) in water. The structure and morphology characterization showed that the composite (CoFe2O4-BC) was successfully prepared. Under the conditions of 0.25 g L-1 CoFe2O4-BC and 1 mM PS, 90.6% NAP (the initial concentration was 0.1 mM) was degraded after 30 minutes. The degradation kinetics of NAP followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 0.0645 min-1. With the increase of the dosage of activator and PS, the removal rate of NAP could be increased to 99.5%. The coexistence of anions and humic acids inhibited the removal of NAP. The acid environment promoted the removal of NAP while the alkaline environment inhibited it. After four cycles of CoFe2O4-BC material, the removal rate of NAP decreased from 90.6% to 79.4%. The removal of TOC was about 45% after each cycle. After the first cycle, the concentration of leached cobalt ion and leached iron ion was about 310 μg L-1 and 30 μg L-1 respectively. The free radical quenching experiments showed that SO4 -˙ and OH˙ were the main causes of NAP removal, and the possible degradation path of NAP was elucidated by DFT calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijie Gu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 PR China
| | - Jingying Cui
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 PR China
| | - Fangqin Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 PR China
| | - Jinyang Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 PR China
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Ambade B, Sethi SS, Chintalacheruvu MR. Distribution, risk assessment, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using positive matrix factorization (PMF) in urban soils of East India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:491-505. [PMID: 35201547 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated 16 United States environmental protection agency priority PAHs profiles and their sources in 40 urban soils collected from two industrialised cities, Jamshedpur and Bokaro, in east India and assessed their health risk to humans. The results showed the predominance of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4-5 rings). The total PAHs concentration in surface soils ranged from 2223 to 11,266 ng/g and 729 to 5359 ng/g (dw), respectively, for Jamshedpur and Bokaro. Higher concentrations of PAHs were recorded at the selected industrial areas and heavy traffic zones of both cities. In JSR city 4-ring PAHs contributed 43% of total PAHs trailed by 5-ring PAHs 27.2%. Similarly, in BKR city 4-ring PAHs contributed 34% of the total PAHs, followed by 3-ring PAHs 28.9% and 5-ring PAHs 22.9%. Total organic carbon in surface soils exhibited moderate correlation with the low molecular weight (ΣLMW) PAHs (R2 = 0.69) and a comparatively strong correlation with the ΣHMW PAHs (R2 = 0.89), suggesting strong adsorption of HMW PAHs to urban soils. The Diagnostic and PMF modelling analysis indicated that the major sources of PAHs contamination in soils were petroleum combustion, vehicular emissions, biomass, and coal combustion. The health risk assessment shows that the cumulative probability of carcinogenic risks was under the acceptable limits of 10-4 to 10-6. At some sampling areas in both cities, the maximum value of total exposure cancer risk slightly exceeded the acceptable limits indicating some carcinogenic risk for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India.
| | - Shrikanta Shankar Sethi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
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Liang L, Zhu Y, Xu X, Hao W, Han J, Chen Z, Dong X, Qiu G. Integrated Insights into Source Apportionment and Source-Specific Health Risks of Potential Pollutants in Urban Park Soils on the Karst Plateau, SW China. EXPOSURE AND HEALTH 2023; 15:1-18. [PMID: 36644014 PMCID: PMC9825100 DOI: 10.1007/s12403-023-00534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) pose risks to environmental and human health. Identification of priority control contaminants is important in guiding the management and control of these synchronous pollutants. A total of 247 soil samples were collected from 64 urban parks in the karst plateau city of Guiyang in SW China to determine the concentrations, spatial distributions, and health risks of PAHs and HMs. The results indicate that dibenz(ah)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene are the main PAHs species of high ecological risk, and Cr, Mn, and Ni pose elevated ecological risk among the HMs. Four sources were identified for PAHs (biomass burning, coke oven, traffic sources, and coal burning) and HMs (traffic sources, coal burning, industrial sources, and natural sources). The non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of PAHs were all determined to be negligible and at acceptable levels, several orders of magnitude below those of HMs. The NCR and TCR values of HMs were relatively high, especially for children (11.9% of NCR > 1; 79.1% of TCR > 10-4). Coal burning and natural sources make the greatest contributions to the NCR and TCR values from karst park soils in Guiyang. Considering HMs bioavailability, NCR and TCR values were rather low, due to the high residual HM fractions. Integrated insights into source specific ecological and human health risk indicate future directions for management and control of synchronous PAH and HM pollution, particularly for karst plateau areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12403-023-00534-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchao Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081 China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- College of Resource & Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081 China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Wanbin Hao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Jialiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081 China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Xian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Guangle Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081 China
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Moskovchenko D, Pozhitkov R, Lodygin E, Toptygina M. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Snow Cover in the City of Tyumen (Western Siberia, Russia). TOXICS 2022; 10:743. [PMID: 36548576 PMCID: PMC9785694 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Some of Russia's large industrial cities are sources of hazardous contamination in the environment. Tyumen is one of the most rapidly developing cities in Siberia due to oil and gas extraction in the northern Tyumen Region. Concentrations of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)s deposited with the particulate matter (PM) of snow in the city of Tyumen were determined by liquid chromatography. In the background area, the rate of atmospheric particulate deposition was shown to be low, and the mean total content of 14 PAHs had a value of 6.2 ng L-1, which is lower than many unpolluted areas on Earth. In the city of Tyumen, the mean content of PM was five times higher and the mean total content of 14 PAHs was twenty times higher as compared to the background. The contents of chrysene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene were increased by multiples of 78, 77, and 32, respectively. The rates of ∑14 PAH deposition with airborne PM over the winter ranged from 1.1 to 65.5 μg m-2. Calculations of BaP toxic equivalent showed maximal toxicity within the transport zone. Both analysis of spatial distribution and diagnostic ratios showed that the PAHs were mainly from coal combustion and vehicle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Moskovchenko
- Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina St., 86, 625026 Tyumen, Russia
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Tyumen State University, Osipenko Str. 2, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Roman Pozhitkov
- Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina St., 86, 625026 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Evgeny Lodygin
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Marina Toptygina
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Tyumen State University, Osipenko Str. 2, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
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Zhang G, Lan T, Yang G, Li J, Zhang K. Contamination, spatial distribution, and source contribution of persistent organic pollutants in the soil of Guiyang city, China: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3265-3278. [PMID: 34515896 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is the most studied environmental issue. In 2020, a total of sixty soil samples collected from ten locations in Guiyang were analyzed to assess the presence of four DDTs and HCHs and sixteen PAHs. The concentrations of total DDTs, total HCHs and Σ16PAHs in the soil were between 0.26 and 12.76, 0.23 and 51.80 μg/kg, and 10.02 and 1708.86 μg/kg, respectively. The mean and median concentrations of total DDTs, total HCHs and Σ16PAHs in the soil were 1.04 and 0.26 μg/kg, 4.32 and 0.23 μg/kg, 139.14 and 98.98 μg/kg, respectively. p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and γ-HCH the dominant organochloride pollutants in the soil, while 4-ring PAHs were the dominant PAHs, occupying 41.1-53.6% of the total PAHs in the soil. The highest levels of PAHs in the soil were observed in areas of Guiyang with relatively larger population densities and more developed heave industries. Various diagnostic tools were used to identify the potential sources of the POPs in the soil. The data indicated that DDTs and HCHs were from past and recent common inputs and that mixtures of several combustion activities (biomass, coal and petroleum combustion, diesel, gasoline, and vehicular emissions) were the major sources of PAHs in the Guiyang soil. The results provide information for the assessment of the extent of POP pollution in the Guiyang soil and can help authorities establish environmental protection regulations and soil remediation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Lan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Kankan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China.
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Hui K, Kou B, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Xu Q, Tan W. Nitrogen addition increases the ecological and human health risks of PAHs in different fractions of soil in sewage-irrigated area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151420. [PMID: 34748843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients required by soil and crops. N addition improves soil quality and fertility. However, long-term N addition changes the soil environment, which may affect the adsorption and accumulation of organic pollutants in soil. The adsorption of pollutants by the light fractions (LF) and heavy fractions (HF) of soil, and their resulting risks, might differ. In addition, several organic pollutants, especially PAHs, accumulate in farmland soil under long-term sewage irrigation. However, few studies have examined the response of PAHs to N addition in soil in sewage-irrigated areas, including whether there is a difference in the response of the LF and HF of soil. Here, a long-term experiment was carried out in farmland soils in typical sewage-irrigated areas to reveal the adsorption and accumulation of PAHs in bulk soil, LF, and HF, and the human health and ecological environment risks posed by PAHs under different levels of N addition. Under long-term N addition, the concentration of PAHs in soil increased and fluctuated from 7598 μg kg-1 to 10,414 μg kg-1. Significant differences in the PAHs concentration in the LF (5048 μg kg-1 to 1889 μg kg-1) and HF (2536 μg kg-1 to 8521 μg kg-1) and the human health and ecological risks of soil with N addition in typical sewage-irrigated areas were observed. The HF of soil was characterized by low carcinogenic and ecological risks. The results of our research provide insight into possible management actions that could be taken to enhance the environmental protection and safety of agricultural production activities, such as sustainability fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Hui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bing Kou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Yonghai Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuman Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Qigong Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Konstantinova E, Minkina T, Konstantinov A, Sushkova S, Antonenko E, Kurasova A, Loiko S. Pollution status and human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust of Tyumen city, Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:409-432. [PMID: 32803735 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated levels and sources of pollution and potential health risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban street dust collected from Tyumen city, a large transport centre with one of the highest motorization rates in Russia. Twenty street dust samples were collected from four grades of roads in five different land use areas. Research methods included measurements of physical and chemical properties of street dust, concentrations of 18 PTEs using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, 12 PAHs using high-performance liquid chromatography, and statistical analysis of the data. Concentrations of Ni, Cr, Sb, and Mo, as well as medium and high molecular weight PAHs in urban street dust, were notably higher than in soils within the city, which indicates that transport is the main source of these elements. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, and As in street dust of Tyumen were lower compared to many large cities, while Cr, Ni, and Co were higher. Concentrations of PAH were comparable to other large nonindustrial cities. Total contamination of street dust by both PTEs and PAHs showed more robust relationships with the number of roadway lanes rather than land use. The estimated carcinogenic risks were low in 70% of samples and medium in 30% of samples. Noncarcinogenic risks were attributed to exposure to Co, Ni, V, and As. The total noncarcinogenic risk for adults was found to be negligible, while the risk was found to be moderate for children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Elena Antonenko
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Alina Kurasova
- University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo St., Tyumen, Russian Federation
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Loiko
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Tomsk Oil and Gas Research and Design Institute (TomskNIPIneft), Tomsk, Russian Federation
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11
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Ren K, Wei Y, Li J, Han C, Deng Y, Su G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (oxygenated PAHs, azaarenes, and sulfur / oxygen-containing heterocyclic PAHs) in surface soils from a typical city, south China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131190. [PMID: 34157620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives (dPAHs) were reported to be more mutagenic than parent analogues, however, studies that involving dPAHs in environmental samples are still limited. Thirty-six polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs; 17 parent PAHs, 1 alkyl-PAH, 6 oxygenated PAHs, 6 azaarenes, 3 sulfur-containing heterocyclic PAHs, and 3 oxygen-containing heterocyclic PAHs) were analyzed in n = 100 surface soil samples collected from a prefecture-level city (hereafter referred to as D city) in South China, in the year 2019. Total concentrations of 36 PACs ranged from 3.61 to 4930 ng g-1 with a median concentration of 86.1 ng g-1. Regardless of functional zones, parent PAHs were the most abundant with the proportion of 78.9%, followed by oxygenated PAHs accounting for 16.8%, whereas contents of heterocyclic PAHs were far below the formers. Besides, PAHs with 4-6 rings were the most prevalent components. Among the five functional zones, industrial zone was contaminated most severely with a mean sum PAC concentration of 485 ng g-1, implying effects of long-term industrial emission. Total PAC concentrations in scenic and agricultural zones were significantly lower than those in industrial and residential zones. On the basis of PMF calculation, we proposed that traffic emission and biomass combustion could be responsible for PAC contamination. According to total lifetime cancer risk index, it suggested that there could be slightly health risks for children following exposure to PACs in some places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Yu Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China
| | - Cunliang Han
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou, 510045, PR China
| | - Yirong Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou, 510045, PR China.
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, PR China.
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12
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Ossai CJ, Iwegbue CMA, Tesi GO, Olisah C, Egobueze FE, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Distribution, sources and exposure risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt city, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1328-1350. [PMID: 34318837 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the concentrations, composition, sources, and potential risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt city in Nigeria. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the detection and quantification of PAH species in the samples. The concentrations of the US EPA 16 PAHs plus 2-methyl-naphthalene (∑17 PAHs) in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt city ranged from 240 to 38 400, 276 to 9130 and 44 to 13 200 μg kg-1 (dry weight, d.w.) respectively. The PAH concentrations in these matrices followed the sequence: soil > indoor dust > outdoor dust. The composition of PAHs in soils and dust (indoor and outdoor) showed remarkable differences with prominence of 3- and 5-ring PAHs. The estimated carcinogenic risk to the residents arising from exposure to these concentrations of PAHs in soils, and indoor and outdoor dust from Port Harcourt was above the acceptable target cancer risk value of 10-6. We concluded that these sites require clean-up, remedial actions and implementation of stringent pollution control measures with the intention of reducing the undesirable impacts of PAHs on both the ecosystem and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu J Ossai
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | | | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Francis E Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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13
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Iwegbue CMA, Kekeke EF, Tesi GO, Olisah C, Egobueze FE, Chukwu-Madu E, Martincigh BS. Impact of Land-Use Types on the Distribution and Exposure Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dusts from Benin City, Nigeria. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:210-226. [PMID: 34254149 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of the sixteen United States Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in dusts from different land-use types in Benin City by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results obtained were used to assess the ecological and human health risk and to determine the source apportionment. The Ʃ16 PAH concentrations in dusts from Benin City ranged from 230 to 2300 µg kg-1 for industrial areas, 211-1330 µg kg-1 for commercial areas, 153-1170 µg kg-1 for residential areas, and from 216 to 1970 µg kg-1 for school playgrounds/parks. The ecological risk assessment suggested that the levels of PAHs in dusts from these land-use types are of low-to-moderate risk to organisms. The benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic potency [BaPTEQ] (70.5-131 µg kg-1) and benzo(a)pyrene mutagenic potency [BaPMEQ] (62.9-122 µg kg-1) concentrations were below the Canadian soil quality guideline value of 600 µg kg-1. The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) arising from exposure of adults and children to PAHs in dusts from Benin City were in the magnitude of 10-4-10-2, which exceeded the safe target levels of 10-6, implying a considerable cancer risk for residents of this city. The PAH source apportionment derived from isomeric ratios and multivariate statistics indicated that burning of biomass, wood, and charcoal, and vehicular traffic were the predominant sources of PAHs in dusts from Benin City.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ejiroghene F Kekeke
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Botany & Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Francis E Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Rumueme, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Etanuro Chukwu-Madu
- Department of Chemistry, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X5400l, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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14
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Zhang W, Su P, Tomy GT, Sun D, Yin F, Chen L, Ding Y, Li Y, Feng D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination along roads based on levels on vehicle window films. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116921. [PMID: 33751944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular emissions are known to be major contributors of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cities. In order to assess the long-term contamination of PAHs along roads, we collected organic films from vehicle windows (26 private cars and 4 buses, in Shanghai, China) and used mathematical models to convert the film-bound PAH concentrations to the airborne PAH concentrations. The field measurements of airborne PAHs revealed that the partitioning and Level III fugacity model was suitable to estimate the airborne concentrations of high and low volatile PAHs (expect for naphthalene), respectively. The total airborne PAH concentrations along roads in Shanghai ranged from 0.83 to 3.37 μg m-3 and the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRtotal) by exposure to PAHs along roads were greater than the USEPA lower guideline of 10-6, indicating non-negligible carcinogenic risks to drivers and passengers, especially via ingestion processes. This study provided a practicable method to investigate long-term air contamination of PAHs in vehicles and along roads based on film-bound PAH on vehicle windows. In addition, it was also possible to investigate the health risk in vehicles as a result of exposure to PAHs. Comparisons of PAHs between roads and shipping lanes also facilitated the delineation of vehicular and shipping PAH inventories. A capsule that summarizes the main finding of the work: Investigating film-bound PAH on vehicle windows is a practicable pathway to investigate the long-term contamination of PAHs in vehicles and along roads. This method can not only simplify the sampling processes, but the model calculations. The results also enabled investigations into ILCR in vehicles and specified source apportionment of traffic PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Penghao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China.
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Fang Yin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Lisu Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Yifan Li
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Daolun Feng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
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15
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Sazykin IS, Minkina TM, Khmelevtsova LE, Antonenko EM, Azhogina TN, Dudnikova TS, Sushkova SN, Klimova MV, Karchava SK, Seliverstova EY, Kudeevskaya EM, Konstantinova EY, Khammami MI, Gnennaya NV, Al-Rammahi AAK, Rakin AV, Sazykina MA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, antibiotic resistance genes, toxicity in the exposed to anthropogenic pressure soils of the Southern Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110715. [PMID: 33444610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of anthropogenic pollution, particularly with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on soil toxicity and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is extremely important nowadays. We studied 20 soil samples from a technogenically polluted site, municipal solid wastes (MSW) landfills, and rural settlements in the southwestern part of the Rostov Region of Russia. A close correlation was established between the results of biosensor testing for integral toxicity, the content of genes for the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, and the concentration of PAHs in soils. The relation between the quantitative content of ARGs and the qualitative and quantitative composition of PAHs has not been registered. Soils subjected to different types of the anthropogenic pressure differed in PAHs composition. The technogenic soils are the most polluted ones. These soils are enriched with 5 ring PAHs and carry the maximum variety of assayed ARGs, despite the fact that they do not receive household or medical waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Sazykin
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - T M Minkina
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - L E Khmelevtsova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - E M Antonenko
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - T N Azhogina
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - T S Dudnikova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - S N Sushkova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - M V Klimova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Sh K Karchava
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - E Yu Seliverstova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - E M Kudeevskaya
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - E Yu Konstantinova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - M I Khammami
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - N V Gnennaya
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - A A K Al-Rammahi
- Technical University Al-Furat Al-Awsat, 70, Hill St., Najaf, 54003, Iraq
| | - A V Rakin
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 96a, Naumburger St., Jena, D-07743, Germany
| | - M A Sazykina
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation.
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16
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Lu SF, Wu YL, Chen Z, Li T, Shen C, Xuan LK, Xu L. Remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater using chemical reduction and solidification/stabilization method: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:12766-12779. [PMID: 33094457 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a systematic on-site remediation case involving both heavy metal and organic contaminants in soil and groundwater in a historically industrial-used site in Shanghai, China. Lab-scale experiments and field tests were conducted to determine the optimum parameters for the removal of contaminants in soil and groundwater. It has been found that the remediation goal of hexavalent chromium in soil could be achieved with the mass content of added sodium hydrosulfite and ferrous sulfate reaching 3% + 6%. The total chromium in the groundwater was effectively removed, when the mass ratio of sodium metabisulfite was not less than 3 g/L, and the added quick lime made pH value not less than 9. The concentrations of arsenic and 1,2-dichloropropane in the groundwater decreased evidently after extraction and mixing of groundwater. The pH and calcium chloride dosage added should be larger than 9.5 and 5 g/L, respectively, to remove phosphate in groundwater. The removal efficiency of those contaminants was examined and evaluated after the on-site remediation. The results demonstrated that it was feasible to use the chemical reduction and solidification/stabilization methods for the on-site ex situ remediation of this site, which could be referenced for the realistic remediation of similar sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Feng Lu
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road No. 28, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu-Lin Wu
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Zhan Chen
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Tao Li
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Chao Shen
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Lin-Kang Xuan
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road No. 28, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Lu H, Zhu Z. Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk of atmospheric phthalate esters in a multi-function area of Hangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8615-8625. [PMID: 33067790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, and their demands have grown rapidly, especially in China, which will lead to much more environmental pollution of PAEs. In this study, fourteen common PAEs in ambient air were investigated during non-typhoon and typhoon seasons in a mixed multi-functional area of Hangzhou, China. The average concentrations of ∑14 PAEs in gaseous and PM2.5-bound phase (G-PAEs and P-PAEs) were 2317 ng/m3 and 128 ng/m3 during sampling period, while the mean concentrations of total PAEs in non-typhoon and typhoon seasons were 2412 ng/m3 and 2183 ng/m3, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant one, averagely accounting for 63.2% of G-PAEs and 88.3% of P-PAEs. Relative humidity showed a significant negative correlation with short-chain PAE (r = - 0.479, P < 0.01) and long-chain PAE (r = - 0.305, P < 0.05) concentrations in non-typhoon and typhoon seasons, and O3 could degrade G-PAEs through photoreaction. Source identification by the positive matrix factorization model and conditional probability function indicated that P-PAEs were mainly from the release from indoor environment (43%), PVC source (34%), construction source (12%), and industry source (11%). Air mass transport from both inland and oceans affected the PAE pollution in non-typhoon season, while its long-range transport from oceans took an important role in typhoon season. The daily inhalation intakes of PAEs for infants, teenagers, and adults were estimated, which showed that infants experienced the highest exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhili Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Shi R, Li X, Yang Y, Fan Y, Zhao Z. Contamination and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from Tianjin coastal new region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115938. [PMID: 33158616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils are of increasing concern because of their potential toxicity and persistence. However, there is limited information about PAHs in Tianjin coastal new region, although it is an important economic and industrial center in Northern China. Here we determined the concentrations of PAHs in 210 surface soil samples collected from this region according to administrative divisions covering Han'gu district, Tanggu district, and Dagang district, to evaluate their contamination and potential cancer risks. The concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 58.2 to 9160 ng g-1, and the highest concentration was found in Han'gu district. According to the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, the soils from Han'gu district and Dagang district posed a moderate carcinogenic risk to residents, and dermal contact was the main exposure pathway. Besides, ILCRs for children through ingestion were comparable to those for adults but apparently higher than adolescents, while ILCRs of dermal contact for adults were higher than children and adolescents. Comparisons between the layout of industrial zones and the distributions of PAHs as well as ILCRs indicate that PAHs accumulating in soils and then incurring risk areas is partly controlled by the economic and industrial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongguang Shi
- Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Rural Energy & Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yanying Yang
- Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- Environmental Science and Engineering College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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19
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Han G, Shi Y, Lu Y, Liu C, Cui H, Zhang M. Coupling relation between urbanization and ecological risk of PAHs on coastal terrestrial ecosystem around the Bohai and Yellow Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115680. [PMID: 33011573 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization, the ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to terrestrial ecosystems, and the complex relationship between them have drawn globally attention. In this paper, a comprehensive indicator system was calculated to illustrate the levels of urbanization in 20 coastal cities around the Bohai and Yellow Sea. The top three cities with high levels of urbanization were Tianjin > Qingdao > Dalian. The ecological risk of phenanthrene (Phe) was 52.0%; while the risk of fluoranthene (Flt) was 25.8%, and that of pyrene (Pyr), benzo[a]anthracene (Bap), fluorene (Flu), and naphthalene (Nap) were below 20% throughout the entire region. Risks were high in Dandong, Tianjin, Tangshan, Nantong, and Lianyungang and low in Weihai, Dongying, and Rizhao. The degree of coupling between urbanization and ecological risk of PAHs was above high (0.6) and more than 50% of the coordination degrees were slight unbalance [0.3, 0.5). Furthermore, redundancy analysis showed that the indicator aspects of industry, transportation, and population made great contribution to PAHs risk. Industry correlated to Low Molecular Weight (LMW) PAHs, while transportation correlated to High Molecular Weight (HMW) PAHs. To minimize risk, urbanization scale should be under acceptable level, or the structure of industry and transportation should be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haotian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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20
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Zhang H, Wang J, Bao H, Li J, Wu F. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Zhengzhou City, China: Occurrence, Source and Human Health Evaluation. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:446-452. [PMID: 32894322 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing contamination of urban soil by persistent organic pollutants is a major environmental issue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution, source and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different functional areas in Zhengzhou City, China. Total 130 soil samples were collected from surface layer (0-10 cm) in urban road, overpass, residential area and park in the city during January 2019. Concentrations of ∑PAH16 in the urban soil ranged from 49.90 to 11,565 µg kg-1 and seven carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 69% of the total PAHs. The mean concentrations of PAHs decreased in the following order: urban road > overpass > residential area > park. Analysis based on diagnostic rate demonstrated that PAHs mainly originated from pyrolysis sources including traffic emissions and combustion of coal and biomass. Health risk assessment indicated that PAHs in urban road in the city have potential carcinogenic risks to residents. The present study suggested that the control of urban PAHs pollution in Zhengzhou City should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Huanyu Bao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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21
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Ehigbor MJ, Iwegbue CMA, Eguavoen OI, Tesi GO, Martincigh BS. Occurrence, sources and ecological and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from some functional areas of the Nigerian megacity, Lagos. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2895-2923. [PMID: 32424788 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the levels of the USEPA 16 PAHs in soils collected from selected functional areas (cemetery, commercial, industrial and residential areas) of the Nigerian megacity, Lagos. The soil samples were subjected to ultrasonic-assisted extraction in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of dichloromethane/hexane, and the PAHs in the resulting extracts were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Σ16 PAHs in soils of these functional areas varied between 890-4675, 485-4513, 111-15,577 and 509-2047 μg kg-1 for cemetery, industrial, commercial and residential areas, respectively. The benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic (BaPTEQ) and mutagenic equivalency (BaPMEQ) values of PAHs in these soils spanned from 523 to 1046 and 446 to 1129 µg kg-1, respectively. The hazard index values suggested that there are adverse (non-carcinogenic) health effects for a child's exposure to PAHs in soils of commercial areas. The cancer risk values resulting from an adult's and a child's exposure to PAHs in these urban soils via dermal contact and oral ingestion surpassed the target value of 10-6 which suggested that there is a considerable cancer risk relating to human exposure to PAHs in these urban soils. An ecological risk assessment making use of soil quality guidelines and risk quotients suggested a low ecological risk to organisms in soils of these functional areas except for those from commercial areas. PAH isomeric ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in these soils arise from petrogenic inputs, such as occasional spills of liquid petroleum fuels and discharges from automobile workshops and generator houses, as well as pyrogenic processes including traffic emissions and combustion of fossil fuels and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monday J Ehigbor
- Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Osayanmo I Eguavoen
- Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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A Soil Environmental Quality Assessment Model Based on Data Fusion and Its Application in Hebei Province. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12176804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil pollution has become one of the most important environmental issues in China. It is very important to evaluate soil environmental quality comprehensively and objectively. This paper proposes a soil environment quality assessment model based on the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model and data fusion. At first, 18 evaluation indicators are selected, including complex indexes, such as the industrialization index, heavy metal pollution index, organic pollution index, potential ecological risk index, and human health risk index, and single indexes such as population density, fertilizer/pesticide application intensity, annual average air quality index, etc. Then, hierarchical analysis model is constructed, and the weight of each indicator is calculated based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. According to the quartile of indicator values of 32 provincial administrative divisions on the Chinese mainland, the values of each indicator are standardized and graded. Finally, the soil environmental quality index (SEQI) is calculated by the weighted average of the standard values of the 18 indicators. The assessment model is then applied in evaluating soil quality of Hebei Province, China. The results show that the soil environmental quality of Hebei’s agricultural land is in a medium state, and the industrial land is approaching the alert state. The pressure of soil pollution mainly comes from the discharge of industrial pollutants and the application of pesticides and fertilizers. Soil pollutants, such as lead, copper, zinc, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[a] should be especially controlled.
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Luo Q, Gu L, Shan Y, Wang H, Sun L. Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils from Shenyang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1817-1832. [PMID: 31664636 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 74 urban topsoil samples were collected from the central area of Shenyang, China. The concentration, distribution, source, and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The 16 USEPA priority PAHs were detected in all soil samples. The total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 283 to 21,821 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 2370 ng/g and median value of 1427 ng/g. The benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations ranged from 6.03 to 2403 ng/g dw, with a mean value of 308 ng/g and median value of 185 ng/g. High molecular weight PAHs were the predominant components. The spatial distribution revealed that soil PAH concentrations within the Two Ring Road were high, but low in the south of Hun River. Compared with other urban soils, the pollution of PAHs in urban soils of Shenyang was at a moderate level, but increased rapidly compared with previous years, especially fluoranthene. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and positive matrix factorization model all suggested that PAHs in urban soils of Shenyang were dominantly from pyrogenic origins. The health risk assessment indicated that children had the highest total carcinogenic risk, followed by adolescents and adults. The differences between gender groups for the same age group were insignificant. Ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. The total lifetime carcinogenic risks at all sampling sites were lower than the highest acceptable risk (10-4), and those of Eastern, Central, and Western Shenyang were higher than those of Northern and Southern Shenyang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Leiyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Yue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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He Y, Yang C, He W, Xu F. Nationwide health risk assessment of juvenile exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water body of Chinese lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138099. [PMID: 32229384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The high emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a serious threat to the lake ecosystem and human health, and the human health risk assessment of PAH exposure is expected as an urgent project in China. This paper focused on 44 Chinese lakes in 6 lake zones to investigate the occurrence, composition and source of 19 PAHs in water body and estimate the human health risk under PAH exposure. The "List of PAH Priority Lakes" in China was generated based on the combination of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model and Monte Carlo simulation. Our results showed that the Σ17 PAHs ranged from 3.75 ng·L-1 to 368.68 ng·L-1 with a median of 55.88 ng·L-1. Low-ring PAHs were the predominant compounds. PAH profiles varied significantly at lake zone level. Diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs might derive from petroleum and coal or biomass combustion. Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent toxic concentrations (BaPeq) of the Σ17 PAHs ranged from 0.07 ng·L-1 to 2.26 ng·L-1 (0.62 ± 0.52 ng·L-1, mean ± standard deviation) with a median of 0.47 ng·L-1. Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) were the main toxic isomers. Juvenile exposure to PAHs via oral ingestion (drinking) and dermal contact (showering) had negligible and potential health risks, respectively. Juveniles were the sensitive population for PAH exposure. 15 lakes were screened into the "List of PAH Priority Lakes" in three priority levels: first priority (Level A), moderate priority (Level B) and general priority (Level C). Lake Taihu, Lake Chaohu and Lake Hongze were the extreme priority lakes. Optimizing the economic structures and reducing the combustion emissions in these areas should be implemented to reduce the population under potential health risk of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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25
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Parra YJ, Oloyede OO, Pereira GM, de Almeida Lima PHA, da Silva Caumo SE, Morenikeji OA, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and sediments in Southwest Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113732. [PMID: 31884216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are strongly associated with agricultural, residential, transportation, and industrial activities. This study determined by GC-MS the concentration of 15 PAHs in soil and sediments at different sites from the Awotan-Asunle dumpsite area in the Southwestern region of Nigeria, which is one of the largest dumpsites in Africa. The sources of contamination, toxicity and associated risks for human health were also evaluated. Total PAHs concentrations were from 489 to 5616 μg kg-1, and 642-2159 μg kg-1, for soil and sediment, respectively. For soils, the highest values were observed for indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, coronene, and phenanthrene, while for sediments, the most abundant species were pyrene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene. Diagnostic ratios were used to determine the sources of PAHs and suggested that the compounds were mainly emitted from non-traffic sources. The total BaP-TEQ and BaP-MEQ for soils did not exceed the value recommended by the Canadian guideline since the country does not present guidelines. The analysis of incremental lifetime cancer risk was high mostly for dermal and ingestion exposures in the population. This study might provide valuable information regarding exposure to PAHs in soils of a Nigerian community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yendry Jomolca Parra
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 74, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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26
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Norouzian Baghani A, Bahmani Z, Sorooshian A, Farzadkia M, Nabizadeh R, Delikhoon M, Barkhordari A, Rezaei Kalantary R, Golbaz S, Kermani M, Ashournejad Q, Shahsavani A. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 emitted from the largest composting facility in the Middle East. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1737823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Bahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdullah Barkhordari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Golbaz
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Qadir Ashournejad
- Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Bao H, Wang J, Zhang H, Li J, Li H, Wu F. Effects of biochar and organic substrates on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbial community structure in PAHs-contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121595. [PMID: 31744730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A incubation experiment was conducted to investigate whether combined amendment of biochar (B) and compost (CP), mushroom residue (M) and corn straw (Y) could enhance biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils. After 77 days of incubation, both B + M and B + Y significantly (p < 0.01) increased removal rate of PAHs compared with amendment of biochar alone. However, B+CP resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) decreasing of PAHs removal. Compared with no biochar and no organic substrates addition (CK) and B, both B+M and B+Y significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and were favorable for the microbial growth reflected by microbial biomass carbons (MBC) and emission of carbon dioxide. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that B + CP, B + M and B + Y separated the bacterial community compared with CK and B. However, the community composition structure in B + CP was different from that of B + M and B + Y. Moreover, the abundance of some PAHs degraders and PAH degradation genes predicted by PICRUSt software was promoted by B + M or B + Y, whereas that was inhibited under B + CP. The present study suggested that both B + M and B + Y could accelerate biodegradation of PAHs mainly through increasing the concentration of DOC and the abundances of microbial PAH degraders in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Bao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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28
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Konstantinova E, Minkina T, Sushkova S, Antonenko E, Konstantinov A. Levels, sources, and toxicity assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban topsoils of an intensively developing Western Siberian city. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:325-341. [PMID: 31218475 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the levels, sources, spatial distribution, and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of Tyumen, Russia. Observations of PAHs in cities of Western Siberia accomplished by a representative set of samples are very rare, even though it is one of the most urbanized parts of Russia. Therefore, it is important to estimate the status of PAHs in soils of urban environments representing vast Siberian regions. Tyumen, as one of the most intensively developing cities of Western Siberia, is a good object for such studies. Topsoil samples (0-10 cm) were collected from 241 sampling sites on a regular grid within Tyumen city limits. It was found that total concentration of 12 priority PAHs ranged from 33.4 to 2147.9 μg kg-1, with a median value of 280.3 μg kg-1. High-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs were dominant, accounting for the majority (62%) of the total PAHs. Among the PAHs in soils, 4-ring compounds were predominant in all studied samples, followed by 5- and 6-ring PAHs. Phenanthrene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo(ghi)perylene had values of 28%, 19%, 15%, and 10% of total PAHs, respectively. Results showed that large high-contrast anomalies of HMW PAHs were related to low-residential and transport areas. The diagnostic ratios, as well as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), confirmed that sources associated with the transport were the most significant, while biomass combustion played an important role as a source of PAHs in agricultural, low-residential, and recreational areas. Levels of individual PAHs, as well as total PAHs in urban soils of Tyumen, were comparable with those in non-industrial cities with similar populations but were significantly lower than those in large industrial centers. Assessment of soil toxicity using toxic equivalent quantity (TEQBaP) showed that the TEQBaP values varied from 2.0 to 388.2 μg kg-1, with a mean value of 34.9 μg kg-1 and median of 19.8 μg kg-1, and were lower than those in heavy industrialized cities, but higher than those in soils of cities specializing in consumer and service industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344006
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344006
| | - Elena Antonenko
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344006
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29
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Nazmara S, Sorooshian A, Delikhoon M, Baghani AN, Ashournejad Q, Barkhordari A, Basmehchi N, Kasraee M. Characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with dust in household evaporative coolers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113379. [PMID: 31753630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a characterization of indoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with dust (dust-PAHs) in household evaporative coolers and their associated health effects. Extensive analysis showed that the indoor dust-PAHs stemmed mostly from pyrogenic sources (vehicular emissions) with mean total concentrations limited between 131 and 429 ng g-1. The distribution pattern of PAHs based on number of rings exhibited the following order of decreasing relative abundance: 4 > 3 > 5 > 6 > 2 rings. Results indicate that the mutagenicity of dust-PAHs exceeded their carcinogenicity, but that the potential carcinogenic effects are still significant. The mean lifetime cancer risk for different age groups for three pathways based on Model 2 (dermal (1.39 × 10-1 to 1.91 × 10-2), ingestion (2.13 × 10-3 to 8.08 × 10-3) and inhalation (1.62 × 10-7 to 4.06 × 10-7)) was 7.4-146 times higher than values predicted by Model 1 (dermal (5.13 × 10-5 to 3.03 × 10-3), ingestion (9.34 × 10-5 to 1.31 × 10-3) and inhalation (7.13 × 10-20 to 1.68 × 10-20)). Hence, exposure to dust-PAHs in household evaporative coolers lead to high risk, especially for children (less than 11 years) (HQ = 2.71 × 10-20 to 54.8 and LTCRs = 7.13 × 10-20 to 1.39 × 10-1). Strategies should be considered to eliminate such pollutants to protect people, especially children, from the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects by changing household evaporative coolers with other cooling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh Nazmara
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Qadir Ashournejad
- Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdullah Barkhordari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Niloufar Basmehchi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Kasraee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Bao H, Wang J, Li J, Zhang H, Wu F. Effects of corn straw on dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potential application of backpropagation artificial neural network prediction model for PAHs bioremediation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109745. [PMID: 31606644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to provide a viable option for remediation of PAHs-contaminated soils, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the effect of corn straw amendment (1%, 2%, 4% or 6%, w/w) on dissipation of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils. Backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) was applied to model the relationships between soil properties and PAHs concentration in soils. The removal rate of PAHs, enzyme activity (catalase and dehydrogenase), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in soils were investigated to evaluate the dissipation of PAHs under different ratio of corn straw amendment. The present study showed that corn straw amendment apparently accelerated the dissipation of PAHs after incubation of 112 days, especially under 4% and 6% treatments. Compared with non-amended soil, corn straw amendment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the removal rate of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs and significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the dissipation of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs only under 6% treatment. Moreover, corn straw amendment increased activities of catalase and dehydrogenase, concentrations of DOC and MBC in soils, which are beneficial to the degradation of PAHs in soils. The performance of the BP-ANN model was assessed through the root mean square error (RMSE) and determination coefficient (R2). The results indicated that BP-ANN model could provide satisfactory prediction of PAHs concentration in soils during incubation period at R2 and RMSE values of 0.948, 187.4 μg kg-1, respectively. The results indicated that high amendment of corn straw was a potential option for remediation of PAHs-contaminated soils and that the BP-ANN model could successfully provide prompt prediction of PAHs concentration in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Bao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Qi H, Chen X, Du YE, Niu X, Guo F, Li W. Cancer risk assessment of soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shanxi, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109381. [PMID: 31260917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To assess the human cancer risk exposed to soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shanxi province, China, the total 33 samples in the surface soil were collected from 11 cities, and the priority 15 PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after the soxhlet extraction and silica-alumina column purification. As a result, the levels of ∑15PAH in soil varied from 66.2 to 2633 ng/g dry weight (dw) with a mean of 732 ng/g dw, and seven carcinogenic PAHs made up 42-69% of the total priority PAHs and had an average value of 367 (in the range of 33.2 to 1181) ng/g dw. Accordingly, the total concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (BaPeq) for 15 PAHs ranged from 10.3 to 358 (average 98.3) ng/g dw, and the seven carcinogenic BaPeq accounted for above 90%. Subsequently, the possible sources of PAHs in soil were identified by isomer ratios, demonstrating that the combustion contributed to the main source. Finally, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) of soil contaminated by 15 priority PAHs were estimated using the targeted chemical-specific approach. ILCR values were considered to be greater than 1 × 10-6 in 16 of 33 sites and followed a decreasing trend of adulthood > childhood > adolescence. Subsequently, the analysis of variance was performed by average ILCR value among the 11 cities (n = 3, p < 0.01), which indicated that the potential low cancer risk significantly increased for nearby residents in two areas, including Datong and Xinzhou, with the ILCR values of 4.61 ± 1.93 and 3.92 ± 2.54 per million, respectively. Therefore, the consumption of traditional coal should be controlled and partially replaced with the alternative energy sources. And the rigorous monitoring should be termly warranted to avoid the cancer risk for human being in agricultural area of Shanxi, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi-En Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Xianjun Niu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Fang Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China
| | - Wanxi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, Shanxi, China.
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Han J, Liang Y, Zhao B, Wang Y, Xing F, Qin L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) geographical distribution in China and their source, risk assessment analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:312-327. [PMID: 31091495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In China, the huge amounts of energy consumption caused severe carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentration in the soil and ambient air. This paper summarized that the references published in 2008-2018 and suggested that biomass, coal and vehicular emissions were categorized as major sources of PAHs in China. In 2016, the emitted PAHs in China due to the incomplete combustion of fuel was about 32720 tonnes, and the contribution of the emission sources was the sequence: biomass combustion > residential coal combustion > vehicle > coke production > refine oil > power plant > natural gas combustion. The total amount of PAHs emission in China at 2016 was significantly decreased due to the decrease of the proportion of crop resides burning (indoor and open burning). The geographical distribution of PAHs concentration demonstrated that PAHs concentration in the urban soil is 0.092-4.733 μg/g. At 2008-2012, the serious PAHs concentration in the urban soil occurred in the eastern China, which was shifted to western China after 2012. The concentration of particulate and gaseous PAHs in China is 1-151 ng/m3 and 1.08-217 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of particle-bound PAHs in the southwest and eastern region are lower than that in north and central region of China. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis demonstrates that ILCR in the soil and ambient air in China is below the acceptable cancer risk level of 10-6 recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which mean that there is a low potential PAHs carcinogenic risk for the soil and ambient air in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China; Hubei Provincial Industrial Safety Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Yangshuo Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Futang Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Linbo Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
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