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Cheng Y, Li W, Zhang D, Zhang J, Zhang F, Liu H, Luo M, Yang S. Hydrolysis of sulfamethoxazole in the hyporheic zone: kinetics, factors and pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:4834-4847. [PMID: 37970958 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2283402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTIt is unknown how antibiotics would behave after entering the hyporheic zone (HZ), which is an area where groundwater and surface water alternate continuously. In this study, the hydrolysis process in the HZ was investigated based on the intermediates identified by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and FTIR, and the active sites of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were predicted by density functional theory (DFT). The results showed that the hydrolysis rate of SMX during surface water recharged groundwater reached 38.94%, and the contribution rate of hydroxyl radicals reached 48.35%. In neutral and alkaline environments, SMX hydrolysed more quickly. This is due to the fact that ·OH, as the main precursor of OH-, is much higher in quantity under alkaline conditions. Inorganic anions such as NO3-, HCO3- and CO 3 2 - may inhibit the hydrolysis of SMX by eliminating the reactive oxygen species generated in the HZ. In the process of groundwater recharging to surface water, the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) and the rate of SMX hydrolysis gradually reduced. Nitrification, hydroxylation and polymerisation are the main hydrolysis pathways of SMX. The hydrolysis products of SMX in the HZ are more plentiful and have a higher hydrolysis rate compared to the single oxygen environment. The study on the hydrolysis mechanism of SMX in this paper will provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of antibiotic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanfan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Zhongsheng Environmental Technology Development Co. Ltd, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Luo
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology in Arid Areas, Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Nkoh JN, Shang C, Okeke ES, Ejeromedoghene O, Oderinde O, Etafo NO, Mgbechidinma CL, Bakare OC, Meugang EF. Antibiotics soil-solution chemistry: A review of environmental behavior and uptake and transformation by plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120312. [PMID: 38340667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The increased use of antibiotics by humans for various purposes has left the environment polluted. Antibiotic pollution remediation is challenging because antibiotics exist in trace amounts and only highly sensitive detection techniques could be used to quantify them. Nevertheless, their trace quantity is not a hindrance to their transfer along the food chain, causing sensitization and the development of antibiotic resistance. Despite an increase in the literature on antibiotic pollution and the development and transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), little attention has been given to the behavior of antibiotics at the soil-solution interface and how this affects antibiotic adsorption-desorption interactions and subsequent uptake and transformation by plants. Thus, this review critically examines the interactions and possible degradation mechanisms of antibiotics in soil and the link between antibiotic soil-solution chemistry and uptake by plants. Also, different factors influencing antibiotic mobility in soil and the transfer of ARGs from one organism to another were considered. The mechanistic and critical analyses revealed that: (a) the charge characteristics of antibiotics at the soil-root interface determine whether they are adsorbed to soil or taken up by plants; (b) antibiotics that avoid soil colloids and reach soil pore water can be absorbed by plant roots, but their translocation to the stem and leaves depends on the ionic state of the molecule; (c) few studies have explored how plants adapt to antibiotic pollution and the transformation of antibiotics in plants; and (d) the persistence of antibiotics in cropland soils can be influenced by the content of soil organic matter, coexisting ions, and fertilization practices. Future research should focus on the soil/solution-antibiotic-plant interactions to reveal detailed mechanisms of antibiotic transformation by plants and whether plant-transformed antibiotics could be of environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Nkoh Nkoh
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Chenjing Shang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China.
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P. O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013 China.
| | - Onome Ejeromedoghene
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P. O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211189, China
| | - Olayinka Oderinde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nelson Oshogwue Etafo
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Ing. J. Cárdenas Valdez S/N Republica, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila Mexico
| | - Chiamaka Linda Mgbechidinma
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, 200243, Nigeria
| | - Omonike Christianah Bakare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elvira Foka Meugang
- School of Metallurgy & Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan South Road, Changsha, 410083, China
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Sun Z, Chen Z, Chung Lan Mow MC, Liao X, Wei X, Ma G, Wang X, Yu H. Chloramine Disinfection of Levofloxacin and Sulfaphenazole: Unraveling Novel Disinfection Byproducts and Elucidating Formation Mechanisms for an Enhanced Understanding of Water Treatment. Molecules 2024; 29:396. [PMID: 38257310 PMCID: PMC10820186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The unrestricted utilization of antibiotics poses a critical challenge to global public health and safety. Levofloxacin (LEV) and sulfaphenazole (SPN), widely employed broad-spectrum antimicrobials, are frequently detected at the terminal stage of water treatment, raising concerns regarding their potential conversion into detrimental disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, current knowledge is deficient in identifying the potential DBPs and elucidating the precise transformation pathways and influencing factors during the chloramine disinfection process of these two antibiotics. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of reaction pathways, encompassing piperazine ring opening/oxidation, Cl-substitution, OH-substitution, desulfurization, and S-N bond cleavage, during chloramine disinfection. Twelve new DBPs were identified in this study, exhibiting stability and persistence even after 24 h of disinfection. Additionally, an examination of DBP generation under varying disinfectant concentrations and pH values revealed peak levels at a molar ratio of 25 for LEV and SPN to chloramine, with LEV contributing 11.5% and SPN 23.8% to the relative abundance of DBPs. Remarkably, this research underscores a substantial increase in DBP formation within the molar ratio range of 1:1 to 1:10 compared to 1:10 to 1:25. Furthermore, a pronounced elevation in DBP generation was observed in the pH range of 7 to 8. These findings present critical insights into the impact of the disinfection process on these antibiotics, emphasizing the innovation and significance of this research in assessing associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.C.L.M.)
| | | | | | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.S.); (M.C.C.L.M.)
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Wang L, Zhou Y, Liu YD, Zhong R. Computational Investigations of Reaction Mechanisms and Transformation Products of Olefins with Hypochlorous Acid. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37303114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as the main component in chlorination and also as the innate immune factor relevant to immune defense has attracted considerable attention. Electrophilic addition reaction of olefins with HOCl, one of the most important prototype of chemical reactions, has been intensively studied for a long time; however, it has not been fully understood yet. In this study, addition reaction mechanisms and transformation products of model olefins with HOCl were systematically investigated by the density functional theory method. The results indicate that the traditionally believed stepwise mechanism with a chloronium-ion intermediate is only suitable for olefins substituted with electron-donating groups (EDGs) and weak electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) but it is a carbon-cation intermediate that is favorable for EDGs featuring p-π or π-π conjugation with the C═C moiety. Moreover, olefins substituted with moderate or/and strong EWGs prefer the concerted and nucleophilic addition mechanisms, respectively. Epoxide and truncated aldehyde as the main transformation products can be generated from chlorohydrin through a series of reactions involving hypochlorite; however, their generation is kinetically not as feasible as the formation of chlorohydrin. The reactivity of three chlorinating agents (HOCl, Cl2O, and Cl2) and the case study of chlorination and degradation of cinnamic acid were also explored. Additionally, APT charge on the double-bond moiety in olefin and energy gap (ΔE) between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy of olefin and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of HOCl were found to be good parameters to distinguish the regioselectivity of chlorohydrin and reactivity of olefin, respectively. The findings of this work are helpful in further understanding the chlorination reactions of unsaturated compounds and identifying complicated transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Qu M, Xu J, Yang Y, Li R, Li T, Chen S, Di Y. Assessment of sulfamethoxazole toxicity to marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis): Combine p38-MAPK signaling pathway modulation with histopathological alterations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114365. [PMID: 36508823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), is a ubiquitous antibiotic in the aquatic environment and received concerns on its health hazards, especially its sub-lethal effects on non-target organisms which were remained largely unknown. In the present study, in order to investigate SMX induced tissue damages and reveal underlying mechanisms, marine mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis were challenged to SMX series (0.5, 50 and 500 μg/L) for six-days followed by six-day-recovery. Comprehensive histopathological alteration (including qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative indices), together with transcriptional and (post-) translational responses of key factors (p38, NFκB and p53) in the p38-MAPK signaling pathway were analyzed in gills and digestive glands. Tissue-specific responses were clearly investigated with gills showing more prompt responses and digestive glands showing higher tolerance to SMX. The histopathology showed that SMX triggered inflammatory damages in both tissues and quantitative analysis revealed more significant responses, suggesting its potential as a valuable health indicator. SMX activated expressions of p38, NFκB and p53 at transcriptional and (post-) translational levels, especially after exposed to low level SMX, evidenced by p38 coupled with NFκB/p53 regulation on immunity defense in mussels. Less induction of targeted molecules under severe SMX exposure indicated such signaling transduction may not be efficient enough and can result in inflammatory damages. Taken together, this study expanded the understanding of aquatic SMX induced health risk in marine mussels and the underlying regulation mechanism through p38 signaling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Qu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jinzhong Xu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Yingli Yang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Ruofan Li
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Taiwei Li
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Yanan Di
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China.
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Zhu J, Yang L, Wang M, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li Y. The influence of bromide and iodide ions on the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) halogenation during chlorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157687. [PMID: 35908709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) were produced during the chlorination process, posing a threat to drinking water safety and human health. In the presence of bromide and iodide ions, brominated and iodinated DBPs will be generated, which might be more toxic than the parent compound. However, there are few studies on brominated and iodinated DBPs of antibiotics. Therefore, in this study, the fates of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) during chlorination in different systems (Blank; SMX + NaClO; SMX+ NaClO+ Br-; SMX+ NaClO+I-; SMX+ NaClO+ Br- + I-) were investigated. In different systems, all the reaction followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, while the reaction rates of NaClO with SMX were different, the reaction rates were in order of SMX + NaClO + Br- + I- > SMX + NaClO + Br- > SMX + NaClO + I- > SMX + NaClO. When Br- and I- existed simultaneously, the reaction rate was the fastest. Iodide played an important role in oxidation and promoted the chlorination of SMX. SMX mainly underwent S-C cleavage, S-N hydrolysis, desulfonation, and substitution reactions. Nine disinfection by-products, including three reported for the first time, were identified using a non-targeted approach, and degradation pathways were proposed. Furthermore, EPI Suite software was applied to predict the environmental accumulation potential and environmental persistence of the degradation products. The results indicated that SMX and degradation products had little environmental accumulative potential and environmental persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lumin Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Zhang Y, Zhao YG, Hu Y, Gao M, Guo L, Ji J. Insight in degradation of tetracycline in mariculture wastewater by ultraviolet/persulfate advanced oxidation process. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113324. [PMID: 35439457 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The direct discharge of trace amounts of antibiotics in mariculture wastewater results in adverse effect on the ecological environment of receiving waters. Hence, the degradation of tetracycline (TC) in mariculture wastewater by the ultraviolet/peroxydisulfate (UV/PS) process was investigated in this study. The results revealed that 95.73% removal of TC with 5 mg/L dosage was achieved after 30 min UV/PS treatment. Chloride ion (Cl-) in mariculture wastewater slightly inhibited TC degradation by scavenging free radicals. Comparably, bromine ion (Br-) significantly enhanced the removal of TC and even doubled the degradation rate. Reactive bromine species (RBS) made a major contribution to the TC removal, followed by free chlorine and other reactive chlorine species (RCS). The TC degradation pathway revealed that functional group shedding and ring-opening reactions occurred successively. In addition, TC mineralization rate was low within 30 min, causing the inefficient reduction of acute toxicity of TC and its intermediates, which could be improved by optimizing the process parameters. These results indicated that UV/PS is a new alternative process for the harmless treatment of mariculture wastewater containing the antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering (MEGE), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yang-Guo Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering (MEGE), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Yubo Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering (MEGE), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Mengchun Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering (MEGE), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering (MEGE), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Junyuan Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering (MEGE), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Hu J, Li X, Liu F, Fu W, Lin L, Li B. Comparison of chemical and biological degradation of sulfonamides: Solving the mystery of sulfonamide transformation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127661. [PMID: 34763922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides (SAs) are widespread in aquatic environments and pose serious environmental risks. The removal efficiencies and degradation mechanisms of SAs in both chemical and biological degradation systems were comprehensively reviewed. Density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to decipher the reaction types and reactive sites of both degradation mechanisms at the electron level. In chemical degradation, the rate of the reactive oxidants to degrade SAs follows the order SO4•- ≈ •OH > O3 > 1O2 > ClO2 ≈ Fe(VI) ≈ HOCl > peroxymonosulfate. pH affects the oxidation-reduction potentials of oxidants, the reactivity of SAs, and the intermolecular force between oxidants and SAs, thereby affecting the chemical degradation efficiencies and mechanisms. In biological degradation, oxidoreductase produced by bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants can degrade SAs. The catalytic activity of the enzyme is affected by the enzyme system, reaction conditions, and type of SAs. Despite the different reaction modes and removal efficiencies of SAs in chemical degradation and biological degradation, the transformation pathways and products show commonalities. Modification of the amino (N1H2-) moiety and destruction of sulfonamide bridge (-SO2-N11H-) moiety are the main pathways for both chemical and biological degradation of SAs. Most oxidants or enzymes can react with the N1H2- moiety. Reactions of the -SO2-N11H- moiety are mainly initiated by the cleavage of S-N bonds for five-membered heterocyclic ring-substituted SAs, and by SO2 extrusion for six-membered heterocyclic ring-substituted SAs. Chlorine substitution and coupling on the N1H2- moiety, hydroxylation of the benzene moiety, oxidation of methyl, and isomerization of the R substituents are the transformation pathways unique to chemical degradation. Formylation/acetylation, glycosylation, pterin conjugation, and deamination of the N1H2- moiety are the transformation pathways unique to biological degradation. DFT studies revealed the same reaction types and the same reactive sites of SAs in chemical and biological degradation. Electrophiles are mostly prone to attack the N1 atom on the amino moiety of neutral SAs and the N11 atom on the sulfonamide bridge moiety of anionic SAs, leading to nitration or electrophilic substitution of the amino moiety and the cleavage of S-N bonds or SO2 extrusion of the sulfonamide bridge moiety. Reactions on the -SO2-N11H- moiety eliminate antibacterial activity in the SA degradation process. This review elucidated SA transformation by comparing the chemical and biological degradation of SAs. This could provide theoretical guidance for the development of more efficient and economical treatment technologies for SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjie Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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9
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Shao Y, Rong C, Pan Z, Deng J. Toxicity of disinfection byproducts formed during the chlorination of sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, and 17β-estradiol in the presence of bromide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50718-50730. [PMID: 33966160 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) are formed during the disinfection process of water containing bromine ions, such as marine aquaculture water. Little attention has been paid to Br-DBPs with anthropogenic chemicals as precursors. This study summarized the sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) oxidation of three frequently used pharmaceuticals, including two antibiotics, norfloxacin (NOR) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and the growth hormone estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2). Transformations of the pharmaceuticals were found to be faster in marine aquaculture water than in distilled water. Several Br-DBPs and Cl-DBPs were identified for NOR, SMX, and E2. It was shown that the carboxyl group, piperazine ring, C3, and C8 atoms were the primary reaction sites on NOR. The aniline moiety and S-N bond were identified to be the reaction sites on SMX. The C2, C4, C9, and C16 atoms were the potential reaction centers on E2. Preliminary calculation by QSAR model indicated that the value of logKow significantly increased with an increase in the number of bromine atoms in the Br-DBPs. The results of the bioconcentration factors (BCF) analysis suggested that the bioaccumulation of Br-DBPs were greater than that chlorinated DBPs (Cl-DBPs) in distilled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunjie Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yanan Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Chuan Rong
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zihan Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Guangxi Bo-Huan Environmental Consulting Services Co. Ltd, 12 Kexing Road, Gaoxin District, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China.
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10
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Zhu Y, Wei M, Pan Z, Li L, Liang J, Yu K, Zhang Y. Ultraviolet/peroxydisulfate degradation of ofloxacin in seawater: Kinetics, mechanism and toxicity of products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135960. [PMID: 31841917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet/peroxydisulfate (UV/PDS) system was used to degrade ofloxacin (OFL) in fresh water, synthetic marine aquaculture water and synthetic seawater. The comparison of the reaction degradation rate constants proved that the order of reaction rate was the following: synthetic seawater (0.77 min-1) > synthetic marine aquaculture water (0.74 min-1) > freshwater (0.30 min-1). Bromide (Br-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) promote the degradation of OFL, whereas chloride (Cl-) inhibits the degradation. The piperazine ring of OFL was the main reactive group, and atoms N1, C6, C7 and N2 were identified as the reaction sites. Based on the intermediate and final products, the possible degradation pathways of OFL in the three kinds of water were proposed. Additionally, during the UV/PDS treatment of synthetic marine aquaculture water containing Cl- and Br-, the oxidation products of OFL showed a slight toxicity to Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) and Priacanthus tayenus (P. tayenus). The maximum growth inhibition rate of the products to C. pyrenoidosa was 9.72%. The products also caused liver cells of P. tayenus to be damaged and reduced the species richness and diversity of intestinal microorganism. Nevertheless, compared with the products degraded by traditional disinfection methods using NaClO, the biological toxicities were much lower. UV/PDS can be used for seawater as a new alternative disinfection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Min Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zihan Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Leiyun Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jiayuan Liang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China.
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11
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Zhang M, Wang X, Hao H, Wang H, Duan L, Li Y. Formation of disinfection byproducts as affected by biochar during water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:190-197. [PMID: 31176894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) is as an emerging and promising adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions in water treatment given its porous structure, large surface area, and numerous O-functional groups. However, the effects of BC on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during the disinfection process of water treatment remains largely unknown. This study investigated the influence of aqueous solution chemistry on DBP formation in the presence of BC during chlorination. BC samples prepared from different biomass precursors (wheat straw, peanut shells, and shaddock peel) with different pyrolysis temperatures were compared, and the effects of aqueous solution chemistry were systematically investigated. Results indicated that DBPs could be formed during disinfection with BC. Certain intermediate DBP products would undergo base catalysis to form trichloromethane (TCM) via hydrolysis as pH increased. This phenomenon would increase TCM content, as well as decrease chloral hydrate and 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone content. The increment in inorganic ion (NaCl) content showed negligible effects on DBP formation during BC chlorination. DBP formation was restrained in the presence of humic acid (HA) because the number of active sites on BC that participated in the reaction decreased when BC adsorbed HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huizhi Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lin Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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