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Li C, Wang H, Yang Y, Liu H, Fang X, Zhang Y, Lv J. Inhibition of microbially mediated total organic carbon decomposition in different types of cadmium contaminated soils with wheat straw addition. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15114. [PMID: 38956155 PMCID: PMC11219759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Wheat straw returning is a common agronomic measure in the farmland. Understanding organic carbon transformation is of great significance for carbon budget under the premise of widespread distribution of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils. An incubation experiment was conducted to assess the influence of Cd contamination on the decomposition and accumulation of total organic carbon (TOC) as well as the composition and abundance of bacterial communities in eight soil types with wheat straw addition. The results showed that inhibition of Cd contamination on microbially mediated organic carbon decomposition was affected by soil types. The lower cumulative C mineralization and higher TOC content could be observed in the acidic soils relative to that in the alkaline soils. The content of Cd in soil exhibits different effects on the inhibition in decomposition of TOC. The high dosage level of Cd had stronger inhibitory impact due to its high toxicity. The decomposition of TOC was restricted by a reduction in soil bacterial abundance and weakening of bacterial activities. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes were abundant in alkaline Cd-contaminated soils with wheat straw addition, while Bacteroidetes dominated cumulative C mineralization in acidic Cd-contamination soils. Moreover, the abundance of predicted functional bacteria indicated that high-dose Cd-contamination and acid environment all inhibited the decomposition of TOC. The present study suggested that pH played an important role on carbon dynamics in the Cd-contaminated soils with wheat straw addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjuan Li
- Xianyang Soil and Fertilizer Workstation, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Xianyang Soil and Fertilizer Workstation, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences & College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hexiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences & College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences & College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences & College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences & College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Yao X, Ren J, Fang L, Sun K, He W. The role and mechanism of Bacillus megaterium strain A14 in inhibiting the cadmium uptake by peanut plants in acidic red soil. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae120. [PMID: 38794879 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study explores the potential of cadmium (Cd)-resistant bacteria, specifically Bacillus megaterium A14, to decrease Cd accumulation in peanuts, a crop susceptible to metal uptake from contaminated soils, by understanding the bacterium's impact on plant Cd absorption mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Through pot experiments, we observed that A14 inoculation significantly increased peanut biomass under Cd stress conditions, primarily by immobilizing the metal and reducing its bioavailability. The bacterium effectively changed the distribution of Cd, with a notable 46.53% reduction in the exchangeable fraction, which in turn limited the expression of genes related to Cd transport in peanuts. Additionally, A14 enhanced the plant's antioxidant response, improving its tolerance to stress. Microbial analysis through 16S sequencing demonstrated that A14 inoculation altered the peanut rhizosphere, particularly by increasing populations of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, which play crucial roles in soil remediation from heavy metals. CONCLUSION The A14 strain effectively counters Cd toxicity in peanuts, promoting growth through soil Cd sequestration, root barrier biofilm formation, antioxidant system enhancement, suppression of Cd transport genes, and facilitation of Cd-remediating microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingyu Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lirong Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei He
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Lu T, Lei C, Gao M, Lv L, Zhang C, Qian H, Tang T. A risk entropy approach for linking pesticides and soil bacterial communities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133970. [PMID: 38457974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides play a vital role in ensuring modern agricultural production, but also adversely affecting soil health. Microorganisms are the cornerstone of soil ecology, however, to date, there are few unified standards to measure the risk of soil pesticide residues to soil microbial community. To compensate for this gap, we collected soil samples from 55 orchards and monitored and risk-assessed 165 pesticides to microbial community in the soil. Results showed that a total of 137 pesticides were detected in all samples. Pesticide residues significantly influenced the microbial diversity and community structure in orchard soils, particularly fungicides and herbicides. The risk entropy of each pesticide was calculated in all samples and it was found that 60% of the samples had a "pesticide risk" (Risk quotient > 0.01), where the relative abundance significantly increased in 43 genera and significantly decreased in 111 genera (p < 0.05). Through multiple screens, we finally identified Bacillus and Sphingomonas as the most abundant sensitive genera under pesticide perturbation. The results showed that despite the complexity of the effects of pesticide residues on soils health, we could reveal them by identifying changes in soil bacterial, especially by the differences of microbial biomarkers abundance. The present study could provide new insights into the research strategy for pesticide pollution on soil microbial communities. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The risk of pesticide residues in soil needs to be quantified and standardized. We believe that microorganisms can be used as a marker to indicate soil pesticide residue risk. For this end, we investigated the residues of 165 pesticides in 55 orchard soil samples, calculated pesticide risk entropy and their effects on the soil microbial community. Through multiple analyzing and screening, we ultimately identified that, out of the 154 detected biomarkers, Bacillus and Sphingomonas were the most abundant sensitive genera under pesticide perturbation, which have the potential to be used as key biomarkers of soil microbiomes induced by pesticide perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chaotang Lei
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Mingyu Gao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Chunrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Jiang O, Li Y, Zheng Y, Gustave W, Tang X, Xu J. Cadmium reduced methane emissions by stimulating methane oxidation in paddy soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117096. [PMID: 37683790 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Flooded rice paddy fields are a significant source of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most common and toxic contaminants in paddy soils. However, little is known about how the soil microbial communities associated with CH4 emissions respond to the increasing Cd-stress in paddies. In this study, we employed isotopically 13C-labelled CH4, high-throughput sequencing analysis, and gene quantification analysis to reveal the effect and mechanism of Cd on CH4 emissions in paddy soils. Results showed that 4.0 mg kg-1 Cd addition reduced CH4 emissions by 16-99% in the four tested paddy soils, and significantly promoted the transformation of 13CH4 to 13CO2. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) demonstrated that Cd addition increased the abundances of pmoA gene, the ratios of methanogens to methanotrophs (mcrA/pmoA) showed a positive correlation with CH4 emissions (R2 = 0.798, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the composition of the microbial community containing the pmoA gene was barely affected by Cd addition (p > 0.05). This observation was consistent with the findings of a pure incubation experiment where methanotrophs exhibited high tolerance to Cd. We argue that microbial feedback to Cd stress amplifies the contribution of methanotrophs to CH4 oxidation in rice fields through the complex interactions occurring among soil microbes. Our study highlights the overlooked association between Cd and CH4 dynamics, offering a better understanding of the role of rice paddies in global CH4 cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyuan Jiang
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Li
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Williamson Gustave
- Chemistry, Environmental & Life Sciences, University of The Bahamas, New Providence, Nassau, China
| | - Xianjin Tang
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jianming Xu
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Dan Y, Wang X, Ji M, Sang W, Shen Z, Zhang Y. Influence of temperature change on the immobilization of soil Pb and Zn by hydrochar: Roles of soil microbial modulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121109. [PMID: 36669718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Considering the potential effect of the ambient temperature on soil microorganisms during heavy metal immobilization by hydrochar, 60 days of soil incubation was conducted to explore the impact of ambient temperature (5, 25, and 35 °C) on the immobilization of Pb and Zn by chitosan-magnetic sawdust hydrochar (CMSH) and magnetic chitosan hydrochar (MCH). The results showed that soil pH was relatively high and total organic carbon (TOC) was slightly lower in the 35 °C treatment. The diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) available state content decreased significantly with the temperature increasing. Meanwhile, the ratios of stable Pb and Zn in the sequential extraction method proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) gradually increased with increasing temperature. The heatmap based on microbial community showed that elevated temperature not only favored the enrichment of metal-stable phyla, such as Chloroflexi, but was also involved in inhibiting the growth of Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, different genera (Fonticella and Bacillus) in the Firmicutes phylum had distinct responses to temperature as well as to heavy metal immobilization effects. Subsequently, redundancy analysis confirmed that Chloroflexi and Fonticella were positively correlated with temperature and stable state metal content, while Actinobacteriota and Bacillus were negatively correlated with temperature and were positively correlated with DTPA available metal content. Moreover, Pb and Zn indicators displayed significant correlations for the dominant genera (R2 > 0.8, p < 0.02).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Dan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Mengyuan Ji
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Wenjing Sang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Zheng Shen
- Institute of New Rural Development, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Liu J, Gul Wazir Z, Hou GQ, Wang GZ, Rong FX, Xu YZ, Liu K, Li MY, Liu AJ, Liu HL. The dependent correlation between soil multifunctionality and bacterial community across different farmland soils. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1144823. [PMID: 37125206 PMCID: PMC10132505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1144823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microorganisms play a critical role in soil biogeochemical cycles, but it is still debated whether they influence soil biogeochemical processes through community composition and diversity or not. This study aims to investigate variation in bacterial community structure across different soils and its correlation to soil multifunctionality. Soil samples were collected from five typical farmland zones along distinct climatic gradients in China. Methods The high-throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) of 16S rRNA genes was employed to analyze bacterial community composition in each soil sample. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the difference in soil properties, microbial community and functioning, and their interactions. Results Cluster and discrimination analysis indicated that bacterial community composition was similar in five tested soil samples, but bacterial richness combined with soil enzyme activities and potential nitrification rate (PNR) contributed most to the differentiations of soil samples. Mantel test analysis revealed that bacterial community composition and richness were more significantly shaped by soil nutrient conditions and edaphic variables than bacterial diversity. As for soil multifunctionality, soil microbial community level physiological profiles were little affected by abiotic and biotic factors, while soil enzymes and PNR were also significantly related to bacterial community composition and richness, in addition to soil N and P availability. Conclusion Cumulatively, soil enzymes' activities and PNR were greatly dependent on bacterial community composition and richness not diversity, which in turn were greatly modified by soil N and P availability. Therefore, in the future it should be considered for the role of fertilization in the modification of bacterial community and the consequent control of nutrient cycling in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Zafran Gul Wazir
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Guo-Qin Hou
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Fang-Xu Rong
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yu-Zhi Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ai-Ju Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- *Correspondence: Ai-Ju Liu,
| | - Hong-Liang Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Hong-Liang Liu,
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Liu X, Shao Y, Dong Y, Dong M, Xu Z, Hu X, Liu A. Response of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria to sulfadiazine and copper and their interaction in black soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11357-11368. [PMID: 33123879 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale development of animal husbandry and the wide agricultural application of livestock manure lead to more and more serious co-pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics in soil. In this study, two common feed additives, copper (Cu) and sulfadiazine (SDZ), were selected as target pollutants to evaluate the toxicity and interaction of antibiotics and heavy metals on ammonia oxidizers diversity, potential nitrification rate (PNR), and enzymatic activity in black soils. The results showed that soil enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by single Cu pollution, but the toxicity could be reduced by introducing low-concentration SDZ (5 mg · kg-1), which showed an antagonistic effect between Cu and SDZ (5 mg · kg-1), while the combined toxicity of high-concentration SDZ (10 mg · kg-1) and Cu were strengthened compared with the single Cu contamination on soil enzymes. In contrast, soil PNR was more sensitive to single Cu pollution and its combined pollution with SDZ than the enzyme activity. Real-time fluorescence quota PCR and Illumina Hiseq/Miseq sequencing results showed that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) was decreased in C2 (200 mg · kg-1 Cu treatment) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was obviously stimulated in soil contaminated in C2, while in S5 (5 mg · kg-1 SDZ treatment), AOB was decreased; both AOA and AOB were significantly decreased at gene level in soils with combined pollutants (C2S5, 200 mg · kg-1 Cu combined with 5 mg · kg-1 SDZ). So, it can be concluded that combined pollution can cause more serious toxicity on the enzymatic activity, PNR, and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in soil through the synergistic effect between heavy metals and antibiotics pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Liu
- College of Agricultural engineering and Food science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Shao
- College of Agricultural engineering and Food science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanpeng Dong
- College of Agricultural engineering and Food science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyang Dong
- College of Agricultural engineering and Food science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwen Xu
- College of Agricultural engineering and Food science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiju Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China.
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Wang C, Huang Y, Yang X, Xue W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Pang J, Liu Y, Liu Z. Burkholderia sp. Y4 inhibits cadmium accumulation in rice by increasing essential nutrient uptake and preferentially absorbing cadmium. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126603. [PMID: 32240860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial remediation of heavy metal-polluted soil is a commonly used method. Burkholderia sp. Y4, isolated from cadmium (Cd)-contaminated rice rhizosphere soil, was investigated for its direct and indirect effects on Cd accumulation in rice by SEM-EDS, FITR and sequencing analysis of the soil bacterial community. Burkholderia sp. Y4 inoculation reduced Cd accumulation in rice roots, rachises, and grains of the two rice varieties T705 and X24 and increased levels of essential elements, especially Fe and Mn, which competitively inhibited Cd transport through cationic channels. Living Burkholderia sp. Y4 cells, rather than non-living ones, could colonize the surface of rice roots and accumulated more Cd through direct biosorption associated with -CO and -NH/-CO bonds of amino acids and proteins. The results of soil microbial community showed that the colonization of externally added Burkholderia sp. Y4 could be maintained over some time to impact the total rhizospheric environment. Burkholderia sp. Y4 inoculation decreased the abundance of microbes involved in the iron cycle (Acidobacteria) as well as of those mediating the transformation of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen (Nitrosomonadaceae and Nitrospira). So Burkholderia sp. Y4 inoculation may indirectly change the availability of micronutrients and Cd in rice rhizosphere soil through iron-nitrogen coupled cycles to increase essential nutrient uptake and inhibit Cd accumulation in rice by preferential Cd-biosorption. Therefore, Burkholderia sp. Y4 is potentially suitable for the bioremediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrong Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchun Huang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Xue
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Pang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuemin Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
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