1
|
Yang W, Lu C, Chu F, Bu K, Ma H, Wang Q, Jiao Z, Wang S, Yang X, Gao Y, Sun D, Sun H. Fluoride-induced hypertension by regulating RhoA/ROCK pathway and phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells: In vitro and in vivo evidence. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116681. [PMID: 38964063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride exposure has been implicated as a potential risk factor for hypertension, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the role of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in fluoride-induced hypertension. Male Wistar rats were divided into different groups and exposed to varying concentrations of sodium fluoride (NaF) or sodium chloride (NaCl) via drinking water. The rats' blood pressure was measured, and their aortic tissue was utilized for high-throughput sequencing analysis. Additionally, rat and A7r5 cell models were established using NaF and/or Fasudil. The study evaluated the effects of fluoride exposure on blood pressure, pathological changes in the aorta, as well as the protein/mRNA expression levels of phenotypic transformation indicators (a-SMA, calp, OPN) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), along with the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway (RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, MLC/p-MLC). The results demonstrated that fluoride exposure in rats led to increased blood pressure. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed differential gene expression associated with vascular smooth muscle contraction, with the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway emerging as a key regulator. Pathological changes in the rat aorta, such as elastic membrane rupture and collagen fiber deposition, were observed following NaF exposure. However, fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, mitigated these pathological changes. Both in vitro and in vivo models confirmed the activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs from a contractile to a synthetic state upon fluoride exposure. Fasudil effectively inhibited the activities of ROCK1 and ROCK2 and attenuated the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs. In conclusion, fluoride has the potential to induce hypertension through the activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of fluoride-induced hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Chunqing Lu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Fang Chu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Keming Bu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Hao Ma
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Qiaoyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China; Teaching Center of Morphology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Zhe Jiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China; Institute for Kashin Beck Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Xiyue Yang
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China
| | - Hongna Sun
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (Harbin Medical University) Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Das S, Dey A, Maji S, Sahoo A, Barman A, Santra S, Mondal S, Mondal KC, Chattopadhyay S. Attenuation of fluoride-induced hepatorenal oxidative stress by ferulic acid in vivo: An approach with in-silico analysis and interaction informatics of ferulic acid. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 77:127133. [PMID: 36638706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic fluoride toxicity induces oxidative strain and lipid peroxidation and imparts deleterious effects on human metabolic organs. AIM The present study aimed to expose the defensive impact of ferulic acid against sodium fluoride (NaF) induced hepatorenal dysfunction at the biochemical and antioxidative systems. METHODS In-vivo. Rats were arbitrarily separated into five groups as control, sodium fluoride-treated (200 ppm kg -1), vitamin C -as a positive control, and FA co-administered groups with 10 mg kg -1 and 20 mg kg -1 body weight for 56 days. In the present investigation, we measured antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lactate dehydrogenase by electrozymographic and spectrophotometric methods. Biochemical assessment of TBARS, conjugated diene, and different serum biomarkers was done for liver and kidney functionality tests. In-silico. An in-silico study was conducted through a molecular docking experiment to evaluate the binding potentiality of FA by employing AutoDock Vina [version 1.5.6] to overcome the abnormality in the activities of catalase, and superoxide dismutase in NaF promoted toxicity of hepatorenal system. In-vitro. An in vitro biochemical experiment was conducted to support the in-silico study. RESULTS Superoxide dismutase and catalase were decreased in the intoxicated rat. Ferulic acid (FA) as an antioxidant remarkably defended the NaF-mediated deterioration of the antioxidative status in the hepatorenal system, lowering lipid peroxidation products, malondialdehyde, and conjugated diene. Serum biomarkers, ALT, AST, ALP, urea, and creatinine increased in the intoxicated group than in control. Ferulic acid significantly neutralized the ill effects of NaF on serum lipid profile. In-silico analysis hypothesized the strong interaction of FA with the active side of catalase and superoxide dismutase that prevented the binding of NaF at the active site of these mentioned enzymes and this was further validated by in-vitro assay. CONCLUSION However, FA modulates free radical generation and protected these metabolic organs against sodium fluoride-induced injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seba Das
- Centre for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Arindam Dey
- Dept. of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Shilpa Maji
- Dept. of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Sahoo
- Centre for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Barman
- Dept. of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Santra
- Dept. of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhadeep Mondal
- Centre for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sandip Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India; Dept. of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong S, Yang Y, He B, Xu Z, Zhou Z, Wang J, Chen C, Chen Q. Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Reproductive Function Through Regulating Reproductive Hormone Level and Circulating SIRT1 in Female Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1825-1836. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2024]
|
4
|
Dong S, Yang Y, He B, Xu Z, Zhou Z, Wang J, Chen C, Chen Q. Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Reproductive Function Through Regulating Reproductive Hormone Level and Circulating SIRT1 in Female Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1825-1836. [PMID: 35538195 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fluorosis causes female reproductive dysfunction with reduced fertility without established pathogenesis. To clarify the mechanism, Sprague-Dawley female rats were selected with drinking water containing 0, 50 (low), 100 (moderate), and 150 mg/L (high) sodium fluoride (NaF) for a short (2 months), medium (4 months), and long term (6 months). The water consumption and body weight of female rats were recorded daily. The effect of NaF on the estrous cycle was examined by vaginal smears and recorded in different term treatments. Female and male rats were mated in a 2:1 ratio for 1 week at 2-, 4-, and 6-month treatment time for mating performance and fertility rate. Selected female rats were executed for tissue and blood collection at different treatment terms. Twenty-four-hour urine sample from each female rat was collected using the metabolic cage. The levels of steroid hormones and silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) in serum were measured by appropriate ELISA kits. Body weight of the high NaF group was significantly less during short-term treatment than that of other treatment groups or control group. Urinary fluoride concentration was increased linearly with treatment time. Treatment of NaF significantly decreased steroid hormone level while increased SIRT1 level in the serum. In addition, NaF treatment significantly decreased pregnancy rate. It is concluded that NaF inhibits the secretion of hormone and estradiol (E2) release from the ovary, thereby reducing the rate of pregnant. SIRT1 may be involved in this NaF-induced reproductive dysfunction in female rats through regulating reproductive hormone, FSH, and LH secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Dong
- Guipei Class s0141, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Yang
- Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Biqi He
- Class 0128#, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Xu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jinhai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Endocrinology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Qun Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76, Yanta Western Road, Shaanxi, 710061, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dey A, Perveen H, Khandare AL, Banerjee A, Maiti S, Jana S, Chakraborty AK, Chattopadhyay S. Arsenic-induced uterine apoptotic damage is protected by ethyl acetate fraction of Camellia sinensis (green tea) via Bcl-2-BAX through NF-κB regulations in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41095-41108. [PMID: 33774797 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The non-invasive treatment strategy is indispensable to overcome the side effects of conventional treatment with chelating agents against arsenic. Presence of catechins and flavonoids in Camellia sinensis have potential antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects. The aim of the study was to explore the curative potential role of Camellia sinensis against uterine damages produced by sodium arsenite in mature albino rats. A dose of 10 mg of Camellia sinensis ethyl acetate (CS-EA) fraction/100 gm body weight was provided to the sodium arsenite-treated rats (10 mg/Kg body weight). LC-MS analysis was used for the detection of active component in CS-EA fraction. Enzymatic antioxidants analysis carried out by reproducible native gel technique. Hormones and some pro and anti-inflammatory markers were detected by ELISA, PCR, and western blot techniques respectively. Immunostaining was performed for the detection of estradiol receptor alpha. LC-MS analysis of CS-EA fraction ensured the presence of active tea polyphenol and tea catechin of which highest peak of epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) was obtained in this study. Significant elevations of lipid peroxidation end products followed by the diminution of antioxidant enzymes activities were noted in arsenicated rats which were capably retrieved by the treatment of CS-EA fraction. Post-treatment with CS-EA fraction meaningfully improved gonadotrophins and estradiol signalling in association with a highly expressing estradiol receptor-α (ERα) in the ovary and uterus followed by the maintenance of normal utero-ovarian histoarchitecture in arsenic fed rats. CS-EA fractioned treated group overturned the sodium arsenite driven higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and proapoptotic markers along with a low level of anti apoptotic Bcl-2 expression and comparatively lower NF-κB signalling in the uterus via regulating IKK β kinase mostly by EGCG of CS-EA fraction. However, ethyl acetate fraction of Camellia sinensis played a critical role in minimizing arsenic-mediated uterine hypo-function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Dey
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Hasina Perveen
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Arjun L Khandare
- Food Safety, ICMR National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
| | - Suryashis Jana
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Asit Kumar Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore, India
| | - Sandip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Recent advances in cellular effects of fluoride: an update on its signalling pathway and targeted therapeutic approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5661-5673. [PMID: 34254226 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is a natural element essential in minute quantities in human's to maintain dental and skeletal health. However, the disease fluorosis manifests itself due to excessive fluoride intake mostly through drinking water and sometimes through food. At the cellular energetics level, fluoride is a known inhibitor of glycolysis. At the tissue level, the effect of fluoride has been more pronounced in the musculoskeletal systems due to its ability to retain fluoride. Fluoride alters dentinogenesis, thereby affecting the tooth enamel formation. In bones, fluoride alters the osteogenesis by replacing calcium, thus resulting in bone deformities. In skeletal muscles, high concentration and long term exposure to fluoride causes loss of muscle proteins leading to atrophy. Although fluorosis is quite a familiar problem, the exact molecular pathway is not yet clear. Extensive research on the effects of fluoride on various organs and its toxicity was reported. Indeed, it is clear that high and chronic exposure to fluoride causes cellular apoptosis. Accordingly, in this review, we have highlighted fluoride-mediated apoptosis via two vital pathways, mitochondrial-mediated and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. This review also elaborates on new cellular energetic, apoptotic pathways and therapeutic strategies targeted to treat fluorosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Arab-Nozari M, Mohammadi E, Shokrzadeh M, Ahangar N, Amiri FT, Shaki F. Co-exposure to non-toxic levels of cadmium and fluoride induces hepatotoxicity in rats via triggering mitochondrial oxidative damage, apoptosis, and NF-kB pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24048-24058. [PMID: 32304050 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride (F) and cadmium (Cd) are two common water pollutants. There is low information about their co-exposure in low doses. So, in this study, we evaluated the combination effects of non-toxic doses of F and Cd and the possible mechanism of their combined interaction. Male rats were exposed to non-toxic doses of sodium fluoride (30 mg/l) and/or cadmium chloride (40 mg/l) in drinking water for 6 weeks. Then, liver tissues were separated and several factors including oxidative stress, mitochondrial toxicity, inflammation, apoptosis, and biochemical and histopathological changes were evaluated. Cd and F alone did not induce any significant changes in evaluated factors compared to control group, while significant elevation in liver enzymes as well as histopathological changes were observed in rats treated with F+Cd. Also, a remarkable increase in oxidative stress markers including reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl and also decreasing glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels were detected following co-exposure to F and Cd. Furthermore, a combination of F and Cd resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, swelling, as well as a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential in isolated liver mitochondria. On the other hand, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-kB inflammatory genes were upregulated in the liver after combined exposure to F and Cd compared to individual treatments. Also, F+Cd treatment increased the Bax expression but decreased the expression of Bcl-2 significantly. These findings suggest that Cd and F can potentiate their individual toxic effects on the liver tissue through disruption of the cellular redox status, inflammation, and apoptosis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Arab-Nozari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mohammadi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shokrzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nematollah Ahangar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Talebpour Amiri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaki
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|