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Xue J, Xiao Q, Zhang M, Li D, Wang X. Toxic Effects and Mechanisms of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13487. [PMID: 37686292 PMCID: PMC10487835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of flame retardants used in plastics, textiles, polyurethane foam, and other materials. They contain two halogenated aromatic rings bonded by an ester bond and are classified according to the number and position of bromine atoms. Due to their widespread use, PBDEs have been detected in soil, air, water, dust, and animal tissues. Besides, PBDEs have been found in various tissues, including liver, kidney, adipose, brain, breast milk and plasma. The continued accumulation of PBDEs has raised concerns about their potential toxicity, including hepatotoxicity, kidney toxicity, gut toxicity, thyroid toxicity, embryotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. Previous studies have suggested that there may be various mechanisms contributing to PBDEs toxicity. The present study aimed to outline PBDEs' toxic effects and mechanisms on different organ systems. Given PBDEs' bioaccumulation and adverse impacts on human health and other living organisms, we summarize PBDEs' effects and potential toxicity mechanisms and tend to broaden the horizons to facilitate the design of new prevention strategies for PBDEs-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xue
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (Q.X.); (M.Z.); (D.L.)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (Q.X.); (M.Z.); (D.L.)
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Zhang X, Xiong W, Wu Q, Nian K, Pan X, Crump D, Wang X, Lin Y, Zhang X, Zhang R. Bioaccumulation, Trophic Transfer, and Biotransformation of Polychlorinated Diphenyl Ethers in a Simulated Aquatic Food Chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5751-5760. [PMID: 36975752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are detected in aquatic environments and demonstrate adverse effects in aquatic organisms. However, data regarding the environmental behavior of PCDEs in aquatic ecosystems are lacking. In the present study, a simulated aquatic food chain (Scenedesmus obliquus-Daphnia magna-Danio rerio) was constructed in a lab setting, and the bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and biotransformation of 12 PCDE congeners were quantitatively investigated for the first time. The log-transformed bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) of PCDEs in S. obliquus, D. magna, and D. rerio were in the range of 2.94-3.77, 3.29-4.03, and 2.42-2.89 L/kg w.w., respectively, indicating the species-specific bioaccumulation of PCDE congeners. The BCF values increased significantly with the increasing number of substituted Cl atoms, with the exception of CDE 209. The number of Cl atoms at the para and meta positions were found to be the major positive contributing factors for BCFs in the case of the same number of substituted Cl. The lipid-normalized biomagnification factors (BMFs) of S. obliquus to D. magna, D. magna to D. rerio, and the whole food chain for the 12 PCDE congeners ranged at 1.08-2.27, 0.81-1.64, and 0.88-3.64, respectively, suggesting that some congeners had BMFs comparable to PBDEs and PCBs. Dechlorination was the only metabolic pathway observed for S. obliquus and D. magna. For D. rerio, dechlorination, methoxylation, and hydroxylation metabolic pathways were observed. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments and theoretical calculations confirmed that methoxylation and hydroxylation occurred at the ortho position of the benzene rings. In addition, reliable quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models were constructed to qualitatively describe the relationships between molecular structure descriptors and BCFs for PCDEs. These findings provide insights into the movement and transformation of PCDEs in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesheng Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Wenli Xiong
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Qiuxuan Wu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Kainan Nian
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiaoxue Pan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Institute for Carbon-Neutral Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yishan Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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Wu Q, Wu Q, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang R. Polychlorinated Diphenyl Ethers in the Environment: A Review and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3982. [PMID: 36900991 PMCID: PMC10002337 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated aromatic compounds, which have gradually attracted widespread attention due to potential environmental risks to humans and ecosystems. This paper presents a literature review of research on PCDEs using PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar as search engines/databases with no constraints on publishing year or number. A total of 98 publications on the sources, environmental levels, environmental behavior and fate, synthesis and analysis and toxicology of PCDEs were retrieved. Existing studies have shown that PCDEs widely exist in the environment with the ability of long-range transport, bioaccumulation and biomagnification, which are almost comparable to polychlorinated biphenyls. They can elicit adverse effects including hepatic oxidative stress, immunosuppression, endocrine disorders, growth retardation, malformations, reduced fertility and increased mortality in organisms, among which some seem to be related to the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. PCDEs can be metabolized into other organic pollutants, such as hydroxylated and methoxylated PCDEs and even polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans through biotransformation, photolysis and pyrolysis reactions in the environment. Compared with reviews on PCDEs published previously, some new information and findings are summarized in this review, such as new sources, current environmental exposure levels, main metabolism pathways in aquatic organisms, acute toxicity data for more species and relationships between structural parameters and toxicity and bioaccumulation potentials of PCDE congeners. Finally, current research deficiencies and future research perspectives are proposed to facilitate the assessment of health and ecological risks of PCDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxuan Wu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Institute for Carbon-Neutral Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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Ye C, Xiong W, Shi S, Shi J, Yang W, Zhang X. Biomarker Responses, Gene Expression Alterations, and Histological Changes in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) After In Vivo Exposure to Polychlorinated Diphenyl Ethers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:907906. [PMID: 35721562 PMCID: PMC9203962 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.907906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) have been detected in various aquatic matrices, which pose potential threats to aquatic ecosystem security. In this work, both micro and macro analysis methods were used to assess the toxicity of PCDEs to zebrafish. Results indicated that after in vivo PCDE exposure, the oxidative stress and related gene of Danio rerio were significantly changed. The higher concentration or longer exposure time could cause more severe oxidative stress in zebrafish tissues. Compared with among the five tested compounds, more obvious changes in the level of oxidative biomarkers of lower chlorinated PCDEs’ (4-mono-CDE and 4,4′-di-CDE) exposure groups were observed. The integrated biomarker response analysis and gene expression results also indicate a similar trend. Histopathological observation suggested that 4,4′-di-CDE could render liver nuclei enlargement and necrosis, hepatocyte vacuolation, and the development inhibition of ovarian cells. Transmission electron microscope photos showed that 4,4′-di-CDE caused organelle damage in the liver and ovary, including the rupture of the endoplasmic reticulum, swelling of mitochondria, and condensation of chromatin in the liver and mitochondria disappeared significantly in the ovary. The degree of damage is enhanced with the increasing exposure doses. In addition, PCDEs also significantly altered vitellogenin content and related gene (vtg1) expression, suggesting that PCDEs may be estrogen endocrine disruptors. Overall, these results provided some valuable toxicological data of PCDEs on aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmeng Ye
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenli Xiong
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuaishuai Shi
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqi Shi, ; Xuesheng Zhang,
| | - Wenhui Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqi Shi, ; Xuesheng Zhang,
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Garcia D, Lima D, da Silva DGH, de Almeida EA. Decreased malondialdehyde levels in fish (Astyanax altiparanae) exposed to diesel: Evidence of metabolism by aldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver and excretion in water. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110107. [PMID: 31901814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels are commonly considered an indicator of lipid peroxidation derived from oxidative stress insults promoted by exposure of fish to pollutants. However, a decrease in MDA levels after xenobiotic exposure has been also reported, an effect that is mostly attributed to enhanced antioxidant defenses. In this study, we assessed whether pollutant-mediated MDA decrease would be associated with antioxidant enhancement or with its metabolism by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in the liver and gills of lambari (Astyanax altiparanae) exposed to diesel oil (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mL/L). MDA levels were decreased in the liver of lambari exposed to diesel. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were unchanged in the liver, while that of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was decreased. In contrast, levels of total glutathione (tGSH) and the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) were increased in the liver, which partly support antioxidant protection against lipid peroxidation. More importantly, ALDH activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner, being negatively correlated with MDA levels, indicating MDA metabolism by ALDH. In the gills, diesel exposure increased MDA and lipid hydroperoxide levels, and promoted increases in antioxidant defenses, indicating oxidative stress. Curiously, ALDH activity was undetectable in the gills, supporting the possibility of direct MDA excretion in the water by the gills. Analyses of MDA in the water revealed increased levels of MDA in the aquaria in which the fish were exposed to diesel, compared to control aquaria. A second experiment was carried out in which the fish were intraperitoneally injected with MDA (10 mg/kg) and analyzed after 1, 6, and 12 h. MDA injection caused a time-dependent decrease in hepatic MDA levels, did not alter ALDH, CAT, GPx, and GST activities, and decreased G6PDH activity and tGSH levels. In the gills, MDA injection caused a slight increase in MDA levels after 1 h, but did not alter GPx, G6PDH, and GST activities. MDA injection also enhanced CAT activity and tGSH levels in the gills. MDA concentration in water increased progressively after 1, 6, and 12 h, supporting the hypothesis of direct MDA excretion as an alternative route for MDA elimination in fish. Our results suggest that the decreased MDA levels after exposure of lambari to diesel oil pollutant probably reflects an association between enhanced antioxidant protection, MDA metabolism, and MDA excretion in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielly Garcia
- UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daína Lima
- UFSC - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Biochemistry, Florianópolis, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Alves de Almeida
- FURB - Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Department of Natural Sciences, Blumenau, SC, Brazil.
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Evaluation of the Oxidative Stress Status in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Liver Induced by Three Typical Organic UV Filters (BP-4, PABA and PBSA). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020651. [PMID: 31963911 PMCID: PMC7027007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are a kind of emerging pollutants, which have been widely used in personal care products (PCPs). This study evaluated the effects of benzophenone-4 (BP-4), 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) on the selected indices of antioxidative responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. Zebrafish were exposed to two different doses (i.e., 0.5 and 5 mg L-1) of semi-static water with three individual compounds. Liver samples were collected on 7 and 14 days to analyze biochemical indicators, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Oxidative stress occurred in zebrafish liver with significantly changed indicators during the whole exposure period. Different experimental groups could induce or inhibit the activity of antioxidant enzymes with varying degrees. With a prolonged exposure time and increased exposure dose, the hepatic lipid peroxidation was also obviously observed. Moreover, the toxicity order of three organic UV filters was analyzed using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index and the results indicate that exposure to PABA for 7 days at 0.5 mg L-1 and PBSA for 7 days at 5 mg L-1 induced the most severe oxidative stress in the liver of zebrafish.
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