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Šajnović A, Burazer N, Veselinović G, Stojadinović S, Gajica G, Trebše P, Glavaš N, Jovančićević B. Changes in hydrocarbons and elemental distribution in peloids during maturation processes (Sečovlje Salina Nature Park Slovenia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165424. [PMID: 37429466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In Sečovlje Salina Nature Park, the therapeutic mud matured in the natural sedimentary environmental site. This work aimed to determine the influence of the peloid maturation process on the hydrocarbon and elemental distributions, as well as changes in morphology. For this purpose, the sample before and after maturation was examined using various methods. n-Alkanes were the most abundant among saturated hydrocarbons in both immature and mature peloid samples. The results showed that the maturation mainly influenced the change in distribution and concentration (from 378 to 1958 ppm) of n-alkanes. The organic matter (OM) of the immature peloid sample was characterized by a slight prevalence of long-chain and odd carbon-numbered n-alkanes, maximizing at n-C27. However, mature peloid's OM showed a similar share of short-, mid- and long-chain n-alkanes with a slight dominance of short-chain members, maximizing at n-C16. The origin of short-chain and even carbon-numbered n-alkanes was attributed to microbial precursors (e.g., Leptolyngbyaceae). Hopanes were considerably more dominant compared to steranes in both peloids. The hopane series of immature peloid was characterized by the dominance of 22,29,30-trinor-hop-5(6)-ene (C27 hopene), as well as the presence of C30-hop-22(29)-ene (diploptene), which are widespread in cyanobacterial species. The aromatic fraction of immature peloid pointed to the predominance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). As peloid aging progressed, the sample was richer in methyl-branched alkanes, carboxylic acids, their methyl esters, and thermodynamically more stable hopanes and steranes. The presence of elements with toxicological relevance during maturation was reduced below the limits prescribed in most of the directives for cosmetic products. It specifically refers to: As, Ni and Se. A higher concentration of total sulfur in the mature peloid can be related to gypsum precipitation in the summer and/or more intensive microbial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Šajnović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - N Burazer
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - G Veselinović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - S Stojadinović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - G Gajica
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - P Trebše
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - N Glavaš
- SOLINE Pridelava soli d.o.o, Seča 115, 6320 Portorož, Slovenia.
| | - B Jovančićević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Tian X, Zhang Y, Li H, Jiao Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Ma N, Wang W. Property of mud and its application in cosmetic and medical fields: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4235-4251. [PMID: 35254605 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mud is a semi-colloidal substance formed by the mixture of inorganic, organic and water under the influence of various physical and chemical factors through geological and biological processes. The chemical composition of mud is complex, rich in Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Na+ and other mineral elements, also contains organic matter such as humic acid, fulvic acid and acetic acid. In cosmetic field, mud can improve the activity of glutathione enzyme and superoxide dismutase in skin, which helps the skin anti-aging. Besides, it also can improve the skin microbial community, due to its distinctively physical properties, mineral ions, microorganisms, etc. In medical field, mud can treat osteoarthritis, especially knee osteoarthritis which has been studied extensively, and it can also increase the chemotaxis of macrophages. On the one hand, the use of clay (a kind of refined mud) can protect the gastrointestinal tract and treat some gastrointestinal diseases. On the other hand, clay is often used as carriers or composites in drug delivery, especially in skin drug delivery, showing very positive results. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of current knowledge about the application of mud in cosmetic and medical fields and to provide ideas for further research in mud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, 810007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ma
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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Maraver F, Armijo F, Fernandez-Toran MA, Armijo O, Ejeda JM, Vazquez I, Corvillo I, Torres-Piles S. Peloids as Thermotherapeutic Agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041965. [PMID: 33670514 PMCID: PMC7934683 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of peloids as heat-providing therapeutic systems dates back to antiquity. Such systems consist of a liquid phase and an organic or inorganic solid phase. The latter facilitates the handling, preparation and stability of the solid–liquid system, modifying its organoleptic and phy-sicochemical properties, and improves its efficacy and tolerance. Peloids enable the application of heat to very specific zones and the release of heat at a given rate. The aims of this work are to study 16 reference peloids used in medical spa centers as thermo-therapeutic agents as well as to propose nine raw materials as a solid phase for the preparation of peloids. The physical properties studied are the centesimal composition, the instrumental texture and the thermal parameters. In conclusion, the peloids of the medical spas studied are used as thermotherapeutic agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, especially in knee osteoarthritis and to a lesser extent in back pain and psoriatic arthropathy. The clinical experience in these centers shows that the main effects of the application of their peloids are the reduction of pain, an increase in the joint’s functional capacity and an improvement in the quality of life. As thermotherapeutic agents, all the peloids of the me-dical spas studied and the pastes (raw materials with distilled water) examined showed a heat flow rate of up to four times lower than that shown by the same amount of water. The raw materials studied can be used as solid phases for the preparation of peloids with mineral waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Maraver
- Medical Hydrology Group, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation & Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.A.); (J.M.E.); (I.V.)
- Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco Armijo
- Medical Hydrology Group, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation & Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.A.); (J.M.E.); (I.V.)
- Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Onica Armijo
- La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jose Manuel Ejeda
- Medical Hydrology Group, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation & Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.A.); (J.M.E.); (I.V.)
| | - Iciar Vazquez
- Medical Hydrology Group, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation & Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.A.); (J.M.E.); (I.V.)
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Calle de la Calera 1, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iluminada Corvillo
- Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Silvia Torres-Piles
- Research Group in Immunophysiology, Department of Medical-Surgical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain;
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Özay P, Karagülle M, Kardeş S, Karagülle MZ. Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of peloids in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:805. [PMID: 33263866 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of peloids, which are being used traditionally and historically across Turkey, and evaluate their suitability and potential for use in peloidotherapy. Five peloid samples were gathered from their places of origin, namely Gölemezli, Dalyan, Köprüköy, Gökçeada, and Dikili. Mineral analysis and physical and chemical analyses including electrical conductivity, density, cations, anions, trace elements, organic matters, and water retention capacity at 105 °C were performed. The peloids contained a combination of clay minerals (mainly montmorillonite, kaolinite, and muscovite) and non-clay minerals (mainly quartz, calcite, dolomite, and albite) except for Gölemezli peloid, which was dominated by calcite. The other minerals (i.e., chloride-serpentine, sphalerite, pyrite, magnesium calcite, cristobalite) were also found in some peloids. Gölemezli, Dalyan, and Köprüköy peloids had high total organic matters, mainly humic substances. The water retention capacity was high in Dalyan, Köprüköy, and Dikili peloids. All peloids had a pH value slightly greater than 7 (range 7.93-8.69). Dalyan, Köprüköy, and Dikili peloids had a high water retention capacity. Dalyan and Gökçeada peloids had a high electrical conductivity, 22.040 and 9.020 μS/cm, respectively. The density of peloids was ranged between 1.240 (Gölemezli) and 1.450 (Gökçeada) g/cm3. Total mineralization of investigated peloids was greater than 1000 mg/L: Köprüköy, 2754.8 mg/L; Gölemezli, 3092.8 mg/L; Dikili, 4044.6 mg/L; Gökçeada, 6576.6 mg/L; and Dalyan, 11782.9 mg/L, mainly sodium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, and metasilicic acid. The levels of trace elements were low (≤ 2.0 mg/L) in all peloids. The peloids contained various amounts of clay minerals (mainly montmorillonite, kaolinite, and muscovite), non-clay minerals (mainly quartz, calcite, dolomite, and albite), organic matters (mainly humic acid), cations (mainly sodium, magnesium, and calcium), anions (mainly chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate), and insoluble compounds (mainly metasilicic acid). The physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of peloids suggest their suitability and potential for use in peloidotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Özay
- Department of Medical Ecology and Hydroclimatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Karagülle
- Department of Medical Ecology and Hydroclimatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sinan Kardeş
- Department of Medical Ecology and Hydroclimatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Müfit Zeki Karagülle
- Department of Medical Ecology and Hydroclimatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bergamaschi B, Marzola L, Radice M, Manfredini S, Baldini E, Vicentini CB, Marrocchino E, Molesini S, Ziosi P, Vaccaro C, Vertuani S. Comparative Study of SPA Mud from "Bacino Idrominerario Omogeneo dei Colli Euganei (B.I.O.C.E.)-Italy" and Industrially Optimized Mud for Skin Applications. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10060078. [PMID: 32466481 PMCID: PMC7345495 DOI: 10.3390/life10060078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "Salus per aquam (SPA) therapies" refers to therapeutic pathways that includes mud therapy. The therapeutic efficacy of a peloid depends on its chemical and mineralogical composition, as well as its technological properties. Considering the increasing use of clay-based products, it becomes essential to characterize peloids from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. Therefore, this research project aimed to develop a protocol that allows characterization of the chemical-physical composition of sludges collected from different areas of the Homogeneous Euganean Hills Hydromineral Basin (B.I.O.C.E.). The study established a comparative study both between different matrices and between the same matrices at different maturation times, including also a comparison with an industrialized product, that can be used at home, which maintains the characteristics of a natural mud. This research was developed studying the pH, grain size distribution, and chemical and mineralogical composition. Peloids are characterized by a neutral/basic pH and are divided into two categories from a granulometric point of view: The chemical composition allowed observation of numerous correlations between oxides present in the samples and to quantify the presence of heavy metals. Mineralogical analysis made it possible to identify and compare the composition of each sample, also according to the maturation time. Thanks to the methods adopted, important correlations were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bergamaschi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Tecnology, Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.B.); (L.M.); (E.B.); (C.B.V.); (S.V.)
| | - Laura Marzola
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Tecnology, Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.B.); (L.M.); (E.B.); (C.B.V.); (S.V.)
| | - Matteo Radice
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km 2 ½ Puyo-Tena, 160101 Puyo, Equador;
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Tecnology, Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.B.); (L.M.); (E.B.); (C.B.V.); (S.V.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (C.V.); Tel.: +39-0532-974635 (S.M.)
| | - Erika Baldini
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Tecnology, Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.B.); (L.M.); (E.B.); (C.B.V.); (S.V.)
| | - Chiara Beatrice Vicentini
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Tecnology, Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.B.); (L.M.); (E.B.); (C.B.V.); (S.V.)
| | - Elena Marrocchino
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Sonia Molesini
- Ambrosialab s.r.l., via Mortara 171, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Paola Ziosi
- Ambrosialab s.r.l., via Mortara 171, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.M.); (P.Z.)
| | - Carmela Vaccaro
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (C.V.); Tel.: +39-0532-974635 (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Tecnology, Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.B.); (L.M.); (E.B.); (C.B.V.); (S.V.)
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MUNTEANU C, ROTARIU M, DOGARU G, IONESCU EV, CIOBANU V, ONOSE G. Mud therapy and rehabilitation - scientific relevance in the last six years (2015 – 2020)
Systematic literature review and meta-analysis based on the PRISMA paradigm. BALNEO AND PRM RESEARCH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.12680/balneo.2021.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background. Balneotherapy is a stimulation - adaptation treatment method applied in the forms of bathing, drinking, and inhalation cures performed with natural therapeutic factors, a method which is acting in three main ways: thermally, mechanically, and chemically. Mud or peloids are natural therapeutic factors formed by natural processes under the influence of biological and geological phenomena, which in a finely dissolved state and mixed with water (mud) are used in medical practice in the form of baths or local procedures.
Objective. This systematic review aims to rigorously select related articles and identify within their content, the main possible uses of therapeutic mud and physiological mechanisms, to see the main region of scientific interest for pelotherapy, and to discuss the value of mud therapy in rehabilitation medicine.
Methods. The working method is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched for open-access articles published in English, between January 2015 and December 2020, from the following databases: Cochrane, Elsevier, NCBI/PubMed, NCBI/PMC, PEDro, and ISI Web of Knowledge/Science (the latter was also used to identify ISI indexed articles). The contextually searched syntax used was ”Pelotherapy/Peloidotherapy/Mud-therapy/ /Fango-therapy AND Rehabilitation”. The selected articles were analyzed in detail regarding pathologies addressed by mud therapy and country scientific relevance for this therapeutic method. The meta-analysis proceeded was designated to estimate the prevalence of various pathologies in the use of mud therapy.
Results. Our search identified, first, 394 articles. Based on the successive filtering stages and, respectively, on the classification criteria of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), we finally identified/retained and analyzed 68 articles. Although, in principle, a rigorous method – and we have followed the PRISMA type paradigm – there still might be some missing works of our related article selection. On the other hand, to augment/ consolidate our documentation base, we have used also 40 papers freely found in the literature, and even – aiming, too, at an as exhaustive knowledge underpinning as possible – derogatively, we have also considered some articles which, probably being very new, couldn't yet have reached the PEDro threshold score we have settled.
Conclusions. This paper overviews the current state-of-the-art knowledge in the approach of peloidotherapy in rehabilitation, with a focal point on the therapeutic properties of peloids.
Keywords: mud-therapy, pelotherapy, peloidotherapy, fango therapy, rehabilitation, balneotherapy, natural therapeutic factors,
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin MUNTEANU
- 1. Romanian Association of Balneology, Bucharest, Romania 2. Teaching Emergency Hospital ”Bagdasar-Arseni”, Bucharest, Romania 3. Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, Iași, Romania
| | - Mariana ROTARIU
- Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, Iași, Romania
| | - Gabriela DOGARU
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 6. Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elena Valentina IONESCU
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanța, Romania 9. Computer Science Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad CIOBANU
- Computer Science Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gelu ONOSE
- 2. Teaching Emergency Hospital ”Bagdasar-Arseni”, Bucharest, Romania
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