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Joshi P, Mehta S, Goswami RN, Srivastava M, Ray A, Khatri OP. Fruit waste-derived cellulose-polyaniline composite for adsorption-coupled reduction of chromium oxyanions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8719-8735. [PMID: 38182948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium oxyanions, known as potentially toxic micropollutants, exist in the effluents and discharges of metallurgical, electroplating, refractory, chemical, and tanning industries. The exposure of chromium-contaminated water causes severe health hazards. The present work outlines a facile approach to grow polyaniline (PANI) on fruit-waste-derived cellulose (CEL) via oxidative polymerization of aniline; followed by chemical processing with NH4OH to obtain CEL-PANI-EB composites for adsorptive separation-coupled reduction of highly toxic hexavalent chromium oxyanions. The spectroscopic analyses of the CEL-PANI-EB composite before and after adsorption of Cr(VI) oxyanions revealed hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and complexation as major interactive pathways. The adsorbed hexavalent chromium oxyanions are reduced into Cr(III) species by oxidation of PANI-based benzenoid amine into quinoid imine in the CEL-PANI-EB composite. The adsorption of Cr(VI) oxyanions by the CEL-PANI-EB composite showed negligible effects of other anionic co-pollutants, like NO3- and SO42-. The CEL-PANI-EB composite adsorbed Cr(VI) oxyanions with a removal capacity of 469 mg g-1, based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The hydroxyl functionalities in cellulose and amine/imine functionalities in PANI facilitate the electrostatic attraction between the CEL-PANI-EB and Cr(VI) oxyanions in an acidic environment beside the hydrogen linkages. The adsorbed Cr(VI) oxyanions are reduced to Cr(III)-based species by the benzenoid amines of PANI, as revealed from the XPS analyses. The CEL-PANI-EB composite showed excellent recyclability and maintained 83.4% adsorption efficiency after seven runs of chromium adsorption-desorption. The current findings reveal the potential of CEL-PANI-EB composites for the adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) oxyanions and their conversion into a lesser toxic form, making them promising materials for wastewater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Joshi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sweta Mehta
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ramesh N Goswami
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Manoj Srivastava
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anjan Ray
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Om P Khatri
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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2
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Cheng J, Jiao R, Sun Q. Free-standing N, S co-doped graphene aerogels coupled with Eucalyptus wood tar-based activated carbon and cellulose nanofibers for high-performance supercapacitor and removal of Cr(VI). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127542. [PMID: 37907178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
N, S-dual doping graphene aerogels with three dimensional interconnected network and large specific surface area have been fabricated by cellulose nanofibers (CNF), Eucalyptus wood tar-based activated carbon (AC), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for the energy storage applications as well as the removal of Cr(VI). Benefiting from the particular pore structural characteristics, the optimized activated carbon aerogel electrode (GDAC) exhibited prominent capacitances of 813.8 F/g at 1 A/g, and prominent cycling stability. The Ragone plot for the GDAC supercapacitor depicted that the energy density reached maximum (50 Wh/kg) when the power density was 370 W/kg. As far as the adsorption capacity of GDAC for Cr(VI), GDAC achieved a removal rate of 97 % for Cr(VI) and a maximum adsorption capacity of 939.20 mg/g. The fabrication method and excellent performance of GDAC proposed in this study provided new perspective into the potential application of Eucalyptus wood tar-based materials in the supercapacitor applications. Additionally, the comprehensive analysis of the structure-function relationship also provided important theoretical foundations for the removal of Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ruzhen Jiao
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qiwu Sun
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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3
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Milakin KA, Taboubi O, Hromádková J, Bober P. Magnetic Polypyrrole-Gelatin-Barium Ferrite Cryogel as an Adsorbent for Chromium (VI) Removal. Gels 2023; 9:840. [PMID: 37888413 PMCID: PMC10606301 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypyrrole-gelatin aerogels, containing magnetic barium ferrite (BaFe) particles, (PPy-G-BaFe) were synthesized by oxidative cryopolymerization and used as adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous media. The removal was performed at pH 4, which was shown to be the optimal value, due to HCrO4- being the dominant species in these conditions and its more favorable adsorption and reduction compared to CrO42-, present at pH > 4. It was found that the presence of magnetic BaFe particles had no effect on the adsorption performance of PPy aerogels in terms of capacity and kinetics, which was attributed to its relatively low content in the composite. After the adsorption, the presence of chromium in the composites was confirmed by EDX and its electrostatic interaction with the adsorbent was pointed at by vibrational spectroscopy, corresponding to the accepted adsorption mechanism. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model pointing at chemisorption being the rate-limiting step. The adsorption isotherm data was best fitting with the Temkin model. The maximum adsorption capacity, calculated using the Langmuir model, was 255.8 mg g-1 (the maximum experimental value was 161.6 mg g-1). Additionally, the possibility of Cr(VI) adsorption in the presence of Cl-, Br-, NO3- and SO42- as interfering ions was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrycja Bober
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.A.M.); (O.T.); (J.H.)
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Zhang X, Li Y, Zou W, Ding L, Chen J. Sorption enhancement of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by polyaniline confined in three-dimensional network of composite porous hydrogel. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:92404-92416. [PMID: 37491493 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is a typical harmful pollutant, which is carcinogenic or mutagenic to aquatic animals and humans. In this study, sepiolite/humic acid/polyvinyl alcohol@ polyaniline (SC/HA/PVA@PANI) composite porous hydrogel adsorbent was synthesized by Pickering emulsion template in situ chemical oxidative polymerization for adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The in situ polymerization of aniline at the Pickering emulsion interface and the unique three-dimensional network structure of the hydrogel act as an effective "confinement" for the growth of the polymer. The porous structure of the material acts as a water channel, which effectively accelerates the binding of the adsorbate to the adsorption sites, and significantly improves the adsorption rate and adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of PANI for Cr(VI) confined in three-dimensional network of composite porous SC/HA/PVA@PANI hydrogel reached 1180.97 mg/g-PANI, which increased about 27-fold compared the adsorption capacity of pure PANI (43.48 mg/g). It is shown that the experimental design effectively avoids the agglomeration of PANI and improves its potential adsorption performance. In addition, the analysis of FESEM-EDX, FT-IR, and XPS spectra before and after adsorption confirmed that the main adsorption mechanisms of Cr(VI) on SC/HA/PVA@PANI included ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and redox reaction. In conclusion, SC/HA/PVA@PANI has good stability and excellent adsorption performance, which is a new type of Cr(VI) ion adsorbent with great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma Xiang road, Maanshan, 243000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma Xiang road, Maanshan, 243000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma Xiang road, Maanshan, 243000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma Xiang road, Maanshan, 243000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma Xiang road, Maanshan, 243000, People's Republic of China.
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Bezaatpour A, Amiri M, Vocke H, Bottke P, Zastrau MF, Weers M, Wark M. Low-pressure CO2 fixation with epoxides via a new modified nano crystalline NH2-MIL-101(Cr) in Solvent-free and cocatalyst free condition. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bin Y, Liang Q, Luo H, Chen Y, Wang T. One-step synthesis of nitrogen-functionalized graphene aerogel for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6746-6757. [PMID: 36002790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The efficient removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) with high toxicity has attracted widespread concern since it causes serious harm to ecological environment and public health. Herein, we report a novel nitrogen-functionalized graphene aerogel with stereoscopic structure through a simple hydrothermal method and freeze drying for Cr(VI) removal from water. Graphene oxide (GO) and nitrogenous organics polyethyleneimine (PEI) and pyrrole are used as raw materials for preparing PEI/polypyrrole/GO aerogel (PPGA) adsorbent. PEI and pyrrole act as nitrogen sources to introduce nitrogenous functional groups, and also take on the role of cross-linkers for helping GO sheets to form stereoscopic structure. The obtained PPGA has a fast adsorption rate, excellent reusability, and shows a remarkable adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) up to 458.24 mg/g under the optimal conditions (pH 2.0, 298 K, Cr(VI): 600 mg/L, dosage: 0.4 g/L). The adsorption process of Cr(VI) on PPGA can fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well. Analysis of intraparticle diffusion shows that the Cr(VI) removal process is a multi-step process. Adsorption thermodynamic and isotherm results demonstrate Cr(VI) adsorption on PPGA is a spontaneous endothermic process. The adsorption mechanism involves electrostatic attraction, redox, and chelation. In general, this work provides a simple and eco-friendly way to prepare PPGA, which has a great potential for actual application of Cr(VI) removal in effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Bin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qianwei Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hanjin Luo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yuyu Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Fantinel LA, Bonetto LR, Baldasso C, Poletto M. Evaluation of the use of adsorbents based on graphene oxide and cellulose for Cr(VI) adsorption. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2022.2132152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Antônio Fantinel
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Rafael Bonetto
- Chemical Engineering, Exact Sciences, and Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Baldasso
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus Poletto
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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Praxedes F, Moreno H, Simões A, Teixeira V, Nunes R, Amoresi R, Ramirez M. Interface matters: Design of an efficient CaCu3Ti4O12-rGO photocatalyst. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chigondo M, Nyamunda B, Maposa M, Chigondo F. Polypyrrole-based adsorbents for Cr(VI) ions remediation from aqueous solution: a review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:1600-1619. [PMID: 35290234 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are principally responsible for the manifestation of toxic and carcinogenic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) triggering water pollution that threatens the environment and human health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) restricts Cr(VI) ion concentration to 0.1 and 0.05 mg/L in inland surface water and drinking water, respectively. The available technologies for Cr(VI) ion removal from water were highlighted with an emphasis on the adsorption technology. Furthermore, the characteristics of several polypyrrole-based adsorbents were scrutinized including amino-containing compounds, biosorbents, graphene/graphene oxide, clay materials and many other additives with reported effective Cr(VI) ion uptake. This efficiency in Cr(VI) ions adsorption is attributed to enhanced redox properties, increased number of functional groups as well as the synergistic behaviour of the materials making up the composites. The Langmuir isotherm best described the adsorption processes with maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 3.40-961.50 mg/g. The regeneration of Cr(VI) ion-laden adsorbents was studied. Ion exchange, electrostatic attractions, complexation, chelation reactions with protonated sites and reduction were the mechanisms of adsorption. Nevertheless, there are limited details on comprehensive adsorbent regeneration studies to prolong robustness in adsorption-desorption cycles and utilization of the Cr(VI) ion-laden adsorbent in other areas of research to limit the threat of secondary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Chigondo
- Department of Chemical and Processing Engineering, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences, Fern Hill Campus, P. Bag 7001, Mutare, Zimbabwe E-mail: ,
| | - Benias Nyamunda
- Department of Chemical and Processing Engineering, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences, Fern Hill Campus, P. Bag 7001, Mutare, Zimbabwe E-mail: ,
| | - Munashe Maposa
- Department of Chemical and Processing Engineering, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences, Fern Hill Campus, P. Bag 7001, Mutare, Zimbabwe E-mail: ,
| | - Fidelis Chigondo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
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Ramos‐Hernández LE, Pérez‐Aguilar NV, Ovando‐Medina VM, Oyervides‐Muñoz E, Arcibar‐Orozco JA. Photoinduced adsorption of Cr(
VI
) ions in nano‐zinc oxide and nano‐zinc oxide/polypyrrole composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Ramos‐Hernández
- Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Saltillo Mexico
| | - Nancy V. Pérez‐Aguilar
- Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Saltillo Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto Oyervides‐Muñoz
- Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Saltillo Mexico
| | - Javier A. Arcibar‐Orozco
- Research Department CIATEC A.C. Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas León Mexico
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Nundy S, Ghosh A, Nath R, Paul A, Tahir AA, Mallick TK. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) aerogel: Efficient adsorbent for the elimination of antimony (III) and (V) from wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126554. [PMID: 34252676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
3D porous, thin sheet-like rGO aerogel was fabricated to explore its antimony (Sb) removal potential from wastewater. Langmuir isothermal and pseudo-second-order kinetic model best-suited the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacities were 168.59 and 206.72 mg/g for Sb (III and V) at pH 6.0 respectively. The thermodynamic parameters designated the process to be thermodynamically spontaneous, endothermic reaction, a result of dissociative chemisorption. The rGO aerogel bestowed good selectively among competing ions and reusability with 95% efficiency. rGO posed excellent practicability with Sb-spiked tap water and fixed-bed column experiments showing 97.6% of Sb (III) (3.6 μg/L) and 96.8% of Sb (V) (4.7 μg/L) removal from tap water and from fixed column bed experiments breakthrough volumes (BV) for the Sb (III) and Sb (V) ions were noted to be 540 BV and 925 BV respectively, until 5 ppb, which are below the requirement of MCL for Sb in drinking water (6 μg/L). XPS and DFT analyses explained adsorption mechanism and depicted a higher affinity of Sb (V) towards rGO surface than Sb (III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Nundy
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Aritra Ghosh
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Renewable Energy, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Rounak Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ankan Paul
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Asif Ali Tahir
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Tapas K Mallick
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
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Zhang D, Crini G, Lichtfouse E, Rhimi B, Wang C. Removal of Mercury Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Crosslinked Chitosan‐based Adsorbents: A Mini Review. CHEM REC 2020; 20:1220-1234. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 P.R. China
| | - Grégorio Crini
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, UMR 6249, UFR Sciences et Techniques Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté 16 route de Gray 25000 Besançon France
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE Avenue Louis Philibert 13100 Aix en Provence France
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049 P.R. China
| | - Baker Rhimi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 P.R. China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 P.R. China
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