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Cao T, Zheng Y, Dong H. Control of odor emissions from livestock farms: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 225:115545. [PMID: 36822532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Odor emission seriously affects human and animal health, and the ecological environment. Nevertheless, a systematic summary regarding the control technology for odor emissions in livestock breeding is currently lacking. This paper summarizes odor control technology, highlighting its applicability, advantages, and limitations, which can be used to evaluate and identify the most appropriate methods in livestock production management. Odor control technologies are divided into four categories: dietary manipulation (low-crude protein diet and enzyme additives in feed), in-housing management (separation of urine from feces, adsorbents used as litter additive, and indoor environment/manure surface spraying agent), manure management (semi-permeable membrane-covered, reactor composting, slurry cover, and slurry acidification), and end-of-pipe measures for air treatment (wet scrubbing of the exhaust air from animal houses and biofiltration of the exhaust air from animal houses or composting). Findings of this paper provide a theoretical basis for the application of odor control technology in livestock farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Cao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Yunhao Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Hongmin Dong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Treatment of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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Overmeyer V, Trimborn M, Clemens J, Hölscher R, Büscher W. Acidification of slurry to reduce ammonia and methane emissions: Deployment of a retrofittable system in fattening pig barns. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 331:117263. [PMID: 36669315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Livestock farming, and in particular slurry management, is a major contributor to ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) emissions in Europe. Furthermore, reduced NH3 and CH4 emissions are also relevant in licensing procedures and the management of livestock buildings. Therefore, the aim is to keep emissions from the barn as low as possible. Acidification of slurry in the barn can reduce these environmental and climate-relevant emissions by a pH value of 5.5. In this study, an acidification technology was retrofitted in an existing fattening pig barn equipped with a partially slatted floor. The slurry in a compartment with 32 animals was acidified. An identical compartment was used for reference investigations (case-control approach). Several times a week slurry was pumped for acidification in a process tank outside the barn compartment in a central corridor, where sulphuric acid (H2SO4) was added. Then the slurry was pumped back into the barn. In contrast to other systems, where acidified slurry was stored mainly in external storage tanks, in this study the slurry was completely stored in the slurry channels under the slatted floor, during the entire fattening period. The emission mass flow of NH3 and CH4 was measured continuously over three fattening periods, with one period in spring and two periods in summer. On average 17.1 kg H2SO4 (96%) (m³ slurry)-1 were used for acidification during the three fattening periods. NH3 and CH4 emissions were reduced by 39 and 67%, respectively. The hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentration in the barn air of the acidification compartment was harmlessly low (0.02 ppm). Thus, despite the storage of the acidified slurry in the barn, the system leads to a lower concentration of detrimental gases, which is beneficial for the animals' as well as for the workers' health. The study shows that it is possible to retrofit acidification technology into existing pig barns. Further investigations shall identify possible measures to reduce the amount of H2SO4 used and thus minimise the sulphur input into the slurry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Overmeyer
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Manfred Trimborn
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Joachim Clemens
- SF-Soepenberg GmbH, Emil-Fischer-Straße 14, 46569, Hünxe, Germany.
| | - Richard Hölscher
- Hölscher + Leuschner GmbH & Co. KG, Siemensstraße 15, 48488, Emsbüren, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Büscher
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Bist RB, Subedi S, Chai L, Yang X. Ammonia emissions, impacts, and mitigation strategies for poultry production: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:116919. [PMID: 36516703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are the main sources of air pollutants such as ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases. Among air pollutants, NH3 is one of the most concerned gasses in terms of air quality, environmental impacts, and manure nutrient losses. It is recommended that NH3 concentrations in the poultry house should be controlled below 25 ppm. Otherwise, the poor air quality will impair the health and welfare of animals and their caretakers. After releasing from poultry houses, NH3 contributes to the form of fine particulate matters in the air and acidify soil and water bodies after deposition. Therefore, understanding the emission influential factors and impacts is critical for developing mitigation strategies to protect animals' welfare and health, environment, and ecosystems. This review paper summarized the primary NH3 emission influential factors, such as how poultry housing systems, seasonal changes, feed management, bedding materials, animal densities, and animals' activities can impact indoor air quality and emissions. A higher level of NH3 (e.g., >25 ppm) results in lower production efficiency and poor welfare and health, e.g., respiratory disorder, less feed intake, lower growth rates or egg production, poor feed use efficiency, increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, and mortality. In addition, the egg quality (e.g., albumen height, pH, and condensation) was reduced after laying hens chronically exposed to high NH3 levels. High NH3 levels have detrimental effects on farm workers' health as it is a corrosive substance to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and thus may cause blindness, irritation (throat, nose, eyes), and lung illness. For controlling poultry house NH3 levels and emissions, we analyzed various mitigation strategies such as litter additives, biofiltration, acid scrubber, dietary manipulation, and bedding materials. Litter additives were tested with 50% efficiency in broiler houses and 80-90% mitigation efficiency for cage-free hen litter at a higher application rate (0.9 kg m-2). Filtration systems such as multi-stage acid scrubbers have up to 95% efficiency on NH3 mitigation. However, cautions should be paid as mitigation strategies could be cost prohibitive for farmers, which needs assistances or subsidies from governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Bahadur Bist
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sachin Subedi
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lilong Chai
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Filho WL, Setti AFF, Azeiteiro UM, Lokupitiya E, Donkor FK, Etim NN, Matandirotya N, Olooto FM, Sharifi A, Nagy GJ, Djekic I. An overview of the interactions between food production and climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156438. [PMID: 35660578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of how food production influences climate change and also illustrates the impact of climate change on food production. To perform such an overview, the (inter)link between different parts of the food supply chain continuum (agriculture production, livestock farming, food processing, food transport and storing, retail food, and disposal of food waste) and climate change has been investigated through a bibliometric analysis. Besides UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13, associated with climate change, other SDGs that are associated with this overview are goals #1, #2, #3, #6, #7, #12, and #15. Based on the evidence gathered, the paper provides some recommendations that may assist in efforts to reduce the climate-related impacts of food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Leal Filho
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; European School of Sustainability Science and Research, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany.
| | - Andréia Faraoni Freitas Setti
- Department of Biology, CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ulisses M Azeiteiro
- Department of Biology, CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Erandathie Lokupitiya
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka.
| | - Felix Kwabena Donkor
- College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences (CAES), University of South Africa (UNISA), 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa
| | | | - Newton Matandirotya
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Felicia Motunrayo Olooto
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Services, Faculty of Agriculture, PMB 1530, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Ayyoob Sharifi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan.
| | - Gustavo J Nagy
- Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales (IECA), Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Ilija Djekic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Uguz S, Anderson G, Yang X, Simsek E, Osabutey A. Cultivation of Scenedesmus dimorphus with air contaminants from a pig confinement building. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115129. [PMID: 35477139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The continual consolidation and concentration of animal feeding operations (AFOs) raises various environmental challenges, including air pollutant emission. Cost-effective mitigation technologies are pursued to protect the health and wellbeing of animals and farmers as well as the environment. Previous lab studies utilized ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2), two major air pollutants in AFOs, for microalgal cultivation. However, the field performance of this algae-based mitigation approach has yet to be investigated. In this study, two photobioreactors (PBRs) were tested in a nursery pig barn to mitigate NH3 and CO2 while growing Scenedesmus dimorphus (S. dimorphus). Pit air was fed into the PBRs where the two pollutants were adsorbed by S. dimorphus as nutrients to produce algal biomass and oxygen gas (O2). The cleaned air then recirculated back to the room space. S. dimorphus reached its maximum cell count on the 17th day of the experiment when NH3 and CO2 concentrations in the pit air were 25.6 ppm and 3150 ppm, respectively. The maximum biomass concentration occurred on the 11th day when the NH3 and CO2 concentrations were 14.6 and 2250 ppm, respectively. The average mitigation efficiency was 31-50% for NH3 and 1-1.7% for CO2. The costs for removing 1 g NH3 and CO2 were estimated to be $3.77 and $0.20, respectively. This study shows that an integrated PBR system is technically feasible for reducing pig barn air pollutant emission while producing microalgae as a valuable product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyit Uguz
- Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, 16240, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gary Anderson
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Xufei Yang
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Ercan Simsek
- Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, 16240, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Augustina Osabutey
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
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Schmithausen AJ, Deeken HF, Gerlach K, Trimborn M, Weiß K, Büscher W, Maack GC. Greenhouse gas formation during the ensiling process of grass and lucerne silage. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114142. [PMID: 34864516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silage is an essential global feedstuff and an emitter of greenhouse gases. However, few studies have examined the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) during the ensiling process. This study aimed to record the course of gas concentrations in forage during the ensiling process and determine the temporal variation in the (microbiological) formation processes. Grass and lucerne, each with two different dry matter (DM) concentrations (four variants, each n = 3), were ensiled in laboratory-scale barrels (120 L). Gas samples were taken from the headspace of the barrels and analysed using a gas chromatograph. The measurement period included the first 49 days of the ensiling process and the measurement interval was 0.5-48.0 h. For all variants, a rapid increase in CO2 concentration and a one-time N2O concentration peak was observed between ensiling hours 36 and 96. Lower DM concentration led to significantly faster CO2 production (p < 0.05). Lucerne forage and higher DM concentrations led to significantly increased N2O concentrations (p < 0.05). The extensive measurements demonstrated that butyric acid formation by clostridia contributes to CH4 formation; thus, lucerne silage had a significantly higher concentration from ensiling day 13 (p < 0.05). Therefore, malfermentation actively contributes to the formation of greenhouse gases. The method described here provides further insights into greenhouse gas formation during the ensiling process and can thus help to improve ensiling research and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Schmithausen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Hauke F Deeken
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Katrin Gerlach
- Institute of Animal Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Manfred Trimborn
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Weiß
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Büscher
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gerd-Christian Maack
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Emissions of Gaseous Pollutants from Pig Farms and Methods for their Reduction – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Agriculture contributes significantly to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Livestock production, including pig production, is associated with several gaseous pollutants released into the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alcohols, aldehydes, and aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, as well as typically odorous pollutants, are an inseparable element of raising and breeding farm animals. These emissions can degrade local and regional air quality, contribute to surface water eutrophication and acid rain, and increase the greenhouse gas footprint of the production sector. The paper is organized as follows. First, the sources and factors influencing the level of emissions from pig houses are described. Next, the effects of dietary methods (optimization of animal diets), hygienic methods (including microclimate optimization) and technological methods (application of technological solutions) for mitigating emissions from pigs are discussed.
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Krommweh MS, Büscher W. Heating performance of a laboratory pilot-plant combining heat exchanger and air scrubber for animal houses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6872. [PMID: 33767289 PMCID: PMC7994639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaust air treatment systems (EATS) are used in animal husbandry to reduce emissions. However, EATS are associated with high acquisition and operating costs. Therefore, a plant technology is being developed that integrates a recuperative heat exchanger into a biological air scrubber. The overall aim is to reduce total costs of livestock buildings with EATS by saving heating costs and to improve animal environment. In this study, a special pilot-plant on a small-scale, using clean exhaust air, was constructed to evaluate the heating performance on laboratory scale. Three assembly situations of the heat exchanger into trickle-bed reactor were part of a trial with two different defined air flow rates. In all three assembly situations, preheating of cold outside air was observed. The heating performance of the assembly situation with the sprayed heat exchanger arranged below showed an average of 4.4 kW at 1800 m3 h−1 (outside air temperature range 0.0–7.9 °C). This is up to 18% higher than the other two experimental setups. The heating performance of the pilot-plant is particularly influenced by the outside air temperature. Further research on the pilot-plant is required to test the system under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel S Krommweh
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Büscher
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Nußallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Pigs' Feed Fermentation Model with Antimicrobial Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains Combination by Changing Extruded Soya to Biomodified Local Feed Stock. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050783. [PMID: 32365953 PMCID: PMC7277722 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The world population is growing, and for this reason, it is very important to ensure increased agricultural production in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. The aim of this study was to apply a combination of newly isolated antimicrobial characteristic possessing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains for local stock (rapeseed meal) fermentation and to evaluate the influence of changing an extruded soya to biomodified rapeseed meal in a feed recipe on piglet feces microbiota, health parameters, growth performance, and ammonia emission. The 36-day experiment was conducted using 25-day-old Large White/Norwegian Landrace (LW/NL) piglets, which were randomly distributed into two groups: a control group fed with a basal diet and a treated group fed with a fermented diet (500 g/kg of total feed). Changing from an extruded soya to fermented rapeseed meal led to desirable changes in piglets’ fecal microbiota (there was more than a four-fold higher Lactobacillus count compared to the control group). There was also a 20.6% reduction in ammonia emission in the treated group section. Finally, by changing from extruded soya to less expensive rapeseed meal and applying a fermentation model with selected LAB combination, piglets were fed without any undesirable changes in health and growth performance, as well as in a more sustainable manner. Abstract The aim of this study was to apply newly isolated antimicrobial characteristic possessing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starters (Lactobacillus plantarum LUHS122, Lactobacillus casei LUHS210, Lactobacillus farraginis LUHS206, Pediococcus acidilactici LUHS29, L. plantarum LUHS135, and Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245) for local stock (rapeseed meal) fermentation and to evaluate the influence of changing from an extruded soya to biomodified local stock in a feed recipe on piglets’ fecal microbiota, health parameters, growth performance, and ammonia emission. In addition, biomodified rapeseed meal characteristics (acidity and microbiological) were analyzed. The 36-day experiment was conducted using 25-day-old Large White/Norwegian Landrace (LW/NL) piglets, which were randomly distributed into two groups: a control group fed with basal diet and a treated group fed with fermented feed (500 g/kg of total feed). The study showed that the selected LAB starter combination can be recommended for rapeseed meal fermentation (viable LAB count in fermented feed 8.5 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/g and pH 3.94 ± 0.04). At the beginning of the in vivo experiment, the microbial profiles in both piglet groups were very similar: The highest prevalence was Prevotella (34.6–38.2%) and Lactobacillus (24.3–29.7%). However, changing from an extruded soya to fermented rapeseed meal in the feed recipe led to desirable changes in piglets’ fecal microbiota. There was a more than four-fold higher Lactobacillus count compared to the control group. Furthermore, there was significantly lower ammonia emission (20.6% reduction) in the treated group section. Finally, by changing from an extruded soya to cheaper rapeseed meal and applying the fermentation model with the selected LAB combination, it is possible to feed piglets without any undesirable changes in health and growth performance, as well as in a more sustainable manner.
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