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Savin RL, Ladoși D, Ladoși I, Păpuc T, Becze A, Cadar O, Torök I, Simedru D, Mariș ȘC, Coroian A. Influence of Fish Species and Wood Type on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Smoked Fish Meat. Foods 2024; 13:1790. [PMID: 38928732 PMCID: PMC11202992 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the numerous sensory, organoleptic and nutritional qualities, fish meat may also contain some toxic compounds with negative effects on human health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals resulting from incomplete combustion, found at high levels in thermally processed foods, especially in smoked fish. This research studied the influence of wood type (beech, plum and oak) and fish species (rainbow trout, carp and Siberian sturgeon) on PAH contamination in hot smoked fish. Benzo(a)Piren, Σ4PAHs and Σ15PAHs were considered as main indicators of PAH contamination. All-PAHs was quantified in all samples, indicating a specific dynamic of values due to the influence of variables. Generally, BaP (benzo(a)pyrene) content in the samples ranged from 0.11 µg/kg to 8.63 µg/kg, Σ4PAHs from 0.70 µg/kg to 45.24 µg/kg and Σ15PAHs from 17.54 µg/kg to 450.47 µg/kg. Thus, plum wood promoted the highest levels of PAHs, followed by oak and beech. Carp and Siberian sturgeon presented the highest concentrations of PAHs. Some of these parameters had levels that exceeded the limits allowed by legislation via Commission Regulation (EU) No 835/2011. Results revealed BaP levels > 2 µg/kg when plum wood was used in rainbow trout (4.04 µg/kg), carp (4.47 µg/kg) and Siberian sturgeon (8.63 µg/kg). Moreover, the same trend was found for Σ4PAHs, which exceeded 12 µg/kg in rainbow trout (17.57 µg/kg), carp (45.24 µg/kg) and Siberian sturgeon (44.97 µg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul-Lucian Savin
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.-L.S.)
| | - Daniela Ladoși
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.-L.S.)
| | - Ioan Ladoși
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.-L.S.)
| | - Tudor Păpuc
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.-L.S.)
| | - Anca Becze
- INCDO-INOE2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O.C.); (I.T.)
| | - Oana Cadar
- INCDO-INOE2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O.C.); (I.T.)
| | - Iulia Torök
- INCDO-INOE2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O.C.); (I.T.)
| | - Dorina Simedru
- INCDO-INOE2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (O.C.); (I.T.)
| | - Ștefania Codruța Mariș
- Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, UDL, Av. Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Leida, Spain
| | - Aurelia Coroian
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăștur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.-L.S.)
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Emoyoma UO, Ezejiofor AN, Frazzoli C, Bocca B, Ekhator OC, Onyena AP, Udom GJ, Orisakwe OE. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish (fresh and dried) and public health in Nigeria: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2197-2212. [PMID: 37417444 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2230915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In Nigeria, environmental pollution linked with PAHs has been increasing, and PAHs in fish pose a threat to all, especially those that rely upon fish. This systematic review aimed at evaluating human health effect of PAHs concentration in dried and fresh fish in Nigeria. A systematic literature search was carried out on PubMed, MedLine, Web of Science and Science Direct, etc. From the total of 31 articles reviewed, 19 studies reported on fresh fish and 9 on dried fish. 54.8% of the selected research reported on high-level PAH accumulation in fresh fish. PAH contamination was mainly from petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. The major health outcomes from this study were cancer and non-carcinogenic risks, skin irritations, gastrointestinal, child deformities, respiratory disorders, emotional distresses, neurological and haematological effects. It is recommended that regulations be made to abate and monitor the environmental exposure of humans to PAHs to ameliorate the public health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udi Ogheneovoh Emoyoma
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Anthoneth Ndidi Ezejiofor
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department for Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Osazuwa Clinton Ekhator
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Benin, Benin, Edo, Benin
| | - Amarachi Pascaline Onyena
- Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Nigeria Maritime University Okerenkoko, Warri, Nigeria
| | - Godswill J Udom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti Nigeria
| | - Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Provictorie Research Center, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Kuhn AV, Pont GD, Cozer N, Sadauskas-Henrique H. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish: A systematic review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115778. [PMID: 38016205 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted on the concentrations of PAHs, including benzo[a]pyrene and the sum of four PAHs (benz[a]anthracene, chryseno, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene), in unsmoked fish tissues. The values were related to the time period, locality (country and region), living habits, eating habits, and types of environments of the fish species. The data obtained has been also compared with the limits established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and European Union (E.U.) legislation. The data were collected through a PRISMA systematic review (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) from 1982 to 2020. Only documents that presented the PAHs concentration values were selected. China, Nigeria, and Iran had the highest number of studies. The species Coptodon zillii, Siganus punctatus, and Liza abu were the most commonly used bioindicators. Fish inhabiting demersal and pelagic environments showed the highest concentrations of PAHs. The majority of PAH concentrations of the analyzed documents fell within permissible limits for human consumption, representing a total percentage of 79.49 % for benzo[a]pyrene and 82.86 % for the sum of the 4 PAHs. Although some studies identified concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene alone and benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chryseno, benzo[b]fluoranthene above the legislation limits, in most of them, the concentrations reported in fish tissue were below the limits defined by European Legislation for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Vieira Kuhn
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Bioquímica de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil.
| | - Giorgi Dal Pont
- Grupo Integrado de Aquicultura e Estudos Ambientais, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Juvevê, 80035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nathieli Cozer
- Grupo Integrado de Aquicultura e Estudos Ambientais, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Juvevê, 80035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Helen Sadauskas-Henrique
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Bioquímica de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
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Dwumfour-Asare B, Dartey E, Adherr NSK, Sarpong K, Asare EA. Effect of Smoking and Grilling on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ghanaian Tilapia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231213546. [PMID: 38046521 PMCID: PMC10691319 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231213546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The study assessed 18 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) sampled from an aquaculture cage (farm) and a wild catch. The PAHs in fish samples were analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Four PAHs (in order of levels: Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene > Anthracene > Perylene > Pyrene; 100-0.8 µg/kg) and only one PAH (Pyrene: 4 µg/kg) were detected in raw samples from the cage and wild catch respectively. Chargrilling significantly increased Pyrene levels after cooking (wild: 4-11 µg/kg; cage: 5-23 µg/kg, p < .05), and likewise Anthracene levels in cage samples (13-153 µg/kg) but decreased Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene levels from 100 ± 20 to 1.2 ± 0.2 µg/kg in cage samples. Smoking significantly increased 13 to 15 PAH congeners' levels (from < 1.0 up to 340 µg/kg) and total PAHs (wild: 4 to 840 µg/kg; cage: 110 to 560 µg/kg), and decreased Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene (100 to 1.3 µg/kg) in cage samples but showed no effect on Benzo [g, h, i] perylene and Dibenzo [a, h] anthracene levels in all samples. For smoked samples, Benzo [a] pyrene and PAH4 (Benzo [a] anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo [b] fluoranthene, and Benzo [a] pyrene) exceeded the respective maximum permissible limits of 2 µg/kg and 12 µg/kg, and significantly influenced the levels of carcinogenic PAHs (CPAH, 135-170 µg/kg). Nevertheless, the Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) estimates, from a conservative approach, were far below the threshold (10-4), implying that consuming smoked or grilled tilapia from the study site is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bismark Dwumfour-Asare
- Department of Environmental Health & Sanitation Education, Faculty of Environment and Health Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Dartey
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Nomolox Solomon Kofi Adherr
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Kofi Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Agyapong Asare
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
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Alves ICB, Dos Santos JRN, Marques EP, Sousa JKC, Beluomini MA, Stradiotto NR, Marques ALB. Electrochemical sensor based on carbon nanotube decorated with manganese oxide nanoparticles for naphthalene determination. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1681-1692. [PMID: 37269536 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an electrochemical sensor was developed for the determination of naphthalene (NaP) in well water samples, based on a glass carbon electrode (GCE) modified as a nanocomposite of manganese oxides (MnOx) and COOH-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The synthesis of MnOx nanoparticles was performed by the sol-gel method. The nanocomposite was obtained by mixing MnOx and MWCNT with the aid of ultrasound, followed by stirring for 24 h. Surface modification facilitated the electron transfer process through the MnOx/MWCNT/GCE composite, which was used as an electrochemical sensor. The sensor and its material were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Important parameters influencing electrochemical sensor performance (pH, composite ratios) were investigated and optimized. The MnOx/MWCNT/GCE sensor showed a wide linear range of 2.0-16.0 μM, a detection limit of 0.5 μM and a quantification limit of 1.8 μM, in addition to satisfactory repeatability (RSD of 7.8%) and stability (900 s) in the determination of NaP. The determination of NaP in a sample of water from a gas station well using the proposed sensor showed results with recovery between 98.1 and 103.3%. The results obtained suggest that the MnOx/MWCNT/GCE electrode has great potential for application in the detection of NaP in well water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edmar Pereira Marques
- NEEP (LPQA & LAPQAP), PPG-BIONORTE, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luis, MA, Brazil
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Diop EHM, Ndiaye B, Sow A, Sambe FM, Sall M, Thiam MS. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Contents of Four Species of Smoked Fish from Different Sites in Senegal. Int J Anal Chem 2023; 2023:2931615. [PMID: 37213796 PMCID: PMC10199795 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2931615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds resulting from any incomplete combustion process. These are pollutants that have proven toxicity due to their carcinogenic nature and can contaminate food during traditional smoking methods. Their highly toxic effect on human health requires monitoring of their levels in food products and the development of appropriate analytical methods for their determination. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the level of PAHs contamination of four (4) species of smoked fish (Arius heudelotii, Sardinella aurita, Ethmalosa fimbriata, and Sardinella maderensis) which were sampled in seventeen (17) localities in Senegal. The compounds targeted in this study were benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), benzo(a)anthracene (B(a)A), benzo(b)fluoranthene (B(b)F), and chrysene (Chr). The QuEChERS method was used for the extraction of PAHs, and their contents were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectroscopy (MS). The validation method was performed in accordance with the French standard NF V03-110 (2010). Satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.999), LOD (0.05-0.09 μg/kg), LOQ (0.19-0.24 μg/kg), and precision (1.33-3.13%) of the four PAHs were obtained. The results of analysis in the 17 localities showed that all samples are contaminated by the four (4) PAHs with great variability of the contents between the different species and their origin. The B(a)P and ∑4PAHS contents in the samples ranged from 1.7 to 33 µg/kg and from 4.8 to 1082.3 µg/kg, respectively. Twelve (12) samples showed high levels of B(a)P, ranging from 2.2 to 33 µg/kg, thus exceeding the maximum authorized level (2 µg/kg). Fourteen (14) samples showed an overall ∑4PAHS content varying from 14.8 to 1082.3 µg/kg, which is above the maximum authorized limit (12 µg/kg). The principal component analysis showed that sardinella (Sardinella aurita and Sardinella maderensis) have very low levels of B(a)P, B(b)F, B(a)A, and Chr contents. However, high ∑4PAHS contents characterize smoked fish of the Kong species (Arius heudelotii), from Cap Skiring, Diogne, Boudody, and Diaobé, and of the Cobo species (Ethmalosa fimbriata) from Djiffer. Thus, based on the authorized limits for PAHs in smoked fish, it appears that smoked fish of the sardinella species are less carcinogenic for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Moussa Diop
- Water, Energy, Environment and Industrial Processes Laboratory, Polytechnic School, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
- School of Industrial and Biological Engineering, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bou Ndiaye
- Water, Energy, Environment and Industrial Processes Laboratory, Polytechnic School, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
- School of Industrial and Biological Engineering, Dakar, Senegal
- Center for Studies on Food Safety and Functional Molecules (CESAM-RESCIF), ESP-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alioune Sow
- Water, Energy, Environment and Industrial Processes Laboratory, Polytechnic School, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
- Center for Studies on Food Safety and Functional Molecules (CESAM-RESCIF), ESP-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
- Department of Agronomic Sciences, Aquaculture and Food Technologies, Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Falilou Mbacké Sambe
- Water, Energy, Environment and Industrial Processes Laboratory, Polytechnic School, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Sall
- School of Industrial and Biological Engineering, Dakar, Senegal
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Ravanbakhsh M, Yousefi H, Lak E, Ansari MJ, Suksatan W, Qasim QA, Asban P, Kianizadeh M, Mohammadi MJ. Effect of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Respiratory Diseases and the Risk Factors Related to Cancer. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2149569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ravanbakhsh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Homayon Yousefi
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elena Lak
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wanich Suksatan
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Parisa Asban
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Kianizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Kacmaz S, Altiok E, Altiok D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Fruits and Vegetables Grown in Turkey: Quantitative Analysis, Dietary Exposure, and Health Risk Assessment. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kacmaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Evren Altiok
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Duygu Altiok
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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Lv X, Chen G, Wu Y, Yu L, Zhou Y, Yu Y, Lan S, Hu J. Ecological and AhR-mediated risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polybrominated diphenyl ethers on multiple aquatic species in river water: A combined chemical analysis and in silico approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153287. [PMID: 35066031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the adverse health risks at molecular endpoints to various aquatic organisms could be an urgent issue. In this manuscript, the ecological and AhR-mediated risk of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and six polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface water of Dongjiang River, Southern China was evaluated using chemical analysis and in silico approaches. Average concentrations of ∑16PAHs and ∑6PBDEs were 586.3 ng/L and 2.672 ng/L in the dry season (DS), and 366.8 ng/L and 2.554 ng/L in the wet season (WS). Concentrations of PAHs during the DS were significantly higher than that in the WS, while no obvious seasonal distribution was observed for PBDEs. Only Ant and BaP in all congers of PAHs posed low to medium ecological risks, and PBDEs posed a low ecological risk. Moreover, AhR-mediated risk from PAHs was two orders of magnitude higher that from PBDEs, and the AhR-mediated toxicity on frog and eel were higher than those on other aquatic organisms in Dongjiang River. Phe and BDE209 were the significant contributor to the AhR-mediated risk induced by PAHs and PBDEs, respectively. This study is the first attempt to assess AhR-mediated risk of river water in multiple aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Lv
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Guilian Chen
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Yicong Wu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanhong Lan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China.
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Słowik-Borowiec M, Szpyrka E, Książek-Trela P, Podbielska M. Simultaneous Determination of Multi-Class Pesticide Residues and PAHs in Plant Material and Soil Samples Using the Optimized QuEChERS Method and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072140. [PMID: 35408539 PMCID: PMC9000817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New analytical approaches to the simultaneous identification and quantification of 94 pesticides and 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in five representative matrices (pepper, apple, lettuce, wheat, and soil) were developed. The analyses were based on gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The procedure was optimized by changing the solvent used during the extraction, from acetonitrile to the acetone: n-hexane mixture at a volume ratio of 1:4 (v/v), as well as the use of a reduced amount of water during the extraction of compounds from cereals. An additional modification was the use of florisil instead of GCB in the sample cleanup step. A full method validation study was performed, at two concentration levels (LOQ and 1000 × LOQ), which showed satisfactory results for all analytes from the PAHs group, with recoveries ranging from 70.7-115.1%, and an average RSD of 3.9%. Linearity was tested in the range of 0.001-1.000 mg/kg and showed coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.99 for all PAHs. Satisfactory recovery and precision parameters (LOQ and 100 × LOQ) were achieved for almost all analytes from the pesticide group in the range of 70.1-119.3% with the mean RSD equal to 5.9%. The observed linearity for all analytes in the concentration range of 0.005-1.44 mg/kg was R2 ≥ 0.99, with the exception of famoxadone, chizalofop-p-ethyl, prothioconazole, spirodiclofen, tefluthrin, and zoxamid. The extended uncertainties were estimated, using a top-down approach of 9.9% (average) and 15.3% (average) for PAHs and pesticides samples, respectively (the coverage factor k = 2, the 95% confidence level). Ultimately, the method was successfully applied to determine pesticide residues in commercial samples of fruit, vegetables and grain, and soil samples for PAHs, which were collected from selected places in the Podkarpacie region. A total of 38 real samples were tested, in which 10 pesticides and 13 PAHs were determined. Proposed changes allow us to shorten the sample preparation time (by 20%) and to reduce the consumption of organic solvents (by 17%). The use of florisil for sample cleanup, instead of GCB, improves the recovery of compounds with flat particles.
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Ju YR, Chen CF, Wang MH, Chen CW, Dong CD. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seafood collected from coastal aquaculture ponds in Taiwan and human health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126708. [PMID: 34352521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The level and distribution of 16 USEPA Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in aquaculture farmed fish (Mugil cephalus and Oreochromis mossambicus) and shellfish (Corbicula fluminea Formosa and Meretrix lusoria) were determined in Taiwan and then assessed cancer and non-cancer risks for those consuming these kinds of seafood. Results indicated that C. fluminea Formosa accumulated the highest average concentration of total PAHs (43.0 ± 11.3 ng/g wet weight) while M. lusoria contained the lowest concentration (20.0 ± 5.8 ng/g) among all species. The low-molecular-weight PAHs were dominant for both fish and shellfish, which consistent with other studies. Notably, parts of high-molecular-weight PAHs were found in shellfish whereas that was little in fish. The calculated hazard quotients (HQ) of all PAHs were smaller than 1 and the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) for Benzo[a]pyrene were below 1 × 10-5, suggesting that PAHs in the collected seafood could pose a low hazard to residents. Although the results indicated that the studied seafood is safe for human consumption, children and seniors post relatively higher risks, suggesting that it needs to continue monitoring and control the PAHs concentration in seafood and the associated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Wang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
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12
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Famiyeh L, Chen K, Xu J, Sun Y, Guo Q, Wang C, Lv J, Tang YT, Yu H, Snape C, He J. A review on analysis methods, source identification, and cancer risk evaluation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147741. [PMID: 34058584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have gained attention because of their environmental persistence and effects on ecosystems, animals, and human health. They are mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic. The review provides background knowledge about their sources, metabolism, temporal variations, and size distribution in atmospheric particulate matter. The review article briefly discusses the analytical methods suitable for the extraction, characterization, and quantification of nonpolar and polar PAHs, addressing the challenges. Herein, we discussed the molecular diagnostic ratios (DRs), stable carbon isotopic analysis (SCIA), and receptor models, with much emphasis on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, for apportioning PAH sources. Among which, DRs and PCA identified as the most widely employed method, but their accuracy for PAH source identification has received global criticism. Therefore, the review recommends compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) and PMF as the best alternative methods to provide detailed qualitative and quantitative source analysis. The compound-specific isotopic signatures are not affected by environmental degradation and are considered promising for apportioning PAH sources. However, isotopic fractions of co-eluted compounds like polar PAHs and aliphatic hydrocarbons make the PAHs isotopic fractions interpretation difficult. The interference of unresolved complex mixtures is a limitation to the application of CSIA for PAH source apportionment. Hence, for CSIA to further support PAH source apportionment, fast and cost-effective purification techniques with no isotopic fractionation effects are highly desirable. The present review explains the concept of stable carbon isotopic analysis (SCIA) relevant to PAH source analysis, identifying the techniques suitable for sample extract purification. We demonstrate how the source apportioned PAHs can be applied in assessing the health risk of PAHs using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, and in doing so, we identify the key factors that could undermine the accuracy of the ILCR and research gaps that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lord Famiyeh
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jingsha Xu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University of Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jungang Lv
- Procuratoral Technology and Information Research Center, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Collin Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang E Rd, Ningbo 315100, China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province. University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
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13
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Analysis of factors that influence the PAH profile and amount in meat products subjected to thermal processing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Pandya DK, Kumar MA. Chemo-metric engineering designs for deciphering the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125154. [PMID: 33858107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are non-polar organic compounds that are omnipresent in the environment and released due to anthropogenic activities through emissions and discharges. PAHs, being xenobiotic and exerts health impacts, thus they attract serious concern by the environmentalists. The stringent regulations and the need of sustainable development urges the hunt for a technically feasible and cost-effective wastewater treatment. Although the conventional physico-chemical treatment are widely preferred, they cause secondary pollution problems and demand subsequent treatment options. This comprehensive review intends to address the (a) different PAHs and their associated toxicity, (b) the remedial strategies, particularly biodegradation. The biological wastewater treatment techniques that involve microbial systems are highly influenced by the different physio-chemical and environmental parameters. Therefore, suitable optimization techniques are prerequisite for effective functioning of the biological treatment that sustains judiciously and interpreted in a lesser time. Here we have aimed to discuss (a) different chemo-metric tools involved in the design of experiments (DoE), (b) design equations and models, (c) tools for evaluating the model's adequacy and (d) plots for graphically interpreting the chemo-metric designs. However, to best of our knowledge, this is a first review to discuss the PAHs biodegradation that are tailored by chemo-metric designs. The associated challenges, available opportunities and techno-economic aspects of PAHs degradation using chemo-metric engineering designs are explained. Additionally, the review highlights how well these DoE tools can be suited for the sustainable socio-industrial sectors. Concomitantly, the futuristic scope and prospects to undertake new areas of research exploration were emphasized to unravel the least explored chemo-metric designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshita Ketan Pandya
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhava Anil Kumar
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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15
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Wang Y, Jiao Y, Kong Q, Zheng F, Shao L, Zhang T, Jiang D, Gao X. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fried and grilled fish from Shandong China and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-13045-y. [PMID: 33630261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diet is the main way for the human body to ingest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, the occurrence, dietary exposure, and health risks of 15 PAHs in 31 fried and grilled fish samples were investigated, which were collected from the Shandong Province of China. The results showed that benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) of 5 samples exceeded the European Union (EU) limit value. Naphthalene (NaP) and fluorene (Fle) were present in all samples, and the average concentration of ∑15PAHs was 91.1 μg/kg, with light PAHs dominated. The average contamination level of ∑15PAHs in fried and grilled fish was distributed differently, and there seemed to be more PAH contamination in the grilled samples. The results of the margin of exposure (MOE) suggested that PAH ingestion through fried and grilled fish did not imply significant toxicological concern for consumers in Shandong. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for the consumption of fried and grilled fish were higher than 1 × 10-6, indicating a potential health risk in the adult population. The study provides baseline health information on PAH intake by residents due to dietary exposure to fried and grilled fish food products, suggesting that health risk monitoring of PAHs in such foods should be continually performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanni Jiao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Kong
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Fengjia Zheng
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Shao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Tianran Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dafeng Jiang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
| | - Xibao Gao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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