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Hilly JJ, Singh KR, Jagals P, Mani FS, Turagabeci A, Ashworth M, Mataki M, Morawska L, Knibbs LD, Stuetz RM, Dansie AP. Review of scientific research on air quality and environmental health risk and impact for PICTS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 942:173628. [PMID: 38848924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Air quality (AQ) significantly impacts human health, influenced by both natural phenomena and human activities. In 2021, heightened awareness of AQ's health impacts prompted the revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, advocating for stricter pollution standards. However, research on AQ has predominantly focused on high-income countries and densely populated cities, neglecting low- and middle-income countries, particularly Pacific Island Countries, Territories, and States (PICTS). This systematic review compiles existing peer-reviewed literature on AQ research in PICTS to assess the current state of knowledge and emphasize the need for further investigation. A systematic literature search yielded 40 papers from databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Among the 26 PICTS, only 6 (Hawai'i, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Republic of Marshall Islands, and Pacific) have been subject to AQ-related research, with 4 considering the World Health Organization (WHO) parameters and 26 addressing non-WHO parameters. Analysis reveals AQ parameters often exceed 2021 WHO guidelines for PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO, raising concerns among regional governments. Studies primarily focused on urban, agricultural, rural, and open ocean areas, with 15 based on primary data and 14 on both primary and secondary sources. Research interests and funding sources dictated the methods used, with a predominant focus on environmental risks over social, economic, and technological impacts. Although some papers addressed health implications, further efforts are needed in this area. This review underscores the urgent need for ongoing AQ monitoring efforts in PICTS to generate spatially and temporally comparable data. By presenting the current state of AQ knowledge, this work lays the foundation for coordinated regional monitoring and informs national policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hilly
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia; Environmental Health Division, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Solomon Islands.
| | - K R Singh
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - P Jagals
- Children's Health and Environmental Program, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - F S Mani
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - A Turagabeci
- College of Medicine, Nursing & Health science, Fiji National University, Fiji
| | - M Ashworth
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre, 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - M Mataki
- Solomon Islands Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology, Solomon Islands
| | - L Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - L D Knibbs
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Public Health Research Analytics and Methods for Evidence, Public Health Unit, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - R M Stuetz
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - A P Dansie
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Gu CM, Wang B, Chen Q, Sun XH, Zhang M. Pollution characteristics, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in rooftop and kerbside environment of Lanzhou, NW China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:39259-39270. [PMID: 38811457 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
To investigate air pollution in the kerbside environment and its associated human health risks, a study was conducted in Lanzhou during December 2018, as well as in April, June, and September 2019. The research aimed to characterize the composition of PM10 and PM2.5, including elements, ions, and carbonaceous components, at both rooftop and kerbside locations. Additionally, source apportionment and health risk assessment were conducted. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM10 on the rooftop were 176.01 ± 83.23 μg/m3, and for PM2.5, it was 94.07 ± 64.89 μg/m3. The PM10 and PM2.5 levels at the kerbside are 2.21 times and 1.79 times, respectively, greater than those on the rooftop. Moreover, the concentrations of elements, ions, and carbonaceous components in kerbside PM were higher than those at the rooftop location. Chemical mass closure analysis identified various sources, including organic matter, mineral dust, secondary ions, other ions, elements, and other components. In comparison to rooftop particulate matter (PM), mineral dust makes a more substantial contribution to kerbside PM. Secondary ions show an opposite trend, making a greater contribution to rooftop PM. The contribution of organic components within PM of the same particle size remains relatively consistent. The outcome of the health risk assessment indicates that Co, Cd, and As in PM within the kerbside and rooftop environments do not pose a notable carcinogenic risk. However, Al and Mn do present specific non-carcinogenic risks, particularly in the kerbside environment. Furthermore, children experience elevated non-carcinogenic risk compared to adults. These findings can serve as a scientific foundation for formulating policies within the local health department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ming Gu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Qu Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Han Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China
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Gupta S, Shankar S, Kuniyal JC, Srivastava P, Lata R, Chaudhary S, Thakur I, Bawari A, Thakur S, Dutta M, Ghosh A, Naja M, Chatterjee A, Gadi R, Choudhary N, Rai A, Sharma SK. Identification of sources of coarse mode aerosol particles (PM 10) using ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDX spectroscopy over the Himalayan Region of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15788-15808. [PMID: 38305978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
This study attempts to examine the morphological, elemental and physical characteristics of PM10 over the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) using FTIR and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. The study aimed at source identification of PM10 by exploring the inorganic ions, organic functional groups, morphology and elemental characteristics. The pollution load of PM10 was estimated as 63 ± 22 μg m-3; 53 ± 16 μg m-3; 67 ± 26 μg m-3 and 55 ± 11 μg m-3 over Mohal-Kullu, Almora, Nainital and Darjeeling, respectively. ATR-FTIR spectrum analysis revealed the existence of inorganic ions (SiO44-, TiO2, SO42-, SO3-, NO3-, NO2-, CO32-, HCO3-, NH4+) and organic functional groups (C-C, C-H, C=C, C≡C, C=O, N-H, C≡N, C=N, O-H, cyclic rings, aromatic compounds and some heterogeneous groups) in PM10 which may arise from geogenic, biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The morphological and elemental characterization was performed by SEM-EDX, inferring for geogenic origin (Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) due to the presence of different morphologies (irregular, spherical, cluster, sheet-like solid deposition and columnar). In contrast, particles having biogenic and anthropogenic origins (K, S and Ba) have primarily spherical with few irregular particles at all the study sites. Also, the statistical analysis ANOVA depicts that among all the detected elements, Na, Al, Si, S and K are site-specific in nature as their mean of aw% significantly varied for all the sites. The trajectory analysis revealed that the Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, the Thar Desert, Himachal Pradesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sikkim, the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB) contribute to the increased loading of atmospheric pollutants in various locations within the IHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gupta
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shobhna Shankar
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
| | - Renu Lata
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Sheetal Chaudhary
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Isha Thakur
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Archana Bawari
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Shilpa Thakur
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Monami Dutta
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Abhinandan Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur, 201086, India
| | - Manish Naja
- Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akansha Rai
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Mikhailova TA, Shergina OV. Diversity and negative effect of PM 0.3-10.0 adsorbed by needles of urban trees in Irkutsk, Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:119243-119259. [PMID: 37924402 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The study was performed in natural forests preserved within the Boreal zone city, Irkutsk, Russia. Test sites were selected in the forests in different districts of the city, where samples of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) needles were taken to study the adsorption on their surface of aerosol particles of different sizes, in microns: PM0.3, PM0.5, PM1, PM2.5, PM5, PM10. Scanning electron microscopy was used to obtain high-resolution photographs (magnification 800- × 2000, × 16,000) and aerosol particles (particulate matter-PM) were shown to be intensively adsorbed by the surface of needles, with both size and shape of the particles characterized by a wide variety. Pine needles can be covered with particles of solid aerosol by 50-75%, stomata are often completely blocked. Larch needles often show areas, which are completely covered with aerosol particles, there are often found stomata deformed by the penetration of PMx. X-ray spectral microanalysis showed differences in the chemical composition of adsorbed PMx, the particles can be metallic if metals predominate in their composition, carbonaceous-in case of carbon predominance-or polyelemental if the composition is complex and includes significant quantities of other elements besides metals and carbon (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfur, chlorine, fluorine). Since the particles contain a large proportion of technogenic pollutants, accumulation by the needles of some widespread pollutants was investigated. A direct correlation of a highly significant level between the concentration of PMx in the air and the accumulation of many heavy metals in pine and larch needles, as well as sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine, has been revealed, which indicates a high cleaning capacity of urban forests. At the same time, the negative impact of PMx particles on the vital status of trees is great, which shows in intense disturbance of the parameters of photosynthesis and transpiration, leading to a significant decrease in the growth characteristics of trees and reduction in the photosynthetic volume of the crowns. We consider that the results obtained are instrumental in developing an approach to improvement of urban forests status and creating a comfortable urban environment for the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Alekseevna Mikhailova
- Department of Ecology, TheNaturalandAnthropogenicEcosystemsLaboratory, Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontova Str., 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Olga Vladimirovna Shergina
- Department of Ecology, TheNaturalandAnthropogenicEcosystemsLaboratory, Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 132, Lermontova Str., 664033, Irkutsk, Russia.
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Chaudhary A, Prakash C, Sharma SK, Mor S, Ravindra K, Krishnan P. Health risk assessment of aerosol particles (PM 2.5 and PM 10) during winter crop at the agricultural site of Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1297. [PMID: 37828346 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
For the last few decades, air pollution in developing country like India is increasing, and it is a matter of huge concern due to its associated human health impacts. In this region, the burgeoning population, escalating urbanization and industrialization, has been cited as the major reason for such a high air pollution. The present study was carried out for health risk assessment of aerosol particles (PM10 and PM2.5) and its associated heavy metals of an agriculture farm site at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) considered to be green urban area in Delhi, India. The concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 varied significantly from 136 to 177 µg/m3 and 56 to 162 µg/m3, respectively at the site. In the present case, the highest PM10 and PM2.5 levels were reported in January, followed by December. The levels of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 are influenced by wind prevailing meteorology. These levels of PM10 and PM2.5 are more than the permissible limits of WHO guidelines of 15 and 5 µg/m3, respectively, thereby leading to high aerosol loadings specifically in winters. The PM concentration of the atmosphere was found to be negatively correlated with temperature during the sampling period. The concentrations of surface ozone O3 and NOx in the present study were observed to be high in February and March, respectively. The increasing air pollution in the city of Delhi poses a great risk to the human health, as the particulate matter loaded with heavy metals can enter humans via different pathways, viz., ingestion, inhalation, and absorption through skin. The mean hazard index for metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, and Ni) was observed within the acceptable limit (HI < 1), thereby indicating negligible non-carcinogenic effects to residing population. The carcinogenic risk assessment was conducted for Cd, Pb, and As only, as the concentrations for other metals were found to be quite low. The carcinogenic risk values were also within the limits of USEPA standards, indicating no carcinogenic risks to the health of children and adults residing near the site. This information about the PM pollution at the agricultural site and health risk assessment will serve as a baseline data in assessment of human health impacts due to air pollution at the local scale and can be used for development of mitigation strategies for tackling air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Chaudhary
- Division of Environment Sciences, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - Chandra Prakash
- Division of Environment Sciences, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Khaiwal Ravindra
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160015, India
| | - Prameela Krishnan
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Nie W, Liu C, Hua Y, Bao Q, Niu W, Jiang C. Study on PM diffusion and distribution of trackless rubber-tyred vehicle under different driving conditions in underground coal mining environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:99484-99500. [PMID: 37612555 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most harmful exhaust pollutants to human health. In this study, the PM diffusion and distribution emitted by trackless rubber-tyred vehicle under different driving conditions in coal mine were analyzed with numerical simulations and field measurements. The results show that when the vehicle velocity was constant, the PM concentration of the trackless rubber-tyred vehicle decreased with increasing distance from the exhaust pipe orifice. In addition, the proportion of PM with a concentration below 10 mg/m3 was the highest owing to the influences of diffusion and airflow dilution. However, when the diffusion distance is less than 3 m, the PM concentration far exceeds the occupational exposure limit (10 mg/m3). In this case, underground personnel should stay away from the area near and along the exhaust pipe as far as possible. With increasing vehicle velocity, the PM concentration gradient at a diffusion distance of 0-6 m showed the most significant slope. Besides, the concentration fluctuation of PM was the largest and relatively high when the diffusion distance was 5-15 m. Therefore, the area 15 m from the exhaust gas pipe opening of the trackless rubber-tyred vehicle should be controlled. In addition, the relative errors between the measured and numerical simulation results were mostly less than 10%, which proved that the numerical simulation results were reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Nie
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
| | - Chengyi Liu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Yun Hua
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Qiu Bao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Wenjin Niu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Chenwang Jiang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
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Nan N, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Chen R, Qin G, Sang N. Overview of PM 2.5 and health outcomes: Focusing on components, sources, and pollutant mixture co-exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138181. [PMID: 36806809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 varies in source and composition over time and space as a complicated mixture. Consequently, the health effects caused by PM2.5 varies significantly over time and generally exhibit significant regional variations. According to numerous studies, a notable relationship exists between PM2.5 and the occurrence of many diseases, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous system diseases, as well as cancer. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of PM2.5 on human health is critical. The toxic effects of various PM2.5 components, as well as the overall toxicity of PM2.5 are discussed in this review to provide a foundation for precise PM2.5 emission control. Furthermore, this review summarizes the synergistic effect of PM2.5 and other pollutants, which can be used to draft effective policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Nan
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, PR China; Beijing City University, Beijing, 11418, PR China.
| | - Guohua Qin
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China.
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
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Wang J, Yang J, Chen T. Source appointment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) at an abandoned realgar mine: Combination of multivariate statistical analysis and three common receptor models. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135923. [PMID: 35944674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying pollution sources and quantifying their contributions are of great importance for proposing management and control strategies of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil. In this study, multivariate statistical analysis and receptor models were combined to identify potential pollution sources and apportion their contributions at an abandoned realgar mine. Principal component analysis (PCA) result shows that three factors are responsible for PTEs, which is also supported by cluster analysis (CA). Correlation analysis and spatial analysis also show that the heavy metals from the same pollution source are of higher correlation coefficients and similar spatial distribution. Three receptor models were combined to apportion contributions of pollution sources. Three pollution sources were detected by absolute principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (APCA-MLR). In contrast, four sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) and UNMIX. Soil parent material was heavily loaded on Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn, occupying the largest average contribution (30%-43%). Cadmium was mainly derived from agricultural activities with contribution higher than 60%. Arsenic accumulation was mainly associated with mining and smelting activity with contribution higher than 80%. PMF and UNMIX models showed that more than half of Pb concentrations were influenced by industrial activities. Comparatively speaking, APCA-MLR was a well-performing model for all PTEs even though it only detected three pollution sources. The study showed that it was a good choice to apply multiple receptor models in order to achieve more reliable and objective conclusions of source appointment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Ruidas D, Pal SC. Potential hotspot modeling and monitoring of PM 2.5 concentration for sustainable environmental health in Maharashtra, India. SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2022; 8:98. [PMID: 35789862 PMCID: PMC9244079 DOI: 10.1007/s40899-022-00682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Modern human civilization has suffered from the disastrous impact of COVID-19, but it teaches us the lesson that the environment can restore its stability without human activity. The Government of India (GOI) has launched many strategies to prevent the situation of COVID-19, including a lockdown that has a great impact on the environment. The present study focuses on the analysis of Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentration levels in pre-locking, lockdown, and unlocking phases across ten major cities of Maharashtra (MH) that were the COVID hotspot of India during the COVID-19 outbreak; phase-wise and year-wise (2018-2020) hotspot analysis, box diagram and line graph methods were used to assess spatial variation in PM2.5 across MH cities. Our study showed that the PM2.5 concentration level was severe at pre-lockdown stage (January-March) and it decreased dramatically at the lockdown stage, later it also increased in its previous position at the unlocking stages, i.e., PM2.5 decreased dramatically (59%) during the lockdown period compared to the pre-lockdown period due to the shutdown of outdoor activities. It returns to its previous position due to the unlocking situation and increases (70%) compared to the lockdown period which illustrated the ups and downs of PM2.5 and ensures the position of different cities in the Air Quality Index (AQI) categories at different times. In the pre-lockdown phase, maximum PM2.5 concentration was in Navi Mumbai (NAV) (358) and Mumbai (MUM) (338), and Pune (PUN) (335) and Nashik NAS (325) subsequently, whereas at the last of the lockdown phase, it becomes Chandrapur (CHN) (82), Nagpur (NAG) (76), and Solapur (SOL) (45) subsequently. Hence, the restoration of the environment during the lockdown phase was temporary rather than permanent. Therefore, our findings propose that several effective policies of government such as relocation of polluting industries, short-term lockdown, odd-even vehicle number, installation of air purifier, and government strict initiatives are needed in making a sustainable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Ruidas
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Subodh Chandra Pal
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
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Tracing of Heavy Metals Embedded in Indoor Dust Particles from the Industrial City of Asaluyeh, South of Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137905. [PMID: 35805563 PMCID: PMC9265302 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of indoor air quality is especially important, since people spend substantial amounts of time indoors, either at home or at work. This study analyzes concentrations of selected heavy metals in 40 indoor dust samples obtained from houses in the highly-industrialized Asaluyeh city, south Iran in spring and summer seasons (20 samples each). Furthermore, the health risk due to exposure to indoor air pollution is investigated for both children and adults, in a city with several oil refineries and petrochemical industries. The chemical analysis revealed that in both seasons the concentrations of heavy metals followed the order of Cr > Ni > Pb > As > Co > Cd. A significant difference was observed in the concentrations of potential toxic elements (PTEs) such as Cr, As and Ni, since the mean (±stdev) summer levels were at 60.2 ± 9.1 mg kg−1, 5.6 ± 2.7 mg kg−1 and 16.4 ± 1.9 mg kg−1, respectively, while the concentrations were significantly lower in spring (17.6 ± 9.7 mg kg−1, 3.0 ± 1.7 mg kg−1 and 13.5 ± 2.4 mg kg−1 for Cr, As and Ni, respectively). Although the hazard index (HI) values, which denote the possibility of non-carcinogenic risk due to exposure to household heavy metals, were generally low for both children and adults (HI < 1), the carcinogenic risks of arsenic and chromium were found to be above the safe limit of 1 × 10−4 for children through the ingestion pathway, indicating a high cancer risk due to household dust in Asaluyeh, especially in summer.
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Sharma SK, Mukherjee S, Choudhary N, Rai A, Ghosh A, Chatterjee A, Vijayan N, Mandal TK. Seasonal variation and sources of carbonaceous species and elements in PM 2.5 and PM 10 over the eastern Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51642-51656. [PMID: 33990919 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The study represents the seasonal characteristics (carbonaceous aerosols and elements) and the contribution of prominent sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in the high altitude of the eastern Himalaya (Darjeeling) during August 2018-July 2019. Carbonaceous aerosols [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC)] and elements (Al, Fe, Ti, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, Cl, P, S, K, Zr, Pb, Na, Mg, Ca, and B) in PM2.5 and PM10 were analyzed to estimate their possible sources. The annual concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were computed as 37±12 μg m-3 and 58±18 μg m-3, respectively. In the present case, total carbonaceous species in PM2.5 and PM10 were accounted for 20.6% of PM2.5 and 18.6% of PM10, respectively, whereas trace elements in PM2.5 and PM10 were estimated to be 15% of PM2.5 and 12% of PM10, respectively. Monthly and seasonal variations in mass concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and elements in PM2.5 and PM10 were also observed during the observational period. In PM2.5, the annual concentrations of POC and SOC were 2.35 ± 1.06 μg m-3 (66% of OC) and 1.19±0.57 μg m-3 (34% of OC), respectively, whereas annual average POC and SOC concentrations in PM10 were 3.18 ± 1.13 μg m-3 (63% of OC) and 2.05±0.98 μg m-3 (37% of OC), respectively. The seasonal contribution of POC and SOC were ranging from 55 to 77% and 33 to 45% of OC in PM2.5, respectively, whereas in PM10, the seasonal contributions of POC and SOC were ranging from 51 to 73% and 37 to 49% of OC, respectively. The positive relationship between OC & EC and OC & WSOC of PM2.5 and PM10 during all the seasons (except monsoon in case of PM10) indicates their common sources. The enrichment factors (EFs) and significant positive correlation of Al with othe crustal elements (Fe, Ca, Mg, and Ti) of fine and coarse mode aerosols indicate the influence of mineral dust at Darjeeling. Principal component analysis (PCA) resolved the four common sources (biomass burning + fossil fuel combustion (BB + FFC), crustal/soil dust, vehicular emissions (VE), and industrial emissions (IE)) of PM2.5 and PM10 in Darjeeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Sauryadeep Mukherjee
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Darjeeling, 734 102, India
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Akansha Rai
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Abhinandan Ghosh
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Darjeeling, 734 102, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences, Bose Institute, Darjeeling, 734 102, India
| | - Narayanswami Vijayan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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