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Zhumaliyeva G, Zhussupova A, Zhusupova GE, Błońska-Sikora E, Cerreto A, Omirbekova N, Zhunusbayeva Z, Gemejiyeva N, Ramazanova M, Wrzosek M, Ross SA. Natural Compounds of Salvia L. Genus and Molecular Mechanism of Their Biological Activity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3151. [PMID: 38137372 PMCID: PMC10740457 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of medicinal plants is important, as they are the natural reserve of potent biologically active compounds. With wide use in traditional medicine and the inclusion of several species (as parts and as a whole plant) in pharmacopeia, species from the genus Salvia L. are known for the broad spectrum of their biological activities. Studies suggest that these plants possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, hepatoprotective, cognitive and memory-enhancing effects. Phenolic acids, terpenoids and flavonoids are important phytochemicals, which are primarily responsible for the medicinal activity of Salvia L. This review collects and summarizes currently available data on the pharmacological properties of sage, outlining its principal physiologically active components, and it explores the molecular mechanism of their biological activity. Particular attention was given to the species commonly found in Kazakhstan, especially to Salvia trautvetteri Regel, which is native to this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaziza Zhumaliyeva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.O.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Aizhan Zhussupova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.O.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Galiya E. Zhusupova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances, Natural Compounds and Polymers, NPJSC Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.E.Z.)
| | - Ewelina Błońska-Sikora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; (E.B.-S.)
| | - Antonella Cerreto
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.)
| | - Nargul Omirbekova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.O.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhazira Zhunusbayeva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.Z.); (N.O.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Nadezhda Gemejiyeva
- Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction, 36D/1 Timiryazev Str., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Madina Ramazanova
- Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction, 36D/1 Timiryazev Str., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry at the Preclinical Research Center, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Samir A. Ross
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA; (S.A.R.)
- School of Pharmacy, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
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Barbosa MDM, de Lima LMA, Alves WADS, de Lima EKB, da Silva LA, da Silva TD, Postal K, Ramadan M, Kostenkova K, Gomes DA, Nunes GG, Pereira MC, da Silva WE, Belian MF, Crans DC, Lira EC. In Vitro, Oral Acute, and Repeated 28-Day Oral Dose Toxicity of a Mixed-Valence Polyoxovanadate Cluster. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1232. [PMID: 37765040 PMCID: PMC10536805 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyoxovanadates (POV) are a subgroup of polyoxometalates (POM), which are nanosized clusters with reported biological activities. This manuscript describes the first toxicity evaluation of a mixed-valence polyoxovanadate, pentadecavanadate, (Me4N)6[V15O36Cl], abbreviated as V15. Cytotoxicity experiments using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), larvae of Artemia salina Leach, and in vivo oral acute and repeated 28-day doses in mice was carried out. The LC50 values in PBMC cells and A. salina were 17.5 ± 5.8 μmol L-1, and 17.9 µg L-1, respectively, which indicates high cytotoxic activity. The toxicity in mice was not observed upon acute exposure in a single dose, however, the V15 repeated 28-day oral administration demonstrated high toxicity using 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and, 300 mg/kg doses. The biochemical and hematological analyses during the 28-day administration of V15 showed significant alteration of the metabolic parameters related to the kidney and liver, suggesting moderate toxicity. The V15 toxicity was attributed to the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, once thiobarbituric acid (TBAR) levels significantly increased in both males and females treated with high doses of the POV and also in males treated with a lower dose of the POV. This is the first study reporting a treatment-related mortality in animals acutely administrated with a mixed-valence POV, contrasting with the well-known, less toxic decavanadate. These results document the toxicity of this mixed-valence POV, which may not be suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de M. Barbosa
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (M.d.M.B.); (W.A.d.S.A.); (E.K.B.d.L.); (L.A.d.S.); (T.D.d.S.); (D.A.G.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Lidiane M. A. de Lima
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil; (L.M.A.d.L.); (W.E.d.S.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Widarlane A. da S. Alves
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (M.d.M.B.); (W.A.d.S.A.); (E.K.B.d.L.); (L.A.d.S.); (T.D.d.S.); (D.A.G.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Eucilene K. B. de Lima
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (M.d.M.B.); (W.A.d.S.A.); (E.K.B.d.L.); (L.A.d.S.); (T.D.d.S.); (D.A.G.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Luzia A. da Silva
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (M.d.M.B.); (W.A.d.S.A.); (E.K.B.d.L.); (L.A.d.S.); (T.D.d.S.); (D.A.G.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Thiago D. da Silva
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (M.d.M.B.); (W.A.d.S.A.); (E.K.B.d.L.); (L.A.d.S.); (T.D.d.S.); (D.A.G.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Kahoana Postal
- Centro Politécnico, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil; (K.P.); (G.G.N.)
| | - Mohammad Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Kateryna Kostenkova
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Dayane A. Gomes
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (M.d.M.B.); (W.A.d.S.A.); (E.K.B.d.L.); (L.A.d.S.); (T.D.d.S.); (D.A.G.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Giovana G. Nunes
- Centro Politécnico, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530-900, PR, Brazil; (K.P.); (G.G.N.)
| | - Michelly C. Pereira
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (M.d.M.B.); (W.A.d.S.A.); (E.K.B.d.L.); (L.A.d.S.); (T.D.d.S.); (D.A.G.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Wagner E. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil; (L.M.A.d.L.); (W.E.d.S.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Mônica F. Belian
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil; (L.M.A.d.L.); (W.E.d.S.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.R.); (K.K.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Eduardo C. Lira
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (M.d.M.B.); (W.A.d.S.A.); (E.K.B.d.L.); (L.A.d.S.); (T.D.d.S.); (D.A.G.); (M.C.P.)
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Oliveria decumbens Extract Exhibits Hepatoprotective Effects Against Bile Duct Ligation-Induced Liver Injury in Rats by Reducing Oxidative Stress. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon-131160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cholestasis is described as a disease in which bile flow from the liver is reduced or stopped, and due to its oxidative effects, irreversible consequences may occur. Due to the remarkable antioxidant properties of Oliveria decumbens (OD) and the contribution of oxidants to the progression of bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced cholestasis, Objectives: This research aimed to examine how the OD ethanolic extract affected liver damage and oxidant-antioxidant balance markers in BDL-induced cholestasis. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats weighing 200 - 250 g were used. Cholestasis was induced using the BDL approach. The rats were categorized into four groups: Group 1, sham control (SC); group 2, cholestatic; group 3, SC + OD; and group 4, cholestatic + OD. A dose of OD ethanolic extract was administered orally (500 mg/kg/day) to rats for seven days. Seven days following surgery, the rats’ blood samples were collected; after sacrifice, a part of the liver tissue was isolated. A histopathological examination was performed, while the rest was stored at -70°C in liquid nitrogen. Heparin-containing tubes were used to gather blood samples. In plasma and hepatic tissue, biochemical tests, histopathological evaluations, and oxidative stress markers staining levels were performed. Results: Our findings showed that OD could effectively reduce liver injury by reducing the activity of liver function enzymes (AST and ALP). At the same time, it did not affect total bilirubin and protein. Bile duct ligation-induced hepatic markers of protein oxidation (PCO) and reactive nitrogen species (NO) were significantly decreased by OD, and it also promoted liver antioxidant capacity by enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Moreover, OD treatment prevented liver bile duct proliferative changes in histopathologic analysis. Conclusions: Our study confirmed that OD exerts substantial hepatoprotective activities against BDL-induced cholestasis by improving liver damage markers and regulating oxidative stress. It may be a beneficial therapeutic agent for managing cholestasis. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of bioactive OD secondary metabolites can further direct the discovery of potential natural-based drug candidates.
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GC-MS Chemical Profiling, Biological Investigation of Three Salvia Species Growing in Uzbekistan. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175365. [PMID: 36080131 PMCID: PMC9457740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia is a potentially valuable aromatic herb that has been used since ancient times. The present work studied the chemical profile of three Salvia species essential oils (EO): S. officinalis, S. virgata and S. sclarea, as well as assessing their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. A total of 144 compounds were detected by GC-MS analysis, representing 91.1, 84.7 and 78.1% in S. officinalis, S. virgata and S. sclarea EOs, respectively. The major constituents were cis-thujone, 2,4-hexadienal and 9-octadecenoic acid, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) score plot revealed significant discrimination between the three species. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was evaluated using in vitro assays. Only S. virgata EO showed antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay (26.6 ± 1.60 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g oil). Moreover, this oil exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in 2,2-azino bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric-reducing power (FRAP) assays in comparison with the other two EOs (190.1 ± 2.04 vs. 275.2 ± 8.50 and 155.9 ± 1.33 mg TE/g oil, respectively). However, S. virgata oil did not show any effect in the chelating ability assay, while in the PBD assay, S. officinalis had the best antioxidant activity (26.4 ± 0.16 mmol TE/g oil). Enzyme inhibitory effect of the EOs was assessed against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, α-glucosidase and α-amylase. AChE enzyme was more sensitive to S. officinalis EO (4.2 ± 0.01 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g oil), rather than S. virgata EO, which was ineffective. However, S. virgata had the highest BChE effect (12.1 ± 0.16 mg GALAE/g oil). All studied oils showed good tyrosinase inhibitory activity, ranging between 66.1 ± 0.61 and 128.4 ± 4.35 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g oil). Moreover, the EOs did not exhibit any glucosidase inhibition and were weak or inefficient on amylase enzyme. Partial least squares regression (PLS-R) models showed that there is an excellent correlation between the antioxidant activity and the volatile profile when being compared to that of enzyme inhibitory activity. Thus, the studied Salvia essential oils are interesting candidates that could be used in drug discovery for the management of Alzheimer’s and hyperpigmentation conditions.
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Beneficial effects of Salvia officinalis essential oil on vanadium-induced testicular injury, DNA damage and histological alterations in Wistar rats. Biometals 2022; 35:833-851. [PMID: 35763150 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium has been shown to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species. Since free radical production and lipid peroxidation are potentially important mediators in testicular physiology and pathophysiology, the present study was conducted to elucidate vanadium-induced oxidative damage in rat testis and the ameliorative role of Salvia officinalis essential oil (SEO) against the adverse effects of this heavy metal. Adult male Wistar rats were treated daily during 10 days either with ammonium metavanadate (5 mg/kg bw, intraperitoneally), SEO (15 mg/kg bw, orally) or their combination. A group of rats receiving daily a saline solution served as a negative control. Vanadium treatment induced a significant decrease in body and reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone level and sperm number and motility. An increase in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation as well as a marked inhibition in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the testes and seminal vesicles indicated the occurrence of oxidative stress after vanadium toxicity. Histopathological changes in testis and seminal vesicles were also observed following vanadium administration. However, co-administration of SEO to vanadium-treated rats resulted in an appreciable improvement of these parameters, emphasizing the therapeutic effects of SEO. It can be suggested that SEO mitigates vanadium-induced reproductive damage due to its antioxidant capacity. Thus, we can hypothesize that SEO supplementation could protect against vanadium poisoning.
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El-Said KS, Hussein S, Alrashdi BM, Mahmoud HA, Ibrahim MA, Elbakry M, El-Tantawy H, Kabil DI, El-Naggar SA. Musa sp. Leaves Extract Ameliorates the Hepato-Renal Toxicities Induced by Cadmium in Mice. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020559. [PMID: 35056874 PMCID: PMC8779352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals intoxication causes several health problems that necessitate finding new protective and therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Musa sp. leaves extract (MLE) on hepato-renal toxicities induced by cadmium (Cd) in male mice. The phytochemical screening, metal chelating activity (MCA), and the median lethal dose (LD50) of MLE were determined. Fifty CD-1 male mice were used and intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with MLE (1000 to 5000 mg/kg b.wt) for MLE LD50 determination. Another 50 mice were used for evaluating the effect of MLE on Cd toxicity. Blood samples were collected for hematological, liver, and kidney functions assessments. Liver tissue homogenates were used for determination of oxidant/antioxidant parameters. Liver and kidney tissues were harvested for histopathological and molecular investigations. MLE showed potent in vitro antioxidant activities. The MCA and LD50 of the MLE were 75 µg/mL and 3000 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. MLE showed beneficial therapeutic activity against hepato-renal toxicities in Cd-intoxicated mice, evidenced by improving the hematological, biochemical, histopathological, and molecular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Samy El-Said
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
- Correspondence: or (K.S.E.-S.); or (S.A.E.-N.); Tel.: +20-1002977062 (K.S.E.-S.)
| | - Shaimaa Hussein
- Pharmacology Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 41412, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Barakat M. Alrashdi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 41412, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Heba A. Mahmoud
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Mahrous A. Ibrahim
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 41412, Saudi Arabia; or
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elbakry
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Hala El-Tantawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Doaa Ibrahim Kabil
- Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Specific Education, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Sabry A. El-Naggar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (K.S.E.-S.); or (S.A.E.-N.); Tel.: +20-1002977062 (K.S.E.-S.)
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The Beneficial Effects of Essential Oils in Anti-Obesity Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111832. [PMID: 34769261 PMCID: PMC8584325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease caused by an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is a medical problem and represents an important risk factor for the development of serious diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some types of cancer. Not to be overlooked are the psychological issues that, in obese subjects, turn into very serious pathologies, such as depression, phobias, anxiety, and lack of self-esteem. In addition to modifying one’s lifestyle, the reduction of body mass can be promoted by different natural compounds such as essential oils (EOs). EOs are mixtures of aromatic substances produced by many plants, particularly in medicinal and aromatic ones. They are odorous and volatile and contain a mixture of terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters. Thanks to the characteristics of the various chemical components present in them, EOs are used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields. Indeed, it has been shown that EOs possess great antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor powers. Emerging results also demonstrate the anti-obesity effects of EOs. We have examined the main data obtained in experimental studies and, in this review, we summarize the effect of EOs in obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Lin KH, Lin TY, Wu CW, Chang YS. Protective Effects of Salicylic Acid and Calcium Chloride on Sage Plants ( Salvia officinalis L. and Salviaelegans Vahl) under High-Temperature Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102110. [PMID: 34685919 PMCID: PMC8540575 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature stress is a major risk to fresh-market Salvia production, and heat intolerance is a major constraint in sage cultivation, particularly during the hot summer season. Previously, we investigated heat tolerance in five common-market cultivars of sage plants using leaf relative injury (RI) values and found that S. elegans Vahl (SE) and S. officinalis L. (SO) were the most and least heat-tolerant species, respectively. The exogenous applications of salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) to alleviate heat stress in various species have been extensively studied, but reports of the effects of SA and CaCl2 treatments on the heat tolerance of sage plants are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate how SA and CaCl2 affect the physiology and morphology of SE and SO plants under high-temperature conditions. Potted plants were pretreated with SA (0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μM) and CaCl2 (0, 5, 10, and 15 mM), alone and combined, exposed to 55 °C and 80% humidity for 30 min, then placed in an environment-controlled chamber at 30 °C for three days and evaluated for changes in phenotypic appearance, RI, spectral reflectance, and chlorophyll fluorescence indices at different time intervals. Plants watered without chemical solutions were used as controls. Our results show that the growth of SO plants pretreated with SA and CaCl2 was more robust, compared with control plants, which were considerably affected by heat stress, resulting in brown, withered leaves and defoliation. The effects of the combined applications of SA (100 μM) and CaCl2 (5 mM) to SO plants were superior to control plants in increasing values of soil-plant analysis development (SPAD), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the maximal quantum yield of photosystemII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), while reducing RI%. Furthermore, SO plants exhibited higher SPAD and Fv/Fm values and lower RI% than SE plants in combined treatments at all time intervals after heat stress, implying that different genotypes displayed variations in their SPAD, Fv/Fm, and RI%. Thus, a combined treatment of 100 μM of SA and 5 mM of CaCl2 is effective and beneficial to plant appearance and ability to ameliorate heat stress. These indices can be used as indicators to characterize the physiology of these plants and applied on a commercial scale for informing the development of rapid and precise management practices on bedded sage plants grown in plant factories to achieve maximum market benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Tse-Yen Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 11106, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Wei Wu
- Department of Horticulture, Hungkuo Delin University of Technology, New Taipei 23630, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-W.W.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Yu-Sen Chang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 11106, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-W.W.); (Y.-S.C.)
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Mohammed HA, Eldeeb HM, Khan RA, Al-Omar MS, Mohammed SAA, Sajid MSM, Aly MSA, Ahmad AM, Abdellatif AAH, Eid SY, El-Readi MZ. Sage, Salvia officinalis L., Constituents, Hepatoprotective Activity, and Cytotoxicity Evaluations of the Essential Oils Obtained from Fresh and Differently Timed Dried Herbs: A Comparative Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195757. [PMID: 34641301 PMCID: PMC8510068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sage, Salvia officinalis L., is used worldwide as an aromatic herb for culinary purposes as well as a traditional medicinal agent for various ailments. Current investigations exhibited the effects of extended dryings of the herb on the yields, composition, oil quality, and hepatoprotective as well as anti-cancer biological activities of the hydrodistillation-obtained essential oils from the aerial parts of the plant. The essential oils’ yields, compositions, and biological activities levels of the fresh and differently timed and room-temperature dried herbs differed significantly. The lowest yields of the essential oil were obtained from the fresh herbs (FH, 631 mg, 0.16%), while the highest yield was obtained from the two-week dried herbs (2WDH, 1102 mg, 0.28%). A notable decrease in monoterpenes, with increment in the sesquiterpene constituents, was observed for the FH-based essential oil as compared to all the other batches of the essential oils obtained from the different-timed dried herbs. Additionally, characteristic chemotypic constituents of sage, i.e., α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, 1, 8-cineole, α-thujone, and camphor, were present in significantly higher proportions in all the dried herbs’ essential oils as compared to the FH-based essential oil. The in vivo hepatoprotective activity demonstrated significant reductions in the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as a significant increase in the total protein (p < 0.05) contents level, as compared to the acetaminophen (AAP) administered experimental group of rats. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the ALT level was demonstrated by the 4WDH-based essential oil in comparison to the FH-based essential oil. The levels of creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were reduced (p < 0.05) in the pre-treated rats by the essential oil batches, with non-significant differences found among them as a result of the herbs dryings based oils. A notable increase in the viability of the cells, and total antioxidant capacity (TAOxC) levels, together with the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed by the essential oils obtained from all the batches as compared with the AAP-treated cell-lines, HepG-2, HeLa, and MCF-7, that indicated the in vitro hepatoprotective effects of the sage essential oils. However, significant improvements in the in vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective activities with the 4WDH-based oil, as compared to all other essential oil-batches and silymarin standard demonstrated the beneficial effects of the drying protocol for the herb for its medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemist and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (H.M.E.); (R.A.K.); Tel.: +00966566176074 (H.A.M.)
| | - Hussein M. Eldeeb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.M.); (M.S.M.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (H.M.E.); (R.A.K.); Tel.: +00966566176074 (H.A.M.)
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemist and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (H.M.E.); (R.A.K.); Tel.: +00966566176074 (H.A.M.)
| | - Mohsen S. Al-Omar
- Department of Medicinal Chemist and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, JUST, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Salman A. A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.M.); (M.S.M.S.)
| | - Mohammed S. M. Sajid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.M.); (M.S.M.S.)
| | | | - Adel M. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Safaa Yehia Eid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (S.Y.E.); (M.Z.E.-R.)
| | - Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (S.Y.E.); (M.Z.E.-R.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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