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Shehata M, Zaid SM, Al-Goul ST, Shami A, Al Syaad KM, Ahmed AE, Mostafa YS, Al-Quwaie DA, Ashkan MF, Alqahtani FS, Hassan YA, Taha TF, El-Tarabily KA, AbuQamar SF. Integrated management of groundwater quantity, physicochemical properties, and microbial quality in West Nile delta using a new MATLAB code and geographic information system mapping. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7762. [PMID: 38565529 PMCID: PMC10987591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Groundwater is an excellent alternative to freshwater for drinking, irrigation, and developing arid regions. Agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential, and municipal activities may affect groundwater quantity and quality. Therefore, we aimed to use advanced methods/techniques to monitor the piezometric levels and collect groundwater samples to test their physicochemical and biological characteristics. Our results using software programs showed two main types of groundwater: the most prevalent was the Na-Cl type, which accounts for 94% of the groundwater samples, whereas the Mg-Cl type was found in 6% of samples only. In general, the hydraulic gradient values, ranging from medium to low, could be attributed to the slow movement of groundwater. Salinity distribution in groundwater maps varied between 238 and 1350 mg L-1. Although lower salinity values were observed in northwestern wells, higher values were recorded in southern ones. The collected seventeen water samples exhibited brackish characteristics and were subjected to microbial growth monitoring. Sample WD12 had the lowest total bacterial count (TBC) of 4.8 ± 0.9 colony forming unit (CFU mg L-1), while WD14 had the highest TBC (7.5 ± 0.5 CFU mg L-1). None of the tested water samples, however, contained pathogenic microorganisms. In conclusion, the current simulation models for groundwater drawdown of the Quaternary aquifer system predict a considerable drawdown of water levels over the next 10, 20, and 30 years with the continuous development of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shehata
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Samir M Zaid
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Soha T Al-Goul
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Al Syaad
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Sultan Bin Abdelaziz for Environmental Research and Natural Resources Sustainability Center, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser S Mostafa
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diana A Al-Quwaie
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mada F Ashkan
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah S Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuf A Hassan
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Taha F Taha
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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Tawfeeq JMS, Dişli E, Hamed MH. Hydrogeochemical evolution processes, groundwater quality, and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of nitrate-enriched groundwater to human health in different seasons in the Hawler (Erbil) and Bnaslawa Urbans, Iraq. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:26182-26203. [PMID: 38499922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The main objectives of this research are to assess groundwater, a primary source of drinking water in the urban areas of Hawler (Erbil) and Bnaslawa in northern Iraq, and the non-carcinogenic human health risks of nitrate contamination associated with drinking water quality. For this purpose, twenty-seven groundwater samples were collected from wells to assess the hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality for both natural and anthropogenic purposes during the wet (May 2020) and dry (September 2020) seasons. During the wet and dry seasons, NO3- in groundwater ranged from 14.00 to 61.00 mg/L and 12.00 to 60.00 mg/L, with an average value of 35.70 and 29.00 mg/L, respectively. Approximately 25.92% of the samples exceeded the permissible limit of the WHO (2011) drinking water standard. The ratios of NO3-/Na+ vs. Cl-/Na+ and SO42-/Na+ vs. NO3-/Na+ indicate the effect of agricultural activities and wastewater leaking from cesspools or septic tanks on the quality of groundwater during the wet and dry seasons. The entropy weighted water quality index method ranked 62.5% and 75% of the urban groundwater as not recommended for drinking, and the remaining samples are moderately suitable in both wet and dry seasons. The non-carcinogenic human health risk assessment displayed that during the wet and dry seasons, 29.6% and 25.9% of adults, 48% and 30% of children, and 48.1% and 29.6% of infants were exposed to increased concentrations of nitrate in groundwater. Due to high nitrate in drinking water, non-carcinogenic human health risk levels vary as infant > child > adults. The main findings obtained from this study can assist policymakers in better understanding the hydrogeochemical properties of groundwater in terms of drinking water safety, thereby facilitating the management of water resources to take the necessary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erkan Dişli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, 65080, Türkiye.
| | - Masoud Hussein Hamed
- Department of Geology, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, 44001, Iraq
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Diriba D, Karuppannan S, Takele T, Husein M. Delineation of groundwater potential zonation using geoinformatics and AHP techniques with remote sensing data. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25532. [PMID: 38371977 PMCID: PMC10873671 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Among all other valuable natural resources, groundwater is crucial for global economic growth and food security. This study aimed to delineate groundwater potential zones (GWPZ) in the Gidabo watershed of the Main Ethiopian Rift. The demand for groundwater supplies for various applications has risen recently in the watershed due to rapid population upsurge. An integrated Geographical Information System, Remote Sensing, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been utilized. Eight groundwater regulating factors, including rainfall, elevation, drainage density, soil types, lineament density, slope, lithology, and land use/land cover, have been taken in the analysis. To assign suitable weights to each factor, AHP was employed, as each element contributes differently to groundwater occurrence. The weighted overlay analysis (WOA) technique was then used in the ArcGIS environment to integrate all thematic layers and generate a GWPZ map. The delineated GWPZ in the watershed was classified into five categories. The poor GWPZ covered 18.7 %, the low GWPZ covered 33.8 %, the moderate GWPZ covered 23.4 %, the high GWPZ covered 18.1 %, and the very high GWPZ covered 5.8 % of the area. Well and spring data were used to validate the model, and the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve method was applied. The results showed good accuracy of 76.8 %. The result of this research can be valuable for planning and managing groundwater resources in the Gidabo watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechasa Diriba
- Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dilla University, P.O. Box: 419, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Shankar Karuppannan
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, P.O. Box: 1888, Ethiopia
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tariku Takele
- Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dilla University, P.O. Box: 419, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Musa Husein
- Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dilla University, P.O. Box: 419, Dilla, Ethiopia
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Ray P, Basak SK, Mohinuddin S, Roy MB, Roy PK. Evaluation of groundwater quality by adopting a multivariate statistical approach and indexing of water quality in Sagar Island, West Bengal, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:166. [PMID: 38233539 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In the vicinity of the coast, predominantly groundwater is the sole reliable resource for potable purposes as the surface water sources are highly saline and unfit for human consumption. However, the groundwater in Sagar Island is highly vulnerable to saltwater intrusion. The majority of drinking water comes from government-owned hand pump-equipped tube wells. But during the summer season, many of these tube wells yield significantly less water. Hence, in the current scenario, water quality assessment has become important to the quantity available. Total of 31 samples of deep tube wells (groundwater) are collected at variegated locations during pre-monsoon season throughout Sagar, and then, the physical and chemical quality parameters of these water samples are analysed. Furthermore, a multivariate statistical technique is executed with the aid of the SPSS program. The hydro-chemical parameters that are taken into account for the quality analysis are pH, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, aluminium, arsenic, bi-carbonate, cadmium, iron, chloride, copper, chromium, cobalt, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, potassium, sulphate, zinc, and sodium. Then, the analysed data evaluates the water quality index (WQI). Five components are identified through the principal component analysis (PCA) technique, and 82.642% total variance is found. The outcomes of the quality assessment study illustrate that about 54.84% of collected samples come in the "excellent" water quality class when calculated by the "weighted arithmetic WQI method," and 90.32% of collected groundwater samples come in the "good" water quality class when computed using the "modified weighted arithmetic WQI method." This study helps for the interpretation of WQI to assess groundwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Ray
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Basak
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sk Mohinuddin
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar Roy
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Paneerselvam B, Ravichandran N, Li P, Thomas M, Charoenlerkthawin W, Bidorn B. Machine learning approach to evaluate the groundwater quality and human health risk for sustainable drinking and irrigation purposes in South India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139228. [PMID: 37327829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for sustainable drinking and irrigation purposes using various indices, such as the nitrate pollution index, agriculture suitability index (ASI), non-carcinogenic human risk assessment (NCHRA), and radial basic function (RBF) model. The novelty of the present study is to develop the ASI model and integrate with RBF model to identify the highly dominating parameter in chemical equilibrium of groundwater. Results showed that >85% of sample locations were suitable for drinking purposes, and the nitrate concentration in groundwater had a negative impact on the overall quality of water. Approximately 12 and 19 sample locations were contaminated owing to the high nitrate concentrations in the study region. The NCHRA study identified that approximately 8.5%, 27.28%, 29.54%, 40.40%, and 28.20% of area was excessively affected during the winter compared to summer season for people 6 to 12 y, 13 to 19 y, 20 to 29 y, 30 to 65 y, and >65 y of age. The RBF model shows that the R2 values for each season were 0.84 and 0.85 during summer and winter, respectively. The north-east and central parts of the study region were found to be more contaminated. The present study identified that, pathway of nitrate contaminant from the agriculture field towards to the sample locations. Overall, parent rock weathering, carbonate ion dissolution, and infiltration of rainwater and leachate from municipal waste dumping yards were the dominant factors influencing the chemical composition of groundwater. The present study achieved the vibrant knowledge about source of contamination, health effect on human body and impact on agriculture uses to develop the cleaner water supply system. The study results will be helpful in enhancing the sustainable action plan for water management in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Paneerselvam
- Department of Water Resources Engineering, And Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Peiyue Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Maciej Thomas
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Cracow, Poland
| | - Warit Charoenlerkthawin
- Department of Water Resources Engineering, And Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Butsawan Bidorn
- Department of Water Resources Engineering, And Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Fentahun A, Mechal A, Karuppannan S. Hydrochemistry and quality appraisal of groundwater in Birr River Catchment, Central Blue Nile River Basin, using multivariate techniques and water quality indices. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:655. [PMID: 37165112 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the continuous population growth and the expansion of industry and agriculture in Ethiopia, groundwater demand has been increasing to supplement the erratic surface water. Therefore, the availability of sufficient and clean groundwater should be appraised and tracked regularly to secure its multi-purposes. This work aims to assess the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking, and irrigation uses and identifies the key factors controlling groundwater quality in the Birr River Catchment (BRC), Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. For this purpose, a total of 79 groundwater samples were assessed for physicochemical parameters. Major ion analysis, multivariate techniques (MCA, HCA, and PCA), and multi-hydrochemical indices were applied in the analysis of groundwater quality data. Hydrochemical analysis indicated that the principal cation and anion were Ca2+ and HCO3-, respectively. The spatial analysis of the major ions revealed a positive trend for Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, and SO42- along the groundwater flow path from the upland to the Birr river valley. Conversely, Ca2+ shows a deleterious tendency along the groundwater flow direction. The aquifer has three principal hydrochemical facies: Ca-HCO3, Ca/Mg-HCO3, and Na-HCO3. The water quality analysis indicates that with the exception of TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- in a few locations, most of the parameters analyzed are within the WHO allowable limits and are thus considered suitable for drinking water. The combined use of Gibbs and ionic ratio plots confirmed that silicate weathering was invariably prevailing in the region. The Chloro-Alkali Indices (CAIs) have indicated that cation exchange occurs in more than 85% of groundwater samples. However, there were indications of the influence of reverse ion exchange in the rest of the data. The MCA, PCA, and HCA disclosed that geo-genic sources accompanied by human activities mainly control the groundwater quality of the catchment. However, water quality assessment indices show that groundwater in the highest proportion of the catchment is suitable for human consumption and agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahunm Fentahun
- Geology Department, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU), P.O. BOX 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Mechal
- Geology Department, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU), P.O. BOX 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Mineral Exploration, Extraction, and Processing Center of Excellence (MEEP), AASTU, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Shankar Karuppannan
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU), Adama, Ethiopia
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Egbueri JC. A multi-model study for understanding the contamination mechanisms, toxicity and health risks of hardness, sulfate, and nitrate in natural water resources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61626-61658. [PMID: 36928703 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Several water quality contaminants have attracted the attention of numerous researchers globally, in recent times. Although the toxicity and health risk assessments of sulfate and water hardness have not received obvious attention, nitrate contamination has gained peculiar research interest globally. In the present paper, multiple data-driven indexical, graphical, and soft computational models were integrated for a detailed assessment and predictive modeling of the contamination mechanisms, toxicity, and human health risks of natural waters in Southeast Nigeria. Majority of the tested physicochemical parameters were within their satisfactory limits for drinking and other purposes. However, total hardness (TH), SO4, and NO3 were above stipulated limits in some locations. A nitrate health risk assessment revealed that certain areas present a chronic health risk to children, females, and males due to water intake. However, the dermal absorption route was found to have negligible health risks. SO4 in some locations was above the 100 mg/L Nigerian limit; thus, heightening the potential health effects due to intake of the contaminated water resources. Most samples had low TH values, which exposes users to health defects. There are mixed contamination mechanisms in the area, according to graphical plots, R-mode hierarchical dendrogram, factor analysis, and stoichiometry. However, geogenic mechanisms predominate over human-related mechanisms. Based on the results, a composite diagrammatic model was developed. Furthermore, predictive radial basis function (RBF) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models accurately predicted the TH, SO4, and NO3, with the RBF outperforming the MLR models. Insights from the RBF and MLR models were useful in validating the results of the hierarchical dendrogram, factor, stoichiometric, and graphical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnbosco C Egbueri
- Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria.
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8
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Sarma R, Singh SK. Assessment of groundwater quality and human health risks of nitrate and fluoride contamination in a rapidly urbanizing region of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55437-55454. [PMID: 36892698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination studies are important to understand the risks to public health. In this study, groundwater quality, major ion chemistry, sources of contaminants, and related health risks were evaluated for North-West Delhi, India, a region with a rapidly growing urban population. Groundwater samples collected from the study area were analysed for physicochemical parameters - pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, total alkalinity, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, fluoride, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Investigation of hydrochemical facies revealed that bicarbonate was the dominant anion while magnesium was the dominant cation. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis and Pearson correlation matrix indicated that major ion chemistry in the aquifer under study is primarily due to mineral dissolution, rock-water interactions and anthropogenic factors. Water quality index values showed that only 20% of the samples were acceptable for drinking. Due to high salinity, 54% of the samples were unfit for irrigation purposes. Nitrate and fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 380.19 mg/l and 0.05 to 7.90 mg/l, respectively due to fertilizer use, wastewater infiltration and geogenic processes. The health risks from high levels of nitrate and fluoride were calculated for males, females, and children. It was found that health risk from nitrate is more than fluoride in the study region. However, the spatial extent of risk from fluoride is more indicating that more people suffer from fluoride pollution in the study area. The total hazard index for children was found to be more than adults. Continuous monitoring of groundwater and application of remedial measures are recommended to improve the water quality and public health in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Sarma
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
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Sunkari ED, Abangba T, Ewusi A, Tetteh SEK, Ofosu E. Hydrogeochemical evolution and assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Gushegu Municipality and some parts of East Mamprusi District, Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:165. [PMID: 36445497 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Gushegu Municipality and the East Mamprusi District in Ghana are dominated by the Oti/Pendjari Group within the Voltaian Supergroup. The major rock types found in the area are quartzites, siltstones, conglomerates, and shales with minor occurrences of tillites, silexites, limestones, and barite-rich dolomites. The inhabitants of the area are mainly peasant farmers, and their activities might be influencing the groundwater chemistry, but little is known about the quality of the groundwater. Therefore, this study evaluated the suitability of groundwater resources in the Gushegu Municipality, and some parts of the East Mamprusi District in Ghana for domestic and irrigation uses, employing hydrogeochemical graphing, geochemical modelling, multivariate statistical analysis, and computation of water quality indices. Sodium (Na+), with concentrations ranging from 4.93 to 323 mg/L and a mean of 169 mg/L, is found to be the major cation in the groundwater, while bicarbonate (HCO3-), with concentrations ranging from 19.9 to 685 mg/L and a mean of 397 mg/L, is the major anion in the area. The dominant hydrochemical facies is the Na-HCO3 type, accounting for about 72.7% of the study area's groundwater and is influenced by silicate weathering, carbonate mineral dissolution, and ion exchange reactions. Other factors accounting for this dominance may be anthropogenic activities, including the dissolution and leaching of fertilizers from farmlands. Overall, this study reveals that the groundwater in the area is suitable for drinking based on the WQI classification. There are localized contaminations with respect to B and F-, making the water in those areas unsuitable for drinking. Also, the groundwater in the area is unsuitable for irrigation purposes due to the high Na% values (43 to 99% with a mean of 86%), magnesium hazard values (1 to 312 with a mean of 88), and sodium adsorption ratio (0.57 to 42.4 with a mean of 12.7). All these indices exceed their respective standards for irrigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana.
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Main Campus, Niğde, 51240, Turkey.
| | - Timothy Abangba
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana
| | - Anthony Ewusi
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana
| | - Samuel Edem Kodzo Tetteh
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana
| | - Enoch Ofosu
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, SES 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Krishan G, Bhagwat A, Sejwal P, Yadav BK, Kansal ML, Bradley A, Singh S, Kumar M, Sharma LM, Muste M. Assessment of groundwater salinity using principal component analysis (PCA): a case study from Mewat (Nuh), Haryana, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:37. [PMID: 36301359 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to investigate the processes controlling groundwater salinity in the Mewat (Nuh) district, Haryana, India. Twenty groundwater samples were collected from salinity-affected areas in the March-April months of years 2018 and 2019 and were analyzed for chemical variables pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, [Formula: see text], Cl-, SO42-, [Formula: see text], TDS, and total hardness. Three principal components were selected based on the eigen value, which explains 79.58% and 85.08% of the total variation in the years 2018 and 2019, respectively. The first principal component (PC-1) is identified with salinity, the second principal component (PC-2) with alkalinity, and the third principal component (PC-3) described the pollution. When the yearly comparison was made, the samples collected in 2019 were found to have an increased salinity compared to 2018, which shows an increased vulnerability to the aquifer of Mewat on account of the decline in rainfall recharge. It was also evident that declining recharge also triggered the recharge from other sources; thus, the impact of pollution is more pronounced in 2019 compared to 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krishan
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - A Bhagwat
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - P Sejwal
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B K Yadav
- Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M L Kansal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A Bradley
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - S Singh
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Kumar
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - L M Sharma
- Sehgal Foundation, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - M Muste
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Khan R, Saxena A. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Gomti-Ganga Alluvial Plain, associated human health risks assessment and potential remediation using novel-nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:19. [PMID: 36279024 PMCID: PMC9589610 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The health risks associated with consumption of water from river Gomti polluted with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including As, Fe, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Hg were investigated at the initiation of unlocking of COVID-19 lockdown and compared with pre-COVID-19 lockdown status. In the current investigation, the total hazard index (THI) values exceeded the acceptable limit of "unity" at all sampling stations. The use of river water for drinking and domestic purposes by millions of people with high THI values has emerged as a matter of huge concern. The individual hazard quotients associated with Cd and Pb were found to be most severe (> 1). A vivid difference between the THI values during the two study phases indicated the positive impact of COVID-19 lockdown signifying the prominent impact of anthropogenic activities on the PTE concentrations. The closure of local manufacturing units (textile, battery, etc.) emerged as a potential reason for decreased health risks associated with PTE levels. The higher susceptibility of children to health risks in comparison with adults through the values of THI and HQs was interpreted across the study area. Potential remedial measures for PTE contamination have also been suggested in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Khan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India.
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India.
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Evaluating the Performance of Water Quality Indices: Application in Surface Water of Lake Union, Washington State-USA. HYDROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology9070116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water quality indices (WQIs) are practical and versatile instruments for assessing, organizing, and disseminating information about the overall quality status of surface water bodies. The use of these indices may be beneficial in evaluating aquatic system water quality. The CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) and NSF (National Science Foundation) WQIs were used for the assessment of surface water (depth = 1 m) in Lake Union, Washington State. These WQIs were used in surface water at Lake Union, Seattle. The modified versions of the applied WQIs incorporate a varied number of the investigated parameters. The two WQIs were implemented utilizing specialized, publicly accessible software tools. A comparison of their performance is offered, along with a qualitative assessment of their appropriateness for describing the quality of a surface water body. Practical conclusions were generated and addressed based on the applicability and disadvantages of the evaluated indexes. When compared to the CCME-WQI, it is found that the NSF-WQI is a more robust index that yields a categorization stricter than CCME-WQI.
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Seabed Sediment Classification Using Spatial Statistical Characteristics. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional sediment classification methods based on Multibeam Echo System (MBES) data have low accuracy since the correlation between features and sediment has not been fully considered. Moreover, their poor resistance to the residual error of MBES backscatter strength (BS) processing also degrades their performances. Toward these problems, we propose a seabed sediment classification method using spatial statistical features extracted from angular response curve (ARC), topography, and geomorphology. First, to reduce interference of noise and residual error of beam pattern correction, we propose a robust method combining the Generic Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter (GSAB) model and Huber loss function to estimate the parameters of ARC which is strongly correlated with seabed sediments. Second, a feature set is constructed by AR features composed of GSAB parameters, BS mosaic and its derivatives, and seabed topography and its derivatives to characterize seabed sediments. After that, feature selection and probability map acquisition are employed based on the random forest algorithm (RF). Finally, a denoising and final sediment map generation method is proposed and applied to probability maps to obtain the sediment map with reasonable sediment distribution and clear boundaries between classes. We implement experiments and achieve the classification accuracy of 93.3%, which verifies the validity of our method.
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