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Shen S, Han G, Dong Z, Wu S, Ma S, Ding Z, Zhao Y, Wan X. Accumulation of rare earth elements in human gallstones: a perspective from dietary and human health. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:324. [PMID: 39333954 PMCID: PMC11437671 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallstone disease poses a global threat to human health and is strongly linked to environmental factors. However, there is currently no data on the presence of rare earth elements (REEs) in human gallstones. This paper investigates the concentration and distribution of REEs in gallstones for the first time, aiming to explore the environmental implications on human health. METHODS A total of 25 gallstone samples were collected in Shanghai and the content of REEs was measured by Inductively coupled plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to explore the distribution of REEs in gallstones. RESULTS The concentration of REEs in gallstones ranged from 4.89 to 190.8 ng/g (mean 39.21). In most of the gallstone analyses, REEs have been detected and generally attributed to environmental exposure or food contamination. The Y/Ho ratio of gallstones was lower than that of continental rocks, similar to that in the blood, indicating limited fractionation during fluid transport processes in the gallbladder. CONCLUSIONS The upper continental crust (UCC)-normalized REEs pattern in gallstones showed depletion of light REEs, while most showed enrichment of heavy REEs. Positive Gd anomalies were found in most samples, while few samples suggested anthropogenic influence. Whether exogenous inputs or in vivo biofractionation lead to changes in REEs fractionated patterns require further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shen
- Digestive Endoscopic Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Central Lab, School of Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Guilin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep-time Digital Earth, Institute of Earth Scineces, University of Geosciences (Beijing), 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhixia Dong
- Digestive Endoscopic Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Digestive Endoscopic Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shunrong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep-time Digital Earth, Institute of Earth Scineces, University of Geosciences (Beijing), 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep-time Digital Earth, Institute of Earth Scineces, University of Geosciences (Beijing), 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Nu Instruments, Wrexham Industrial Estate, 74 Clywedog Road South, 13 9XS, Wresham, LL, UK
| | - Xinjian Wan
- Digestive Endoscopic Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Tong X, Miao D, Zhou R, Shen X, Luo P, Ma J, Li Y, Lin J, Wen C, Sun X. Mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of hot-extruded Zn-5RE (RE = Y, Ho, and Er) alloys for biodegradable bone-fixation applications. Acta Biomater 2024; 185:55-72. [PMID: 38997078 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Biodegradable Zn alloys have significant application potential for hard-tissue implantation devices owing to their suitable degradation behavior and favorable biocompatibility. Nonetheless, pure Zn and its alloys in the as-cast state are mechanically instable and low in strength, which restricts their clinical applicability. Here, we report the exceptional mechanical, corrosion, and biocompatibility properties of hot-extruded Zn-5RE (wt.%, RE = rare earth of Y; or Ho; or Er) alloys intended for use in biodegradable bone substitutes. The microstructural characteristics, mechanical behavior, corrosion resistance, cytocompatibility, osteogenic differentiation, and capacity of osteogenesis in vivo of the Zn-5RE alloys are comparatively investigated. The Zn-5Y alloy demonstrates the best tensile properties, encompassing a 138 MPa tensile yield strength, a 302 MPa ultimate tensile strength, and 63% elongation, while the Zn-5Ho alloy shows the highest compression yield strength of 260 MPa and Vickers hardness of 104 HV. The Zn-5Er alloy shows a 126 MPa tensile yield strength, a 279 MPa ultimate tensile strength, 52% elongation, a 196 MPa compression yield strength, and a 101 HV Vickers microhardness. Further, the Zn-5Er alloy has a 130 µm per year corrosion rate in electrochemical tests and a 26 µm per year degradation rate in immersion tests, which is the lowest among the tested alloys. It also has the best in vitro osteogenic differentiation ability and capacity for osteogenesis and osteointegration in vivo after implantation in rat femurs among the Zn-5RE alloys, indicating promising potential in load-bearing biodegradable internal bone-fixation applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work reports the exceptional mechanical, corrosion, and biocompatibility properties of hot-extruded (HE) Zn-5 wt.%-rare earth (Zn-5RE) alloys using single yttrium (Y), holmium (Ho), and erbium (Er) alloying for biodegradable bone-implant applications. Our findings demonstrate that the HE Zn-5Er alloy showed σuts of 279 MPa, tensile yield strength of 126 MPa, elongation of 51.6%, compression yield strength of 196 MPa, and microhardness of 101.2 HV. Further, HE Zn-5Er showed the lowest electrochemical corrosion rate of 130 µm/y and lowest degradation rate of 26 µm/y, and the highest in vitro osteogenic differentiation ability, in vivo osteogenesis, and osteointegration ability after implantation in rat femurs among the Zn-5RE alloys, indicating promising potential in load-bearing biodegradable internal bone-fixation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Tong
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Daoyi Miao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ruian People's Hospital), Wenzhou 325016, China
| | - Runqi Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences and Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering, Higher Education and Stomatological Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, China
| | - Xinkun Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ruian People's Hospital), Wenzhou 325016, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yuncang Li
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jixing Lin
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Cuie Wen
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Ou T, Bao H, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Sui H, Yong L, Mao W, Wang Y, Bao H, Xiao X, Zhang L, Yang D, Jiang D, Li N, Wei S, Song Y. Concentration and health risk assessment of 16 rare earth elements in six types of tea in China. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 190:114832. [PMID: 38908816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have been implicated in potential health effects. However, the health risk of REE exposure among tea drinkers in China remains poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the concentration of REEs in different tea categories and evaluate the associated health risks for tea consumers in China. By analyzing the content of 16 REEs in 4326 tea samples from China, the exposure level of REEs to the general population was estimated. The content of these 16 REEs was similar across six types of tea, with oolong tea exhibiting the highest levels. The concentration of light rare earth elements (LREEs) in six types of tea was higher than that of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The daily mean and 95th percentile (P95) exposure to REEs from tea for the general population in China were 0.0328 μg/kg BW and 0.1283 μg/kg BW, respectively, which are significantly lower than the temporary acceptable daily dose (tADI). Our findings suggest that REEs from tea do not pose a known health risk to Chinese consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ou
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Hanbing Bao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yujing Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Haixia Sui
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Ling Yong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Weifeng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Yibaina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Huihui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Dajin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Dingguo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Healthand Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China.
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Wakhle B, Sharma S, Patel KS, Pandey PK, Lučić M, Fiket Ž, Yurdakul S, Varol S, Martín-Ramos P, Al-Yousef HM, Mothana RA. Multi-element Contamination and Health Risks in Green Leafy Vegetables from Ambagarh Chowki, Chhattisgarh, India. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04285-3. [PMID: 38976141 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Leafy plants are commonly consumed as vegetables in India due to their high nutrient and vitamin content. This study, conducted in Ambagarh Chowki (India), investigated the accumulation potential of 52 elements (including Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Ho, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, and Zn) in seven leafy vegetable species, namely Amaranthus tricolor L., Corchorus olitorius L., Cordia myxa L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Moringa oleifera Lam., and Spinacia oleracea L. Technique: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed for analysis. The maximum concentrations of elements such as Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Ga, Ge, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Th, Tl, U, V, W, and REEs were observed in S. oleracea leaves, indicating their highest accumulation potential. In contrast, the maximum concentrations of As were found in H. sabdariffa leaves; Ca and Si in M. oleifera leaves; Mg, Sr, and Mo in A. tricolor leaves; and P, K, Cu, and Zn in C. myxa leaves, respectively. Twenty-one elements (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, V, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Th, Sb, Ba, Be, Li, Sr, Tl, U, Se, Sn, and REEs) exceeded permissible limits set by the WHO. The elevated hazard index values indicated significant non-carcinogenic effects. The sources of these elements could be attributed to a combination of geological factors and agricultural practices. This study highlights the need for further investigation into the potential health implications of consuming these vegetables in the aforementioned region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashri Wakhle
- Department of Chemistry, Government Nagarjuna Post Graduate College of Science, Raipur, CG, India
| | - Saroj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Government Nagarjuna Post Graduate College of Science, Raipur, CG, India
| | - Khageshwar Singh Patel
- Department of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Baloda-Bazar Road, Raipur, 493225, CG, India.
| | - Piyush Kant Pandey
- Department of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Baloda-Bazar Road, Raipur, 493225, CG, India
| | - Mavro Lučić
- Laboratory for Inorganic Environmental Geochemistry and Chemodynamics of Nanoparticles, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Fiket
- Laboratory for Inorganic Environmental Geochemistry and Chemodynamics of Nanoparticles, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 32260, Turkey
| | - Simge Varol
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 32260, Turkey
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004, Palencia, Spain
| | - Hanan Mohamed Al-Yousef
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramzi Ahmed Mothana
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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González N, Domingo JL. Levels of Rare Earth Elements in Food and Human Dietary Exposure: A Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04297-z. [PMID: 38970711 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group consisting of the following 17 metals: Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, La, Lu, Nd, Pr, Pm, Sc, Sm, Tb, Tm, Y and Yb. In the current century, the number of applications of REEs has significantly increased. They are being used as components in high technology devices of great importance industrial/economic. However, information on the risk of human exposure to REEs, as well as the potential toxic effects of these elements is still limited. In general terms, dietary intake is the main route of exposure to metals for non-occupationally exposed individuals, which should be also expected for REEs. The current paper aimed at reviewing the studies -conducted over the world- that focused on determining the levels of REEs in foods, as well as the dietary intake of these elements. Most studies do not suggest potential health risk for consumers of freshwater and marine species of higher consumption, or derived from the intake of a number of vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, as well as other various foodstuffs (honey, tea, rice, etc.). The current estimated daily intake (EDI) of REEs does not seem to be of concern. However, considering the expected wide use of these elements in the next years, it seems to be clearly recommendable to assess periodically the potential health risk of the dietary exposure to REEs. This is already being done with well-known toxic elements such as As, Cd, Pb and Hg, among other potentially toxic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus González
- School of Medicine, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jose L Domingo
- School of Medicine, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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Samal RR, Subudhi U. Biochemical and biophysical interaction of rare earth elements with biomacromolecules: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142090. [PMID: 38648983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The growing utilization of rare earth elements (REEs) in industrial and technological applications has captured global interest, leading to the development of high-performance technologies in medical diagnosis, agriculture, and other electronic industries. This accelerated utilization has also raised human exposure levels, resulting in both favourable and unfavourable impacts. However, the effects of REEs are dependent on their concentration and molecular species. Therefore, scientific interest has increased in investigating the molecular interactions of REEs with biomolecules. In this current review, particular attention was paid to the molecular mechanism of interactions of Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), and Gadolinium (Gd) with biomolecules, and the biological consequences were broadly interpreted. The review involved gathering and evaluating a vast scientific collection which primarily focused on the impact associated with REEs, ranging from earlier reports to recent discoveries, including studies in human and animal models. Thus, understanding the molecular interactions of each element with biomolecules will be highly beneficial in elucidating the consequences of REEs accumulation in the living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi R Samal
- Biochemistry & Biophysics Laboratory, Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Umakanta Subudhi
- Biochemistry & Biophysics Laboratory, Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Lee KM, Herrman TJ. Investigation and assessment of natural radioactivity in commercial animal feeds in Texas. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:33-44. [PMID: 38039334 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2289132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Commercial animal feed in Texas was characterized by determining natural gamma emitters including 40K,137Cs, and Uranium (235U and 238U) and Thorium (232Th) series to obtain basic radioactivity values. The measured activity concentration of natural radionuclides in animal feed was low enough for safe consumption by animal and largely depended on the type of animal feed.40K was the predominant radionuclide showing the highest activity concentration in animal feed. The radioactivity concentration of 214 Bi and 214Pb in 238U decay series was 1.39 and 1.33 Bq/kg in corn, respectively, lower than in other animal feed types. On the other hand, the vitamin/mineral mix samples showed higher concentrations of 214 Bi (9.04 Bq/kg) and 214Pb (10.19 Bq/kg). Beef cattle feed, poultry feed, and vitamin/mineral mix exhibited higher activity concentration of 228Ac and 212Pb in 232Th decay series. Gamma radionuclides appeared to be highly and significantly correlated within each decay series. 235U was present at low levels in all feed samples while the anthropogenic radionuclide of 137Cs was not detected irrespective of the type of animal feed. This study highlights an importance of establishing a current baseline of radioactivity concentration in animal feed in Texas in which the largest animal feed consumption in the US exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Lee
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Timothy J Herrman
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA
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Pereira WVDS, Ramos SJ, Melo LCA, Dias YN, Martins GC, Ferreira LCG, Fernandes AR. Human and environmental exposure to rare earth elements in gold mining areas in the northeastern Amazon. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139824. [PMID: 37586491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Rudimentary methods are used to exploit gold (Au) in several artisanal mines in the Amazon, producing hazardous wastes that may pose risks of contamination by rare earth elements (REEs). The objectives of this study were to quantify the concentrations of REEs and assess their environmental and human health risks in artisanal Au mining areas in the northeastern Amazon. Thus, 25 samples of soils and mining wastes were collected in underground, colluvial, and cyanidation exploration sites, as well as in a natural forest that was considered as a reference area. The concentrations of REEs were quantified using alkaline fusion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the results were used to estimate pollution indices and risks associated with the contaminants. All REEs showed higher concentrations in waste deposition areas than in the reference area, especially Ce, Sc, Nd, La, Pr, Sm, and Eu. Pollution and enrichment levels were higher in the underground and cyanidation mining areas, with very high contamination factors (6.2-27) for Ce, Eu, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, and Sc, and significant to very high enrichment factors (5.5-20) for Ce, La, Nd, Pr, and Sc. The ecological risk indices varied from moderate (167.3) to high (365.7) in the most polluted sites, but risks to human health were low in all areas studied. The results of this study indicate that artisanal Au mining has the potential to cause contamination, enrichment, and ecological risks by REEs in the northeastern Amazon. Mitigation measures should be implemented to protect the environment from the negative impacts of these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendel Valter da Silveira Pereira
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brazil; Vale Institute of Technology - Sustainable Development, 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Sílvio Junio Ramos
- Vale Institute of Technology - Sustainable Development, 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Leônidas Carrijo Azevedo Melo
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yan Nunes Dias
- Vale Institute of Technology - Sustainable Development, 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Zhao C, Yang J, Zhang X, Fang X, Zhang N, Su X, Pang H, Li W, Wang F, Pu Y, Xia Y. A human health risk assessment of rare earth elements through daily diet consumption from Bayan Obo Mining Area, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115600. [PMID: 37862749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) have been broad application in a range of industries, including the electronics industry, advanced materials, and medicine. However, health risks associated with REEs received increasing attention. 31 residents (16 males and 15 females) from Bayan Obo mining in Inner Mongolia, China, were enrolled in this study. In total, 677 food samples, the major human exposure matrices (drinking water and duplicate diets), and bio-samples (urine and blood) of 31 participants were obtained. The concentrations of REEs were measured to characterize their external and internal exposures, and the potential health risk of exposure to REE through the ingestion route was analyzed. The results revealed that the detection rate in blood samples (100%) is higher than in urine (32.86%), and only a few REEs were detected in water samples (8.06%), the urine concentrations were considerably lower than in blood. Exposure to REEs through drinking water was considered negligible compared to food intake. Lanthanum and cerium were the most concentrated REEs in food samples. Health risks were calculated based on a dose-response model, the total hazard quotients (THQ) values for all food groups were within normal levels, and the Monte Carlo simulation results show that the 5th, the 50th, and the 95th percentile values of HI were found as 1.45 × 10-2, 3.52 × 10-2, and 9.13 × 10-2, respectively, neither exceeds the threshold, indicating low health risks associated with food intake exposure for this area. The sensitivity results suggest that underweight people are at higher risk, cerium, lanthanum, and yttrium concentrations, and food intake contributes more to health risks. The use of probability distribution methods can improve the accuracy of the results. The cumulative health risk through food intake is negligible, and further attention should be paid to the health risk induced by other routes of exposure to REEs by the local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jianye Yang
- The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Comprehensive Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot 010031, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xingguang Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiong Su
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hui Pang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wuyuntana Li
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fenghong Wang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yunxia Pu
- The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Comprehensive Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huhhot 010031, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Yuan Xia
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China.
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10
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Hou F, Huang J, Qing F, Guo T, Ouyang S, Xie L, Ding Y, Yu J, Li Y, Liu X, He TS, Fan X, Liu Z. The rare-earth yttrium induces cell apoptosis and autophagy in the male reproductive system through ROS-Ca 2+-CamkII/Ampk axis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115262. [PMID: 37480693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
China has the world's largest reserves of rare earth elements (REEs), but widespread mining and application of REEs has led to an increased risk of potential pollution. Yttrium (Y), the first heavy REEs to be discovered, poses a substantial threat to human health. Unfortunately, little attention has been given to the impact of Y on human reproductive health. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of YCl3 on mouse testes and four types of testicular cells, including Sertoli, Leydig, spermatogonial and spermatocyte cells. The results showed that YCl3 exposure causes substantial damage to mouse testes and induces apoptosis and autophagy, but not pyroptosis or necrosis, in testicular cells. Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed that YCl3 induced significant changes in gene expression, with Ca2+ and mitochondria-related genes being the most significantly altered. Mechanistically, YCl3 exposure induced mitochondrial dysfunction in testicular cells, triggering the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by impairing the Nrf2 pathway, regulating downstream Ho-1 target protein expression, and increasing Ca2+ levels to activate the CamkII/Ampk signaling pathway. Blocking ROS production or Ca2+ signaling significantly attenuates apoptosis and autophagy, while supplementation with Ca2+ reverses the suppression of apoptosis and autophagy by ROS blockade in testicular cells. Notably, apoptosis and autophagy induced by YCl3 treatment are independent of each other. Thus, our study suggests that YCl3 may impair the antioxidant stress signaling pathway and activate the calcium pathway through the ROS-Ca2+ axis, which promotes testicular cell apoptosis and autophagy independently, thus inducing testicular damage and impairing male reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangpeng Hou
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Junyun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Furong Qing
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Tianfu Guo
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Sijia Ouyang
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Lu Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Yechun Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Jingge Yu
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Tian-Sheng He
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
| | - Xiaona Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China; School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
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11
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Lai J, Liu J, Wu D, Xu J. Pollution and health risk assessment of rare earth elements in Citrus sinensis growing soil in mining area of southern China. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15470. [PMID: 37304884 PMCID: PMC10252884 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Analyzing the pollution and health risk of rare earth elements (REEs) in crop-growing soils around rare earth deposits can facilitate the improvement of REE mining-influenced area. In this study, pollution status, fraction and anomaly, plant accumulation characteristics, and potential risks of REEs (including heavy and light rare earth elements, HREEs and LREEs) in C. sinensis planting soil near ion-adsorption deposits in southern Ganzhou were analyzed. The influence of the soil environment on REEs in soil and fruit of C. sinensis was also explored. Methods The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and ecological risk index(RI) were used to analyze the pollution potential and ecological risks of REEs in soils, respectively. Health risk index and translocation factor (TF) were applied to analyze the accumulation and health risks of REEs in fruit of C. sinensis. The influence of soil factors on REEs in soil and fruit of C. sinensis were determined via correlation and redundancy analysis. Results Comparison with background values and assessment of Igeo and RI indicated that the soil was polluted by REEs, albeit at varying degrees. Fractionation between LREEs and HREEs occurred, along with significant positive Ce anomaly and negative Eu anomaly. With TF values < 1, our results suggest that C. sinensis has a weak ability to accumulate REEs in its fruit. The concentrations of REEs in fruit differed between LREEs and HREEs, with content of HREE in fruit ordered as Jiading > Anxi > Wuyang and of LREE in fruit higher in Wuyang. Correlation and redundancy analysis indicated that K2O, Fe2O3 and TOC are important soil factors influencing REE accumulation by C. sinensis, with K2O positively related and Fe2O3 and TOC negatively related to the accumulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Lai
- School of Resources and Environment and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinfu Liu
- Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Daishe Wu
- School of Resources and Environment and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, China
| | - Jinying Xu
- School of Resources and Environment and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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12
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Martín-León V, Rubio C, Rodríguez-Hernández Á, Zumbado M, Acosta-Dacal A, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Boada LD, Travieso-Aja MDM, Luzardo OP. Evaluation of Essential, Toxic and Potentially Toxic Elements in Leafy Vegetables Grown in the Canary Islands. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050442. [PMID: 37235256 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Forty-seven elements in leafy green vegetables were studied to estimate the daily intakes from this food category in different scenarios (average and high consumers) and age groups of the Canary Islands population. The contribution of the consumption of each type of vegetable to the reference intakes of essential, toxic and potentially toxic elements was assessed and the risk-benefit ratio was evaluated. The leafy vegetables that provide the highest levels of elements are spinach, arugula, watercress and chard. While spinach, chard, arugula, lettuce sprouts and watercress were the leafy vegetables with the highest concentrations of essential elements (38,743 ng/g of Fe in spinach, 3733 ng/g of Zn in watercress), the high levels of Mn in chard, spinach and watercress are noteworthy. Among the toxic elements, Cd is the element with the highest concentration, followed by As and Pb. The vegetable with the highest concentration of potentially toxic elements (Al, Ag, Be, Cr, Ni, Sr and V) is spinach. In average adult consumers, while the greatest contribution of essential elements comes from arugula, spinach and watercress, insignificant dietary intakes of potentially toxic metals are observed. Toxic metal intakes from the consumption of leafy vegetables in the Canary Islands do not show significant values, so the consumption of these foods does not pose a health risk. In conclusion, the consumption of leafy vegetables provides significant levels of some essential elements (Fe, Mn, Mo, Co and Se), but also of some potentially toxic elements (Al, Cr and Tl). A high consumer of leafy vegetables would see their daily nutritional needs regarding Fe, Mn, Mo, and Co covered, although they are also exposed to moderately worrying levels of Tl. To monitor the safety of dietary exposure to these metals, total diet studies on those elements with dietary exposures above the reference values derived from the consumption of this food category, mainly Tl, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martín-León
- Public Health Laboratory of Las Palmas, Canary Islands Government Health Service, 35004 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Toxicology Department, Universidad de La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, 38071 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Travieso-Aja
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Egler SG, Roldão TM, Santos GO, Heidelmann GP, Giese EC, Correia FV, Saggioro EM. Acute toxicity of single and combined rare earth element exposures towards Daphnia similis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114538. [PMID: 36652740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of Rare Earth Elements (REE) in emerging technologies, medicine and agriculture has led to chronic aquatic compartment contamination. In this context, this aimed to evaluate the acute toxic effects of lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd) and samarium (Sm), as both single and binary and ternary mixtures on the survival of the microcrustacean Daphnia similis. A metal solution medium with (MS) and without EDTA and cyanocobalamin (MSq) as chelators was employed as the assay dilution water to assess REE bioavailability effects. In the single exposure experiments, toxicity in the MS medium decreased following the order La > Sm > Nd, while the opposite was noted for the MSq medium, which was also more toxic than the MS medium. The highest MS toxicity was observed for the binary Nd + La (1:1) mixture (EC50 48 h of 11.57 ± 1.22 mg.L-1) and the lowest, in the ternary Sm + La + Nd (2:2:1) mixture (EC50 48 h 41.48 ± 1.40 mg.L-1). The highest toxicity in the MSq medium was observed in the single assays and in the binary Sm + Nd (1:1) mixture (EC50 48 h 10.60 ± 1.57 mg.L-1), and the lowest, in the ternary Sm + La + Nd (1:2:2) mixture (EC50 48 h 36.76 ± 1.54 mg.L-1). Concerning the MS medium, 75 % of interactions were additive, 19 % antagonistic, and 6 % synergistic. In the MSq medium, 56 % of interactions were synergistic and 44 % additive. The higher toxicity observed in the MSq medium indicates that the absence of chelators can increase the concentrations of more toxic free ions, suggesting that the MS medium should be avoided in REE assays. Additive interactions were observed in greater or equivalent amounts in both media and were independent of elemental mixture ratios. These findings improve the understanding of environmental REE effects, contributing to the establishment of future guidelines and ecological risk calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gonçalves Egler
- Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, CETEM/MCTI, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 21.941-908 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tamine Martins Roldão
- Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, CETEM/MCTI, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 21.941-908 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Oliveira Santos
- Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, CETEM/MCTI, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 21.941-908 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gisele Petronilho Heidelmann
- Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, CETEM/MCTI, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 21.941-908 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristine Giese
- Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, CETEM/MCTI, Av. Pedro Calmon, 900, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 21.941-908 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio Verissimo Correia
- UNIRIO, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, 22290-20 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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14
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Yang D, Sui H, Mao W, Wang Y, Yang D, Zhang L, Liu Z, Yong L, Song Y. Dietary Exposure Assessment of Rare Earth Elements in the Chinese Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15583. [PMID: 36497658 PMCID: PMC9738814 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are widely found in foods. A high intake of REEs may have associations with adverse effects on human health. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of REEs in foods in China and to assess the risk of dietary REEs exposure in the Chinese population. The mean concentrations of the total REEs in 27,457 food samples from 11 food categories ranged from 0.04 to 1.41 mg/kg. The daily mean dietary exposure of the total REEs was 1.62 μg/kg BW in the general Chinese population and ranged from 1.61 to 2.80 μg/kg BW in different sex-age groups. The high consumer exposure (95th percentile, P95) was 4.83 μg/kg BW, 9.38% of the temporary ADI (tADI) of REEs (51.5 μg/kg BW). None of the P95 exposure exceeded the tADI in all of the sub-groups. Lanthanum, cerium, and yttrium accounted for approximately 63% of the total exposure of the 16 REEs. The hazard index of 16 REEs was far below 1. Therefore, the health risk of dietary REEs exposure in the general Chinese population was low. No cumulative risk was found for the 16 REEs in China. The results indicate there was no need to stipulate the limits of REEs in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Yong
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-010-5216-5570 (L.Y.); +86-010-5216-5571 (Y.S.)
| | - Yan Song
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-010-5216-5570 (L.Y.); +86-010-5216-5571 (Y.S.)
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