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Srivastava V, Gross E. Mitophagy-promoting agents and their ability to promote healthy-aging. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1811-1846. [PMID: 37650304 PMCID: PMC10657188 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The removal of damaged mitochondrial components through a process called mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) is essential for the proper function of the mitochondrial network. Hence, mitophagy is vital for the health of all aerobic animals, including humans. Unfortunately, mitophagy declines with age. Many age-associated diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, are characterized by the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and oxidative damage. Therefore, activating the mitophagy process with small molecules is an emerging strategy for treating multiple aging diseases. Recent studies have identified natural and synthetic compounds that promote mitophagy and lifespan. This article aims to summarize the existing knowledge about these substances. For readers' convenience, the knowledge is presented in a table that indicates the chemical data of each substance and its effect on lifespan. The impact on healthspan and the molecular mechanism is reported if known. The article explores the potential of utilizing a combination of mitophagy-inducing drugs within a therapeutic framework and addresses the associated challenges of this strategy. Finally, we discuss the process that balances mitophagy, i.e. mitochondrial biogenesis. In this process, new mitochondrial components are generated to replace the ones cleared by mitophagy. Furthermore, some mitophagy-inducing substances activate biogenesis (e.g. resveratrol and metformin). Finally, we discuss the possibility of combining mitophagy and biogenesis enhancers for future treatment. In conclusion, this article provides an up-to-date source of information about natural and synthetic substances that activate mitophagy and, hopefully, stimulates new hypotheses and studies that promote healthy human aging worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijigisha Srivastava
- Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12271, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einav Gross
- Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12271, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Regalado L, Sario S, Mendes RJ, Valle J, Harvey PJ, Teixeira C, Gomes P, Andreu D, Santos C. Towards a Sustainable Management of the Spotted-Wing Drosophila: Disclosing the Effects of Two Spider Venom Peptides on Drosophila suzukii. INSECTS 2023; 14:533. [PMID: 37367349 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is a polyphagous pest that causes severe damage and economic losses to soft-skinned fruit production. Current control methods are dominated by inefficient cultural practices and broad-spectrum insecticides that, in addition to having toxic effects on non-target organisms, are becoming less effective due to acquired resistance. The increasing awareness of the real impact of insecticides on health and the environment has promoted the exploration of new insecticidal compounds, addressing novel molecular targets. This study explores the efficacy of two orally delivered spider venom peptides (SVPs), J-atracotoxin-Hv1c (Hv1c) and µ-theraphotoxin-Hhn2b (TRTX), to manage D. suzukii, through survival assays and the evaluation of gene expression associated with detoxification pathways. Treatment with TRTX at 111.5 µM for 48 h enhanced fly longevity compared with the control group. Gene expression analysis suggests that detoxification and stress-related mechanisms, such as expression of P450 proteins and apoptotic stimuli signaling, are triggered in D. suzukii flies in response to these treatments. Our results highlight the potential interest of SVPs to control this pest, shedding light on how to ultimately develop improved target-specific formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Regalado
- iB2, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Sario
- iB2, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael J Mendes
- iB2, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
| | - Javier Valle
- Proteomics and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peta J Harvey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
| | - David Andreu
- Proteomics and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conceição Santos
- iB2, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal
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Liu Z, Pan X, Guo J, Li L, Tang Y, Wu G, Li M, Wang H. Long-term sevoflurane exposure resulted in temporary rather than lasting cognitive impairment in Drosophila. Behav Brain Res 2023; 442:114327. [PMID: 36738841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is the primary inhaled anesthetic used in pediatric surgery. It has been the focus of research since animal models studies found that it was neurotoxic to the developing brain two decades ago. However, whether pediatric general anesthesia can lead to permanent cognitive deficits remained a subject of heated debate. Therefore, our study aims to determine the lifetime neurotoxicity of early long-time sevoflurane exposure using a short-life-cycle animal model, Drosophila melanogaster. To investigate this question, we measured the lifetime changes of two-day-old flies' learning and memory abilities after anesthesia with 3 % sevoflurane for 6 h by the T-maze memory assay. We evaluated the apoptosis, levels of ATP and ROS, and related genes in the fly head. Our results suggest that 6 h 3 % sevoflurane exposure at a young age can only induce transient neuroapoptosis and cognitive deficits around the first week after anesthesia. But this brain damage recedes with time and vanishes in late life. We also found that the mRNA level of caspases and Bcl-2, ROS level, and ATP level increased during this temporary neuroapoptosis process. And mRNA levels of antioxidants, such as SOD2 and CAT, increased and decreased simultaneously with the rise and fall of the ROS level, indicating a possible contribution to the recovery from the sevoflurane impairment. In conclusion, our results suggest that one early prolonged sevoflurane-based general anesthesia can induce neuroapoptosis and learning and memory deficit transiently but not permanently in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Xuanyi Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Jiguang Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Liping Li
- Institute of Materia Medical, Hebei Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050021, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Guangyi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China; Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Skeletal Metabolic Physiology of Chronic Kidney Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China.
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4
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Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:59-102. [PMID: 36863425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Translational Sciences, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Antonopoulou E, Panteli N, Feidantsis K, Mastoraki M, Koutsogeorgiou EI, Grivaki E, Papagrigoriou T, Christias SP, Chatzifotis S, Lazari D, Andreadis SS, Krigas N. Carob ( Ceratonia siliqua) as Functional Feed Is Beneficial in Yellow Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) Rearing: Evidence from Growth, Antioxidant Status and Cellular Responses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091840. [PMID: 36139915 PMCID: PMC9495811 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In terms of sustainability and circular economy, agricultural by-products may be efficiently reused in insects’ rearing for high-quality protein sources in human diet and animal feeds. The present study aimed to explore whether the utilization of carob pods as feeding substrate may beneficially affect Tenebrio molitor’s growth, nutritional value, antioxidant status and cellular responses. Increasing levels of milled whole carob pods (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) were used as alternative wheat bran (control) substrates for yellow mealworm rearing, while growth performance, proximate composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant enzyme activity and the expression of stress- and apoptotic-related proteins were evaluated in larvae. The results showed that carob pods’ content up to 75% did not significantly differentiate larvae weight, development time and total dry matter. Larvae total phenolic content and antioxidant activity exhibited a significant increase at 75% content. Although the antioxidant enzymes’ activity decreased at both 25 and 50% levels, higher carob content levels (75 and 100%) resulted in no significant changes compared to the control. Carob pods led to decreased apoptotic indicators and the low expression of most stress-related proteins compared to the control. The present findings demonstrate that carob pods and their antioxidant properties exert beneficial effects on T. molitor’s rearing and nutritional status, although 100% carob content may impact adversely the larvae due to the high amounts of carob tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.A.); or (N.K.); Tel.: +30-2310-998563 (E.A.); +30-2310-471110 (N.K.)
| | - Nikolas Panteli
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Mastoraki
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Gournes Pediados, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eleni I. Koutsogeorgiou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—Dimitra, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Eirini Grivaki
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Papagrigoriou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Stavros Chatzifotis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Gournes Pediados, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Diamanto Lazari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos S. Andreadis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—Dimitra, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Nikos Krigas
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—Dimitra, 57001 Thermi, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.A.); or (N.K.); Tel.: +30-2310-998563 (E.A.); +30-2310-471110 (N.K.)
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6
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Rix RR, Cutler GC. Review of molecular and biochemical responses during stress induced stimulation and hormesis in insects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154085. [PMID: 35218848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biphasic hormetic response to stress, defined by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition is frequently observed in insects. Various molecular and biochemical responses associated with hormesis in insects have been reported in many studies, but no synthesis of all these findings has been undertaken. We conducted a systematic literature review, analyzing papers demonstrating phenotypic stimulatory effect(s) following exposure to stress where molecular or biochemical response(s) were also examined. Responses observed included stimulation of reproduction, survival and longevity, growth and development, and tolerance to temperature, chemical, or starvation and desiccation, in response to stressors including pesticides, oxidative stress, temperature, crowding and starvation, and radiation. Phenotypic stimulation ranged from <25% increased above controls to >100%. Reproductive stimulation was frequently <25% increased above controls, while stimulated temperature tolerance was frequently >100% increased. Molecular and biochemical responses had obvious direct connections to phenotypic responses in many cases, although not in all instances. Increased expression of heat shock proteins occurred in association with stimulated temperature tolerance, and increased expression of detoxification genes with stimulated pesticide or chemical tolerance, but also stimulated reproduction. Changes in the expression or activity of antioxidants were frequently associated with stimulation of longevity and reproduction. Stress induced changes in vitellogenin and juvenile hormone and genes in the IIS/TOR signalling pathway - which are directly responsible for regulating growth, development, and reproduction - were also reported. Our analysis showed that coordination of expression of genes or proteins associated with protection from oxidative stress and DNA and protein damage is important in the hormetic responses of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Rix
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, PO Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada.
| | - G Christopher Cutler
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, PO Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada.
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Dwivedi S, D'Souza LC, Shetty NG, Raghu SV, Sharma A. Hsp27, a potential EcR target, protects nonylphenol-induced cellular and organismal toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118484. [PMID: 34774861 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the potential mechanism of chemical-induced toxicity enables us to alleviate the cellular and organismal dysfunction. The environmental presence of nonylphenol (endocrine disruptor) has a major health concern due to its widespread usage in our day-to-day life. The current study establishes a novel functional link among nonylphenol-induced oxidative stress, Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27, member of stress protein family), and Ecdysone receptor (EcR, a nuclear receptor), which eventually coordinates the nonylphenol-induced sub-cellular and organismal level toxicity in a genetically tractable model Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila larvae exposed to nonylphenol (0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 μg/mL) showed a significant decrease in Hsp27 and EcR mRNA levels in the midgut. In concurrence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were increased with a corresponding decline in glutathione (GSH) level and Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity. Increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl (PC) contents, and cell death were also observed in a correlation with the nonylphenol concentrations. Sub-cellular toxicity poses a negative organismal response, which was evident by delayed larval development and reduced Drosophila emergence. Subsequently, a positive genetic correlation (p < 0.001) between EcR and Hsp27 revealed that nonylphenol-dependent EcR reduction is a possible link for the downregulation of Hsp27. Further, Hsp27 overexpression in midgut cells showed a reduction in nonylphenol-induced intracellular ROS, LPO, PC content, and cell death through the TrxR mediated regenerative pathway and reduced GSH level improving the organismal response to the nonylphenol exposure. Altogether, the study elucidates the potential EcR-Hsp27 molecular interactions in mitigating the nonylphenol-induced cellular and organismal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwangi Dwivedi
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Kotekar-Beeri Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Leonard Clinton D'Souza
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Kotekar-Beeri Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Nidhi Ganesh Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Kotekar-Beeri Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India; Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Molecular Genetics and Cancer, Kotekar-Beeri Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka, 574199, India
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Kotekar-Beeri Road, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
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8
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Wei W, Dong Q, Jiang W, Wang Y, Chen Y, Han T, Sun C. Dichloroacetic acid-induced dysfunction in rat hippocampus and the protective effect of curcumin. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:545-556. [PMID: 33411217 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the role of cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling in mediating the neuroprotective effects of curcumin against DCAA-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired synaptic plasticity in rats. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, and we assessed the histomorphological, behavioral and biochemical characteristics to investigate the beneficial effects of different concentrations of curcumin against DCAA-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. The results indicated that animal weight gain and food consumption were not significantly affected by DCAA. However, behavioral tests, including morris water maze and shuttle box, showed varying degrees of alterations. Additionally, we found significant changes in hippocampal neurons by histomorphological observation. DCAA exposure could increase lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation factors while reducing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) level accompanied by DNA damage in the hippocampus. Furthermore, we found that DCAA exposure could cause a differential modulation of mRNA and proteins (cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), p-CREB, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), synaptophysin (SYP)). Conversely, various doses of curcumin attenuated DCAA-induced oxidative stress, inflammation response and impaired synaptic plasticity, while elevating cAMP, PKA, p-CREB, BDNF, PSD-95, SYP levels. Thus, curcumin could activate the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway, conferring neuroprotection against DCAA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuying Dong
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Chen
- The first Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tianshu Han
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changhao Sun
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Targeting metabolic pathways for extension of lifespan and healthspan across multiple species. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101188. [PMID: 33031925 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism plays a significant role in the regulation of aging at different levels, and metabolic reprogramming represents a major driving force in aging. Metabolic reprogramming leads to impaired organismal fitness, an age-dependent increase in susceptibility to diseases, decreased ability to mount a stress response, and increased frailty. The complexity of age-dependent metabolic reprogramming comes from the multitude of levels on which metabolic changes can be connected to aging and regulation of lifespan. This is further complicated by the different metabolic requirements of various tissues, cross-organ communication via metabolite secretion, and direct effects of metabolites on epigenetic state and redox regulation; however, not all of these changes are causative to aging. Studies in yeast, flies, worms, and mice have played a crucial role in identifying mechanistic links between observed changes in various metabolic traits and their effects on lifespan. Here, we review how changes in the organismal and organ-specific metabolome are associated with aging and how targeting of any one of over a hundred different targets in specific metabolic pathways can extend lifespan. An important corollary is that restriction or supplementation of different metabolites can change activity of these metabolic pathways in ways that improve healthspan and extend lifespan in different organisms. Due to the high levels of conservation of metabolism in general, translating findings from model systems to human beings will allow for the development of effective strategies for human health- and lifespan extension.
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10
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Bakalov V, Reyes-Uribe L, Deshpande R, Maloy AL, Shapiro SD, Angus DC, Chang CCH, Le Moyec L, Wendell SG, Kaynar AM. Dichloroacetate-induced metabolic reprogramming improves lifespan in a Drosophila model of surviving sepsis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241122. [PMID: 33151963 PMCID: PMC7643993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in hospitalized patients and beyond the hospital stay and these long-term sequelae are due in part to unresolved inflammation. Metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis links metabolism to inflammation and such a shift is commonly observed in sepsis under normoxic conditions. By shifting the metabolic state from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, we hypothesized it would reverse unresolved inflammation and subsequently improve outcome. We propose a shift from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation as a sepsis therapy by targeting the pathways involved in the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Chemical manipulation of PDH using dichloroacetic acid (DCA) will promote oxidative phosphorylation over glycolysis and decrease inflammation. We tested our hypothesis in a Drosophila melanogaster model of surviving sepsis infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Drosophila were divided into 3 groups: unmanipulated, sham and sepsis survivors, all treated with linezolid; each group was either treated or not with DCA for one week following sepsis. We followed lifespan, measured gene expression of Toll, defensin, cecropin A, and drosomycin, and levels of lactate, pyruvate, acetyl-CoA as well as TCA metabolites. In our model, metabolic effects of sepsis are modified by DCA with normalized lactate, TCA metabolites, and was associated with improved lifespan of sepsis survivors, yet had no lifespan effects on unmanipulated and sham flies. While Drosomycin and cecropin A expression increased in sepsis survivors, DCA treatment decreased both and selectively increased defensin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veli Bakalov
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Medicine Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Laura Reyes-Uribe
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Rahul Deshpande
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Abigail L. Maloy
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Derek C. Angus
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Chung-Chou H. Chang
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Laurence Le Moyec
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne—Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Unité MCAM, UMR7245 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stacy Gelhaus Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Ata Murat Kaynar
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Jiang W, Dong Q, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Sun C, Sun G. Fetal exposure to dichloroacetic acid and impaired cognitive function in the adulthood. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01801. [PMID: 32841551 PMCID: PMC7559617 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), a by-product of disinfection in drinking water, is a multiple organ carcinogen in humans and animals. Still, little research on its neurotoxicity and its underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were intragastrically treated with DCA at 10, 30, 90 mg/kg body weight from pregnancy till delivery. At eight weeks of age of pups, we assessed cognitive performance using the standard behavioral tests. And the hippocampus structure and ultrastructure were evaluated using light and electron microscope. The oxidative stress indicators and neuroinflammation factors were measured with the corresponding kits. The mRNA and protein of synaptic factors were detected using RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS The results indicated that maternal weight gain and offspring birthweight were not significantly affected by DCA. However, behavioral tests, including morris water maze and step down, showed varying degrees of changes in DCA-treated pups. Additionally, we found significant differences in hippocampal neurons by histomorphological observation. Biochemical analysis results indicated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, were affected by DCA accompanying with DNA damage. Moreover, the results showed that the neuroinflammation factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in DCA treatment groups increased significantly compared with the control pups. And we also found that DCA treatment caused a differential modulation of proteins (BDNF, cAMP-response element-binding protein1 (CREB1), p-CREB1, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), synapsin I, p-synapsin I), and mRNA (BDNF, PSD-95). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results above showed that oxidative stress, neuroinflammation response, and weakened synaptic plasticity in pups hippocampus induced by fetal exposure to DCA could damage the function of memory and cognition in the adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Qiuying Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Experimental Center, The First Hospital of Harbin City, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Chen
- The first Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Guoli Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China.,Department of Experimental Center, The First Hospital of Harbin City, Harbin, P. R. China
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Rani L, Saini S, Shukla N, Chowdhuri DK, Gautam NK. High sucrose diet induces morphological, structural and functional impairments in the renal tubules of Drosophila melanogaster: A model for studying type-2 diabetes mediated renal tubular dysfunction. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 125:103441. [PMID: 32735915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous feeding of high dietary sugar is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its secondary complications. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major secondary complication that leads to glomerular and renal tubular dysfunction. The present study is aimed to investigate the effects of chronic exposure of high sugar diet (HSD) on renal tubules. Malpighian tubules (MTs), a renal organ of Drosophila, were used as a model in the study. Feeding of HSD develops T2D condition in Drosophila. The MTs showed structural abnormalities in 20 days of HSD fed flies. Impaired insulin signaling, oxidative stress, enhanced levels of AGE-RAGE and induction of apoptosis were observed in the MTs of these flies. Further, altered expression of transporters, enhanced uric acid level and reduced fluid secretion rate confirmed the impaired function of MTs in these flies. RNA-seq and RT-PCR analyses in the MTs of HSD fed-and control-flies revealed the altered expression of candidate genes that regulate several important pathways including extracellular matrix (ECM), advanced glycation end products-receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), galactose, starch and sucrose metabolism that are well known mediators of renal tubular dysfunction in DN patients. Disruption of insulin signaling in the MTs also causes renal tubular dysfunction similar to HSD fed flies. Overall, the study suggests that phenotypes observed in the MTs of HSD fed flies recapitulate several hallmarks of renal tubular dysfunction in DN patients. Therefore, we conclude that MTs of HSD fed flies may be used for deciphering the underlying mechanisms of T2D mediated renal tubular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavi Rani
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjay Saini
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Neha Shukla
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Gautam
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India; Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Bollinger WL, Sial N, Dawson-Scully K. BK channels and a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) function through independent mechanisms to regulate the tolerance of synaptic transmission to acute oxidative stress at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:246-255. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1500571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley L. Bollinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Nadia Sial
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- Brain Institute Research Scholars Program, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Bayliak MM, Lylyk MP, Sorochynska OM. Dietary alpha-ketoglutarate partially prevents age-related decline in locomotor activity and cold tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Zhang ZY, Zhang J, Yang CJ, Lian HY, Yu H, Huang XM, Cai P. Coupling Mechanism of Electromagnetic Field and Thermal Stress on Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162675. [PMID: 27611438 PMCID: PMC5017647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is an important factor in research on the biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF), but interactions between ELF-EMF and temperature remain unknown. The effects of ELF-EMF (50 Hz, 3 mT) on the lifespan, locomotion, heat shock response (HSR), and oxidative stress (OS) of Canton-Special (CS) and mutant w1118 flies were investigated at 25°C and 35°C (thermal stress). Results showed that thermal stress accelerated the death rates of CS and w1118 flies, shortened their lifespan, and influenced their locomotion rhythm and activity. The upregulated expression levels of heat shock protein (HSP) 22, HSP26, and HSP70 indicated that HSR was enhanced. Thermal stress-induced OS response increased malondialdehyde content, enhanced superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased reactive oxygen species level. The effects of thermal stress on the death rates, lifespan, locomotion, and HSP gene expression of flies, especially w1118 line, were also enhanced by ELF-EMF. In conclusion, thermal stress weakened the physiological function and promoted the HSR and OS of flies. ELF-EMF aggravated damages and enhanced thermal stress-induced HSP and OS response. Therefore, thermal stress and ELF-EMF elicited a synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Yong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Huang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Overexpression of hsp27 Rescued Neuronal Cell Death and Reduction in Life- and Health-Span in Drosophila melanogaster Against Prolonged Exposure to Dichlorvos. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3179-3193. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pandey A, Khatoon R, Saini S, Vimal D, Patel DK, Narayan G, Chowdhuri DK. Efficacy of methuselah gene mutation toward tolerance of dichlorvos exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:54-65. [PMID: 25746179 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adverse reports on the exposure of organisms to dichlorvos (DDVP; an organophosphate insecticide) necessitate studies of organismal resistance/tolerance by way of pharmacological or genetic means. In the context of genetic modulation, a mutation in methuselah (mth; encodes a class II G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)) is reported to extend (~35%) the life span of Drosophila melanogaster and enhance their resistance to oxidative stress induced by paraquat exposure (short term, high level). A lack of studies on organismal tolerance of DDVP by genetic modulation prompted us to examine the protective efficacy of mth mutation in exposed Drosophila. Flies were exposed to 1.5 and 15.0 ng/ml DDVP for 12-48 h to examine oxidative stress endpoints and chemical resistance. After prolonged exposure of flies to DDVP, antioxidant enzyme activities, oxidative stress, glutathione content, and locomotor performance were assayed at various days (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) of age. Flies with the mth mutation (mth(1)) showed improved chemical resistance and rescued redox impairment after acute DDVP exposure. Exposed mth(1) flies exhibited improved life span along with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and rescued oxidative perturbations and locomotor insufficiency up to middle age (~20 days) over similarly exposed w(1118) flies. However, at late (≥30 days) age, these benefits were undermined. Further, similarly exposed mth-knockdown flies showed effects similar to those observed in mth(1) flies. This study provides evidence of tolerance in organisms carrying a mth mutation against prolonged DDVP exposure and further warrants examination of similar class II GPCR signaling facets toward better organismal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pandey
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rehana Khatoon
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Saini
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Vimal
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India; Analytical Chemistry Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopeshwar Narayan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.
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Leung JCK, Taylor-Kamall RW, Hilliker AJ, Rezai P. Agar-polydimethylsiloxane devices for quantitative investigation of oviposition behaviour of adult Drosophila melanogaster. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:034112. [PMID: 26180569 PMCID: PMC4482806 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) is a model organism and its behaviours including oviposition (egg-laying) on agar substrates have been widely used for assessment of a variety of biological processes in flies. Physical and chemical properties of the substrate are the dominant factors affecting Drosophila's oviposition, but they have not been investigated precisely and parametrically with the existing manual approaches. As a result, many behavioral questions about Drosophila oviposition, such as the combined effects of the aforementioned substrate properties (e.g., exposure area, sugar content, and stiffness) on oviposition and viability, and their threshold values, are yet to be answered. In this paper, we have devised a simple, easily implementable, and novel methodology that allows for modification of physical and chemical composition of agar substrates in order to quantitatively study survival and oviposition of adult fruit flies in an accurate and repeatable manner. Agar substrates have been modified by surface patterning using single and hexagonally arrayed through-hole polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes with various diameters and interspacing, as well as by substrate stiffness and sugar content modification via alteration of chemical components. While pure PDMS substrates showed a significant lethal effect on flies, a 0.5 mm diameter through-hole access to agar was found to abruptly increase the survival of adult flies to more than 93%. Flies avoided ovipositing on pure PDMS and on top of substrates with 0.5 mm diameter agar exposure areas. At a hole diameter of 2 mm (i.e., 0.25% exposure area) or larger, eggs were observed to be laid predominately inside the through-holes and along the edges of the PDMS-agar interface, showing a trending increase in site selection with 4 mm (i.e., 1% exposure area threshold) demonstrating natural oviposition rates similar to pure agar. The surface-modified agar-PDMS hybrid devices and the threshold values reported for the substrate physical and chemical conditions affecting oviposition are novel; therefore, we advocate their use for future in-depth studies of oviposition behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster with accuracy and repeatability. The technique is also useful for development of novel assays for learning and decision-making studies as well as miniaturized devices for self-assembly of eggs and embryonic developmental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C K Leung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Arthur J Hilliker
- Department of Biology, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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