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Fetal bovine serum, an important factor affecting the reproducibility of cell experiments. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1942. [PMID: 36732616 PMCID: PMC9894865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a natural medium used in cell cultures containing the large amount of nutrients necessary for cell growth and is often used for in vitro cultures of animal cells. Although FBS plays a vital role in cell cultures, there are small molecules contained within FBS that remain unidentified, and their effects on cultured cells is poorly understood. Here, we report that different brands of FBS have varying influences on the background expression of IL-8, not TNFα and IL1β in epithelial cells. The endogenous small molecules in FBS and ERK pathways may contribute to these effects. In addition, FBS form the IL-8 stimulation and IL-8 non-responsive groups have different metabolome profiles. Overall, our study suggests that metabolites in FBS should be included in the quantitative considerations when conducting cell experiments, especially immune-related experiments, to improve the repeatability of experimental results in scientific papers; IL-8 could thus be an important factor in selecting FBS.
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Yu T, Wang Y, Zhang H, Johnson CH, Jiang Y, Li X, Wu Z, Liu T, Krausz KW, Yu A, Gonzalez FJ, Huang M, Bi H. Metabolomics reveals mycoplasma contamination interferes with the metabolism of PANC-1 cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4267-73. [PMID: 27074779 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination is a common problem in cell culture and can alter cellular functions. Since cell metabolism is either directly or indirectly involved in every aspect of cell function, it is important to detect changes to the cellular metabolome after mycoplasma infection. In this study, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based metabolomics was used to investigate the effect of mycoplasma contamination on the cellular metabolism of human pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC-1). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that mycoplasma contamination induced significant metabolic changes in PANC-1 cells. Twenty-three metabolites were identified and found to be involved in arginine and purine metabolism and energy supply. This study demonstrates that mycoplasma contamination significantly alters cellular metabolite levels, confirming the compelling need for routine checking of cell cultures for mycoplasma contamination, particularly when used for metabolomics studies. Graphical abstract Metabolomics reveals mycoplasma contamination changes the metabolome of PANC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Xin Jinqiao Rd., Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Zeming Wu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Xin Jinqiao Rd., Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Xin Jinqiao Rd., Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aiming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132# Waihuandong Rd, University City of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Singh-Jasuja H, Thiolat A, Ribon M, Boissier MC, Bessis N, Rammensee HG, Decker P. The mouse dendritic cell marker CD11c is down-regulated upon cell activation through Toll-like receptor triggering. Immunobiology 2012; 218:28-39. [PMID: 22445076 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in regulating immune responses and are the best professional antigen-presenting cells. Two major DC populations are defined in part according to cell surface CD11c expression levels. Unexpectedly, we observed that mouse DC strongly down-regulate the typical DC marker CD11c upon activation. To better characterize DC responses, we have analyzed CD11c expression on mouse and human myeloid DC after Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering. Here we show that mouse bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) as well as spleen DC down-regulate cell surface CD11c upon activation by TLR3/4/9 agonists. In all cases, full DC activation was reached, as determined by cytokine secretion, cell stimulation in mixed leukocyte reactions (MLR), and CD40/CD86/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) up-regulation. Interestingly, membrane CD11c down-regulation correlated with increased cytoplasmic pools of CD11c. In contrast to the up-regulation of CD40 and MHC class II molecules, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CD11c down-regulation was MyD88-dependent. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), which does not signal through MyD88, also induced cell surface CD11c down-regulation. Notably, CD11c down-regulation was not observed upon activation of human DC, either through TLR-dependent or -independent cell activation. Thus, activated mouse DC may be transiently CD11c-negative in vivo, hampering the identification of those cells. On the other hand, cell surface CD11c down-regulation may serve as a new activation marker for mouse DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh-Jasuja
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Mariotti E, D'Alessio F, Mirabelli P, Di Noto R, Fortunato G, Del Vecchio L. Mollicutes contamination: a new strategy for an effective rescue of cancer cell lines. Biologicals 2011; 40:88-91. [PMID: 22078664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mollicutes contaminations of cellular models can have marked effects on gene expression and cell behaviour in vitro leading to the production of unreliable data, unsafe biopharmaceutical drugs or to the loss of cell culture itself. Fortunately, irreplaceable cell culture can be cured by decontamination with the specific antibiotic regimen. Here, we describe the treatment of 35 mycoplasma-positive cell lines by the use of the novel antibiotic Mycozap(®) as well as evaluate its eradication performance versus the well-known routinely employed BM-Cyclins and fluoroquinolones molecules (175 treatments). Our data evidenced: i) the permanent elimination of mycoplasma infection by MycoZap(®), MRA, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and BM-Cyclins in 46%, 29%, 40%, 43%, and 57% of the cultures, respectively; ii) a significant correlation between MRA and Ciprofloxacin eradication profile, as determined by the Spearman correlation coefficient (r = 0.3469, p < 0.05); iii) a mycoplasma eradication in 100% of cell lines by the exclusive adoption of MycoZap(®), Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, BM-Cyclin 1-2 antibiotic regimen, with the MRA exclusion; iv) the MycoZap(®) effectiveness even in case of a mycoplasmal load higher than 50 CFU/mL, as for SH-SY5Y and Neuro2A cells. In conclusion, we want to suggest an optimized antibiotic panel to get 100% mycoplasma-clearance especially in case of unique or treatment-resistant cellular models.
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Exogenous control of the expression of Group I CD1 molecules competent for presentation of microbial nonpeptide antigens to human T lymphocytes. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:790460. [PMID: 21603161 PMCID: PMC3095450 DOI: 10.1155/2011/790460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Group I CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c) glycoproteins expressed on immature and mature dendritic cells present nonpeptide antigens (i.e., lipid or glycolipid molecules mainly of microbial origin) to T cells. Cytotoxic CD1-restricted T lymphocytes recognizing mycobacterial lipid antigens were found in tuberculosis patients. However, thanks to a complex interplay between mycobacteria and CD1 system, M. tuberculosis possesses a successful tactic based, at least in part, on CD1 downregulation to evade CD1-dependent immunity. On the ground of these findings, it is reasonable to hypothesize that modulation of CD1 protein expression by chemical, biological, or infectious agents could influence host's immune reactivity against M. tuberculosis-associated lipids, possibly affecting antitubercular resistance. This scenario prompted us to perform a detailed analysis of the literature concerning the effect of external agents on Group I CD1 expression in order to obtain valuable information on the possible strategies to be adopted for driving properly CD1-dependent immune functions in human pathology and in particular, in human tuberculosis.
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Mariotti E, Gemei M, Mirabelli P, D'Alessio F, Di Noto R, Fortunato G, Del Vecchio L. The percentage of CD133+ cells in human colorectal cancer cell lines is influenced by Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:120. [PMID: 20353562 PMCID: PMC2854114 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mollicutes contamination is recognized to be a critical issue for the cultivation of continuous cell lines. In this work we characterized the effect of Mycoplasma hyorhinis contamination on CD133 expression in human colon cancer cell lines. Methods MycoAlert® and mycoplasma agar culture were used to detect mycoplasma contamination on GEO, SW480 and HT-29 cell lines. Restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was used to determine mycoplasma species. All cellular models were decontaminated by the use of a specific antibiotic panel (Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, BM Cyclin 1 and 2, Mycoplasma Removal Agent and MycoZap®). The percentage of CD133 positive cells was analyzed by flow cytometry on GEO, SW480 and HT-29 cell lines, before and after Mycoplasma hyorhinis eradication. Results Mycoplasma hyorhinis infected colon cancer cell lines showed an increased percentage of CD133+ cells as compared to the same cell lines rendered mycoplasma-free by effective exposure to antibiotic treatment. The percentage of CD133 positive cells increased again when mycoplasma negative cells were re-infected by Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Conclusions Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection has an important role on the quality of cultured human colon cancer cell lines giving a false positive increase of cancer stem cells fraction characterized by CD133 expression. Possible explanations are (i) the direct involvement of Mycoplasma on CD133 expression or (ii) the selective pressure on a subpopulation of cells characterized by constitutive CD133 expression. In keeping with United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research (UKCCCR) guidelines, the present data indicate the mandatory prerequisite, for investigators involved in human colon cancer research area, of employing mycoplasma-free cell lines in order to avoid the production of non-reproducible or even false data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mariotti
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Comunale Margherita 482, Napoli 80145, Italy
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Nanotechnology, nanotoxicology, and neuroscience. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 87:133-70. [PMID: 18926873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology, which deals with features as small as a 1 billionth of a meter, began to enter into mainstream physical sciences and engineering some 20 years ago. Recent applications of nanoscience include the use of nanoscale materials in electronics, catalysis, and biomedical research. Among these applications, strong interest has been shown to biological processes such as blood coagulation control and multimodal bioimaging, which has brought about a new and exciting research field called nanobiotechnology. Biotechnology, which itself also dates back approximately 30 years, involves the manipulation of macroscopic biological systems such as cells and mice in order to understand why and how molecular level mechanisms affect specific biological functions, e.g., the role of APP (amyloid precursor protein) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review aims (1) to introduce key concepts and materials from nanotechnology to a non-physical sciences community; (2) to introduce several state-of-the-art examples of current nanotechnology that were either constructed for use in biological systems or that can, in time, be utilized for biomedical research; (3) to provide recent excerpts in nanotoxicology and multifunctional nanoparticle systems (MFNPSs); and (4) to propose areas in neuroscience that may benefit from research at the interface of neurobiologically important systems and nanostructured materials.
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Chen X, Wang B, Chang LJ. Induction of primary anti-HIV CD4 and CD8 T cell responses by dendritic cells transduced with self-inactivating lentiviral vectors. Cell Immunol 2006; 243:10-8. [PMID: 17188256 PMCID: PMC1852462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that a minimal self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector (LV) that does not encode any human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genes is able to induce HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses after transduction of dendritic cells (DCs). The LV-DC-primed T cells displayed HIV-specific lytic degranulation, as illustrated by acquisition of CD107a/b expression on the cell surface and up-regulation of active caspase 3. HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was consistently detected using different assays, and T cell receptors specific to three prominent HIV epitopes, SL9 (Gag peptide: SLYNTVATL), IV9 (Pol peptide: ILKEPVHGV), and MA10 (In peptide: MASDFNLPPV) were detected using HLA-A0201 peptide-tetramers. These results demonstrate that DCs transduced with the minimal SIN-LV can efficiently induce HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Since LVs are popular gene transfer tools, our results have fundamental implications for future LV applications and DC vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
| | - Lung-Ji Chang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
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Wang B, He J, Liu C, Chang LJ. An effective cancer vaccine modality: lentiviral modification of dendritic cells expressing multiple cancer-specific antigens. Vaccine 2006; 24:3477-89. [PMID: 16530303 PMCID: PMC1850619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral modification of dendritic cells (DCs) may deliver a "danger signal" critical to the hypo-reactive DCs in cancer patients. Using three highly differentially expressed hepatoma tumor-associated antigens (TAAs): stem cell antigen-2 (Sca-2), glycoprotein 38 (GP38) and cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 (RABP1), we explored the therapeutic potential of the DCs modified with lentiviral vectors (LVs). Preventive and therapeutic injection of the LV-TAA-DC vaccine into tumor-bearing mice elicited a strong anti-tumor response and extended survival, which was associated with tumor-specific interferon-gamma and cytotoxic T cell responses. In vivo elimination of the LV-TAA-DCs by a co-expressed thymidine kinase suicide gene abrogated the therapeutic effect. The modification of DCs with LVs encoding multiple TAAs offers a great opportunity in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Powell Gene Therapy Center and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Powell Gene Therapy Center and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
| | - Lung-Ji Chang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Powell Gene Therapy Center and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 352 392 3315; fax: +1 352 392 3133. E-mail address: (L.-J. Chang)
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