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Farawahida AH, Palmer J, Flint S. Monascus spp. and citrinin: Identification, selection of Monascus spp. isolates, occurrence, detection and reduction of citrinin during the fermentation of red fermented rice. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109829. [PMID: 35863149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Red fermented rice (RFR) is rice fermented using Monascus spp. This product contains monacolin K, providing health benefits including mitigation of diarrhoea and improving blood circulation. RFR can produce pigments that can act as natural colour and flavouring agents. However, Monascus spp. (a fungal starter to ferment RFR) can also produce the mycotoxin, citrinin (CIT) which is believed to have adverse effects on human health. CIT in RFR has been reported worldwide by using different methods of detection. This review focuses on the production of RFR by solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF), the occurrence of CIT in RFR, CIT quantification, the factors affecting the growth of Monascus spp., pigments and CIT production in RFR, and possible methods to reduce CIT in RFR. This review will help the food industries, researchers, and consumers understand the risk of consuming RFR, and the possibility of controlling CIT in RFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Halim Farawahida
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Zou J, Yan C, Wan JB. Red yeast rice ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through inhibiting lipid synthesis and NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated hepatic inflammation in mice. Chin Med 2022; 17:17. [PMID: 35078487 PMCID: PMC8788078 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red yeast rice (RYR), a nutraceutical with a profound cholesterol-lowering effect, was found to attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. Despite monacolin K in RYR being a specific inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMCGR), the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of RYR against NAFLD are not fully elucidated. METHODS Using a mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and a cellular model of HepG2 cells challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and palmitic acid (PA), the possible molecular mechanisms were exploited in the aspects of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome and mTORC1-SREBPs signaling pathways by examining the relevant gene/protein expressions. Subsequently, the correlation between these two signals was also verified using cellular experiments. RESULTS RYR ameliorated lipid accumulation and hepatic inflammation in vivo and in vitro. RYR improved lipid metabolism through modulating mTORC1-SREBPs and their target genes related to triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, RYR suppressed hepatic inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Interestingly, the treatment with RYR or MCC950, a specific NLRP3 inhibitor, resulted in the reduced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells challenged by LPS plus PA, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of RYR on NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated hepatic inflammation may partially, in turn, contribute to the lipid-lowering effect of RYR. CONCLUSIONS The modulation of NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome and lipid synthesis may contribute to the ameliorative effects of RYR against HFD-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, Taipa, China
| | - Chunyan Yan
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, Taipa, China.
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Zhu B, Qi F, Wu J, Yin G, Hua J, Zhang Q, Qin L. Red Yeast Rice: A Systematic Review of the Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Quality Control of an Important Chinese Folk Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1449. [PMID: 31849687 PMCID: PMC6901015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Red yeast rice (RYR), a Chinese traditional folk medicine produced by the fermentation of cooked rice kernels with a Monascaceae mold, Monascus purpureus, has long been used to treat blood circulation stasis, indigestion, diarrhea, and limb weakness in East Asian countries. This article provides a systematic review of the traditional uses, chemistry, biological activities, and toxicology of RYR to highlight its future prospects in the field of medicine. The literature reviewed for this article was obtained from the Web of Science, Elsevier, SciFinder, PubMed, CNKI, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, as well as Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations, published prior to July 2019. More than 101 chemical constituents have been isolated from RYR, mainly consisting of monacolins, pigments, organic acids, sterols, decalin derivatives, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and other compounds. Crude extracts of RYR, as well as its isolated compounds, possess broad pharmacological properties with hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-cancer, neurocytoprotective, anti-osteoporotic, anti-fatigue, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive activities. However, further studies are needed to characterize its diverse chemical constituents and the toxicological actions of the main bioactive compounds. New pharmacological trials addressing the overlooked traditional uses of RYR, such as in the treatment of indigestion and diarrhea, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Twin-Horse Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Hua
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Qiaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luping Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Feng SJ, Tang ZH, Wang Y, Tang XY, Li TH, Tang W, Kuang ZM. Potential protective effects of red yeast rice in endothelial function against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:50-58. [PMID: 30704624 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the deadliest disease in the world, with endothelial injury occurring throughout the course of the disease. Therefore, improvement in endothelial function is of essential importance in the prevention of ASCVD. Red yeast rice (RYR), a healthy traditional Chinese food, has a lipid modulation function and also plays a vital role in the improvement of endothelial reactivity and cardiovascular protection; thus, it is significant in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of RYR and its related products in the improvement of endothelial function in terms of endothelial reactivity, anti-apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells, oxidative stress alleviation and anti-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Xin-Ying Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Tao-Hua Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Class 2014, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ze-Min Kuang
- Department of Hypertension, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China.
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Bianconi V, Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A, Cosentino T, Pirro M. Cholesterol-Lowering Nutraceuticals Affecting Vascular Function and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:53. [PMID: 29802549 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-0994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an update on the effects of the dietary supplementation with cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations affecting vascular function and CV risk in clinical interventional studies. RECENT FINDINGS Current evidence supports the mild-to-moderate cholesterol-lowering efficacy of red yeast rice, berberine, plant sterols, fibers, and some nutraceutical combinations whereas data on the individual cholesterol-lowering action of other nutraceuticals are either less striking or even inconclusive. There is also promising evidence on the vascular protective effects of some of the aforementioned nutraceuticals. However, except for red yeast rice, clinical interventional studies have not investigated their impact on CV outcomes. Evidence of both cholesterol-lowering and vascular protection is a prerogative of few single nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations, which may support their clinical use; however, caution on their uncontrolled adoption is necessary as they are freely available on the market and, therefore, subject to potential misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Raffaele Mannarino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Teresa Cosentino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
This paper reviews naturally occurring cell adhesion inhibitors derived from a plant, microbial and marine origin. Plant-derived inhibitors are classified according to a type of structure. Microbially and marine-derived inhibitors were described according to age. In addition, effects of inhibitors on cell proliferation and that of standards on cell adhesion are listed as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takamatsu
- Division of Natural Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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Liang B, Du X, Li P, Sun C, Wang S. MptriA, an Acetyltransferase Gene Involved in Pigment Biosynthesis in M. purpureus YY-1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4129-4138. [PMID: 29633617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monascus pigments (Mps) have been used as food colorants for several centuries in Asian countries. MptriA is a putative acetyltransferase gene involved in the MPs biosynthesis. To analyze the function of MptriA, an MptriA disruption strain (Δ MptriA) and a complementation strain (Δ MptriA:: MptriA) were successfully obtained In addition to the loss of color, the disruption of MptriA had little effect on the phenotypes during growth on four different media. The Δ MptriA strain showed decreased pigment and citrinin production during the liquid-fermentation process. Transcriptional analysis showed that the expression of several genes involved in the synthesis of pigments and citrinin was down-regulated in Δ MptriA. These results demonstrated that the role of MptriA was to transfer an acyl group to the pyranoquinone structure of the polyketide chromophore during Monascus pigment biosynthesis and to influence the citrinin biosynthesis pathway. This study contributes to the exploration of pigment biosynthesis in M. purpureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science & Technology) , Ministry of Education , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Xinjun Du
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science & Technology) , Ministry of Education , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science & Technology) , Ministry of Education , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Chanchan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science & Technology) , Ministry of Education , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science & Technology) , Ministry of Education , Tianjin 300457 , China
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Huang CF, Wang WN, Sun CC, Wang YQ, Li L, Li Y, Li DJ. Echinocystic acid ameliorates hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular endothelial cell injury through regulating NF-κB and CYP1A1. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4174-4180. [PMID: 29104633 PMCID: PMC5658691 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of echinocystic acid (EA) on the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), and aortic morphology, in a rat model of hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy). A total of 50 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: Normal control (NC), model control (MC), vitamin control (VC; folic acid 1 mg/kg + vitamin B2 2 mg/kg + vitamin B12 10u g/kg), EA1 (20 mg/kg EA) and EA2 (40 mg/kg EA). Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels were determined via high performance liquid chromatography, and the morphology of the aorta was investigated using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, aortic mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB and CYP1A1 were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blotting, respectively. Plasma Hcy levels, and aortic mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB and CYP1A1, were significantly lower in the EA-treated group compared with the MC group (all P<0.05). However, the aortic morphology remained normal, including the endothelial cells of the inner layer, and smooth muscle cells of the media layer and adventitia. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that EA has a protective role on vascular endothelial cells in Hhcy through decreasing plasma Hcy, and thus NF-κB and CYP1A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Feng Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang, Henan 473003, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Na Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang, Henan 473003, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Cao Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang, Henan 473003, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang, Henan 473003, P.R. China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang, Henan 473003, P.R. China
| | - De-Jia Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Red Yeast Rice Protects Circulating Bone Marrow-Derived Proangiogenic Cells against High-Glucose-Induced Senescence and Oxidative Stress: The Role of Heme Oxygenase-1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3831750. [PMID: 28555162 PMCID: PMC5438855 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3831750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The inflammation and oxidative stress of bone marrow-derived proangiogenic cells (PACs), also named endothelial progenitor cells, triggered by hyperglycemia contributes significantly to vascular dysfunction. There is supporting evidence that the consumption of red yeast rice (RYR; Monascus purpureus-fermented rice) reduces the vascular complications of diabetes; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of RYR extract in PACs, focusing particularly on the role of a potent antioxidative enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). We found that treatment with RYR extract induced nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor nuclear translocation and HO-1 mRNA and protein levels in PACs. RYR extract inhibited high-glucose-induced (30 mM) PAC senescence and the development of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner. The HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin IX also decreased high-glucose-induced cell senescence and oxidative stress, whereas the HO-1 enzyme inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX and HO-1 small interfering RNA significantly reversed RYR extract-caused inhibition of senescence and reduction of oxidative stress in high-glucose-treated PACs. These results suggest that RYR extract serves as alternative and complementary medicine in the treatment of these diseases, by inducing HO-1, thereby decreasing the vascular complications of diabetes.
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Li L, Zhou X, Li N, Sun M, Lv J, Xu Z. Herbal drugs against cardiovascular disease: traditional medicine and modern development. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1074-86. [PMID: 25956424 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herbal products have been used as conventional medicines for thousands of years, particularly in Eastern countries. Thousands of clinical and experimental investigations have focused on the effects and mechanisms-of-action of herbal medicine in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Considering the history of clinical practice and the great potentials of herb medicine and/or its ingredients, a review on this topic would be helpful. This article discusses possible effects of herbal remedies in the prevention and treatment of CVDs. Crucially, we also summarize some underlying pharmacological mechanisms for herb products in cardiovascular regulations, which might provide interesting information for further understanding the effects of herbal medicines, and boost the prospect of new herbal products against CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Juanxiu Lv
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Spatuzza C, Postiglione L, Covelli B, Ricciardone M, Benvenuti C, Mondola P, Belfiore A. Effects of berberine and red yeast on proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of human subjects. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:230. [PMID: 25368579 PMCID: PMC4202723 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity is a condition associated with chronic or acute inflammatory response characterized by an increase of proinflammatory cytokine levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) migrate in adipose tissue inducing synthesis and secretion of adipocytokines as IL-6 and TNF-α. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of berberine (a natural alkaloid) and red yeast (a natural antioxidant) on IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines release and gene expression, in circulating lipopolisaccarides (LPS) stimulated PBMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS PBMCs isolated from whole blood of healthy donors were stimulated with LPS to induce cytokines production; simultaneously cells were treated with increasing doses of berberine and red yeast. The substances were administered alone or in association. IL-6 and TNF-α protein levels in the culture medium and their mRNA levels were assessed by ELISA and real time PCR, respectively. Berberine and red yeast treatment prevented the LPS induction of IL-6 release in the culture medium of PBMCs. In addition, berberine plus red yeast treatment showed a synergic inhibitory effect on IL-6 release at low concentration. Berberine and red yeast showed an inhibitory effect also on LPS induction of TNF-α release exerting a synergic effect mainly at high concentrations. On the contrary, berberine and red yeast did not significantly affect IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA levels induced by LPS. In this case, only concomitant treatment of PBMCs with high doses of berberine and red yeast inhibits LPS induced IL-6 or TNF-α mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study show that both berberine and red yeast were able to carry out anti-inflammatory action through an inhibition of proinflammatory IL-6 and TNF-α protein release. Moreover, when given in combination these substances were able to inhibit IL-6 and TNF-α gene expression in PBMCs activated by LPS. Therefore, these substances could represent a useful pharmacological treatment to reduce the proinflammatory status accompanied with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Spatuzza
- Unità di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, University "Federico II" Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Postiglione
- Unità di Patologia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, University "Federico II" Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Covelli
- Unità di Patologia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, University "Federico II" Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Ricciardone
- Unità di Patologia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, University "Federico II" Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Mondola
- Unità di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, University "Federico II" Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Belfiore
- Unità di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, University "Federico II" Naples, Italy
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Kuo KL, Hung SC, Lin YP, Tang CF, Lee TS, Lin CP, Tarng DC. Intravenous ferric chloride hexahydrate supplementation induced endothelial dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk among hemodialysis patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50295. [PMID: 23227165 PMCID: PMC3515606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between intravenous (IV) iron administration and outcomes in hemodialysis (HD) patients is still debated. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the relationship between the IV administration of ferric chloride hexahydrate (Atofen®) and cardiovascular (CV) outcome and the interaction between iron-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in chronic HD patients. Methodology/Principal Findings A cohort of 1239 chronic HD patients was recruited. In a follow-up of 12 months, Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that higher doses of IV Atofen associated with higher risks for CV events and deaths in HD patients. In multivariate Cox models, compared to no iron supplementation, IV Atofen administration was an independent predictor for CV events and overall mortality. However, the nature of the observational cohort study possibly bears selection bias. We further found that IV Atofen enhanced the superoxide production of mononuclear cells (MNCs), the levels of circulating soluble adhesion molecules, and the adhesion of MNCs to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). In vitro experiments showed that Atofen increased the expression of intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in HAECs and aggravated the endothelial adhesiveness in a dose-dependent manner. These iron-induced changes were significantly attenuated by the co-treatment of HAECs with N-acetylcysteine and inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, nuclear factor κB, and activator protein-1. Conclusion A cumulative dose of IV Atofen >800 mg within 6 months was associated with an adverse CV outcome and a higher mortality among chronic HD patients. The detrimental effects of IV iron supplementation were partly due to the increased oxidative stress and induction of MNC adhesion to endothelial cells, a pivotal index of early atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Lin Kuo
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chun Hung
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ping Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Immunology Centre, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fang Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Immunology Centre, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pei Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-PL); (D-CT)
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Immunology Centre, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-PL); (D-CT)
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The effect of red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) in dyslipidemia and other disorders. Complement Ther Med 2012; 20:466-74. [PMID: 23131380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red Yeast Rice (RYR) is a traditional Chinese food that is fermented and obtained after red yeast (Monascus purpureus) is grown on rice. RYR contains Monacolin K (Lovastatin) and other active ingredients that are thought to play a role in the management of cholesterol levels. Recently, many clinical trials have focused on the uses of RYR, including for dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fatigue, and memory. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of RYR on the management of dyslipidemia. The secondary objective is to review studies that focus on the other uses of RYR. The following search terms were used: red yeast rice, Xuezhikang, Hypocol, Cholestin, Monascus purpureus combined with dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, lipid, cardiovascular, coronary, atherosclerosis, diabetes, sugar, bone, osteoporosis, liver, fatigue, memory, Alzheimer's, dementia. RESULTS Studies reviewed show that RYR significantly lowered LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol. Effects on triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were also observed in some studies. Compared with statins, RYR was shown to have an equal efficacy to statins when combined with or without other dietary supplements. RYR also appeared to be superior to placebo in preventing nonfatal myocardial infarction, total coronary heart disease events, and total deaths. On the other hand, information on diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fatigue, and memory are currently limited although in vivo and in vitro studies have shown an effect. CONCLUSION Results of RYR clinical trials presented here have limitations and RYR's clinical use should be further investigated before using RYR as one of the alternative treatments for dyslipidemia management, despite the fact that the strongest evidence for RYR use is in dyslipidemia versus other clinical conditions.
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Lin CP, Huang PH, Tsai HS, Wu TC, Leu HB, Liu PL, Chen YH. Monascus purpureus-fermented rice inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in human aortic smooth muscle cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1587-94. [PMID: 22060290 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis. Cholestin (Monascus purpureus-fermented rice) contains a naturally occurring statin, which has lipid-modulating, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Cholestin extract on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). METHODS Zymography, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses were used for analysis of MMP expression of TNF-α-stimulated HASMCs. Gel shift assay was used for analysis of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also analysed. KEY FINDINGS The supplement of HASMCs with Cholestin extract significantly suppresses enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in TNF-α-stimulated HASMCs. RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses show that Cholestin extract significantly attenuates TNF-α-induced mRNA and protein expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Gel shift assays show that Cholestin treatment reduces TNF-α-activated NF-κB. Furthermore, Cholestin also attenuates intracellular ROS generation in TNF-α-treated HASMCs. The supplement with an ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (glutathione precursor) gives similar results to Cholestin. CONCLUSIONS Cholestin reduces TNF-α-stimulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression as well as downregulating NF-κB activation and intracellular ROS formation in HASMCs, supporting the notion that the natural compound Cholestin may have potential application in clinical atherosclerosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Pei Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of General, Laboratory, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Blum NM, Mueller K, Hirche F, Lippmann D, Most E, Pallauf J, Linn T, Mueller AS. Glucoraphanin does not reduce plasma homocysteine in rats with sufficient Se supply via the induction of liver ARE-regulated glutathione biosynthesis enzymes. Food Funct 2011; 2:654-64. [PMID: 21959850 DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Data from human and animal trials have revealed contradictory results regarding the influence of selenium (Se) status on homocysteine (HCys) metabolism. It was hypothesised that sufficient Se reduces the flux of HCys through the transsulphuration pathway by decreasing the expression of glutathione (GSH) synthesising enzymes. Glucoraphanin (GRA) is a potent inducer of genes regulated via an antioxidant response element (ARE), including those of GSH biosynthesis. We tested the hypothesis that GRA supplementation to rat diets lowers plasma HCys levels by increasing GSH synthesis. Therefore 96 weaned albino rats were assigned to 8 groups of 12 and fed diets containing four different Se levels (15, 50, 150 and 450 μg kg(diet)(-1)), either without GRA (groups: C15, C50, C150 and C450) or in combination with 700 μmol GRA kg(diet)(-1) (groups G15, G50, G150 and G450). Rats fed the low Se diets C15 and G15 showed an impressive decrease of plasma HCys. Se supplementation increased plasma HCys and lowered GSH significantly by reducing the expression of GSH biosynthesis enzymes. As new molecular targets explaining these results, we found a significant down-regulation of the hepatic GSH exporter MRP4 and an up-regulation of the HCys exporter Slco1a4. In contrast to our hypothesis, GRA feeding did not reduce plasma HCys levels in Se supplemented rats (G50, G150 and 450) through inducing GSH biosynthesis enzymes and MRP4, but reduced their mRNA in some cases to a higher extent than Se alone. We conclude: 1. That the long-term supplementation of moderate GRA doses reduces ARE-driven gene expression in the liver by increasing the intestinal barrier against oxidative stress. 2. That the up-regulation of ARE-regulated genes in the liver largely depends on GRA cleavage to free sulforaphane and glucose by plant-derived myrosinase or bacterial β-glucosidases. As a consequence, higher dietary GRA concentrations should be used in future experiments to test if GRA or sulforaphane can be established as HCys lowering compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Blum
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Preventive Nutrition Group, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Von Danckelmann Platz 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Moreira ES, Brasch NE, Yun J. Vitamin B12 protects against superoxide-induced cell injury in human aortic endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:876-83. [PMID: 21672628 PMCID: PMC3163124 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide (O(2)(•-)) is implicated in inflammatory states including arteriosclerosis and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cobalamin (Cbl) supplementation is beneficial for treating many inflammatory diseases and also provides protection in oxidative-stress-associated pathologies. Reduced Cbl reacts with O(2)(•-) at rates approaching that of superoxide dismutase (SOD), suggesting a plausible mechanism for its anti-inflammatory properties. Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction. Hcy increases O(2)(•-) levels in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Here, we explore the protective effects of Cbl in HAEC exposed to various O(2)(•-) sources, including increased Hcy levels. Hcy increased O(2)(•-) levels (1.6-fold) in HAEC, concomitant with a 20% reduction in cell viability and a 1.5-fold increase in apoptotic death. Pretreatment of HAEC with physiologically relevant concentrations of cyanocobalamin (CNCbl) (10-50nM) prevented Hcy-induced increases in O(2)(•-) and cell death. CNCbl inhibited both Hcy and rotenone-induced mitochondrial O(2)(•-) production. Similarly, HAEC challenged with paraquat showed a 1.5-fold increase in O(2)(•-) levels and a 30% decrease in cell viability, both of which were prevented with CNCbl pretreatment. CNCbl also attenuated elevated O(2)(•-) levels after exposure of cells to a Cu/Zn-SOD inhibitor. Our data suggest that Cbl acts as an efficient intracellular O(2)(•-) scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Moreira
- Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Nicola E. Brasch
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - June Yun
- Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH 44272
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- Corresponding author: June Yun, Integrative Medical Sciences, NEOUCOM, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, ()
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Lin CP, Lin YL, Huang PH, Tsai HS, Chen YH. Inhibition of endothelial adhesion molecule expression by Monascus purpureus-fermented rice metabolites, monacolin K, ankaflavin, and monascin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1751-1758. [PMID: 21445895 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases and is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Monascus purpureus-fermented rice, containing naturally occurring statins and various pigments, has lipid-modulating, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. RESULTS The effects of monacolin K, ankaflavin and monascin, as metabolites from Monascus-fermented rice, on the expression of cell adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecular-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin) by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-treated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were investigated. Supplement of HAECs with these Monascus-fermented rice metabolites significantly suppressed cellular binding between the human monocytic cells U937 and TNF-α-stimulated HAECs. Immunoblot analysis showed that Monascus-fermented rice metabolites significantly attenuated TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 and E-selectin but not ICAM-1 protein expression. Gel shift assays showed that Monascus-fermented rice metabolites treatment reduced TNF-α-activated transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Furthermore, Monascus-fermented rice metabolites also attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vitro and in TNF-α-treated HAECs. Supplement with an ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine gave similar results as compared with Monascus-fermented rice metabolites. CONCLUSION Monascus-fermented rice metabolites reduced TNF-α-stimulated endothelial adhesiveness as well as downregulating intracellular ROS formation, NF-κB activation, and VCAM-1/E-selectin expression in HAECs, supporting the notion that the various metabolites from Monascus-fermented rice might have potential implications in clinical atherosclerosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Pei Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Xie X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang G, Xu Y, Bi H, Daugherty A, Wang JA. Chinese red yeast rice attenuates the development of angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm and atherosclerosis. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:549-56. [PMID: 21764282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic vascular disease characterized by medial degradation and inflammation. No medical approaches have been validated for treating AAA, and therapeutic options are limited to regular surveillance leading to surgical intervention. This study aimed to investigate whether administration of Chinese red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus; RYR) suppressed angiotensin II (AngII)-induced AAA and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein E-deficient male mice fed a normal diet were administered either RYR extract (200 mg/kg/day) or vehicle by gavage for 1 week before initiating AngII infusion (1000 ng/kg/min) via subcutaneous osmotic pumps for 28 days. Red yeast rice extract administration significantly suppressed AngII-induced expansion of suprarenal diameter and area (P<.05). Furthermore, RYR extract significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion areas in both the intima of aortic arches and cross sections of aortic roots (P<.05). These effects were associated with reductions of serum total cholesterol, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and increases of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor, but no changes in serum interleukin (IL) 1α, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, MMP-9 and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in aortic walls. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that RYR extract administration suppressed AngII-induced AAA and atherosclerosis associated with regulating inflammation responses independent of lipid-lowering effects. Red yeast rice may have preventive potential for patients with AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Xie
- State Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Study of molecular targets influencing homocysteine and cholesterol metabolism in growing rats by manipulation of dietary selenium and methionine concentrations. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:520-32. [PMID: 20350341 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inconsistent results exist from human and animal studies for Se and methionine (Met) regarding their influence on homocysteine (HCys) and cholesterol (Chol) metabolism. To elucidate these contradictions, sixty-four weanling albino rats were divided into eight groups of 8, and were fed diets containing four different Se levels (15, 50, 150 and 450 microg/kg) either in combination with the recommended Met level of 3 g/kg (C15, C50, C150 and C450) or with an increased Met concentration of 15 g/kg (M15, M50, M150 and M450) for 8 weeks. Plasma HCys was twofold higher in the Se-supplemented C groups than in group C15. Met addition also doubled plasma HCys compared with the respective C groups. In contrast, the expression of the key enzymes of glutathione biosynthesis in the liver was significantly lowered by Se and in particular by Met. Liver Chol concentration was significantly higher in all the Se-supplemented C and M groups than in groups C15 and M15. Plasma Chol was, however, lowered. The uninfluenced expression of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 2 and of hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, the increased LDL receptor expression and the reduced expression of the hepatobiliary Chol exporter ATP-binding-cassette-transporter 8 (ABCG8) by Se and/or Met explain these findings. We conclude that the elevation of plasma HCys in rats by Se and Met results from a higher export into plasma. The fact that Se in particular combined with Met increases liver Chol but reduces plasma Chol should be addressed in future investigations focussing on the regulation of ABCG8, which is also selectively involved in the reverse transport of phytosterols in the small intestine.
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Kalaivani M, Sabitha R, Kalaiselvan V, Rajasekaran A. Health Benefits and Clinical Impact of Major Nutrient, Red Yeast Rice: A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-009-0197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shao Y, Ding Y, Zhao Y, Yang S, Xie B, Chen F. Characteristic analysis of transformants in T-DNA mutation library of Monascus ruber. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-9977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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