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Wang B, Geng Y, Lin Y, Xia Q, Wei F, Yang S, Huang X, Zhang J, Cai Z, Zhao J. Root rot destabilizes the Sanqi rhizosphere core fungal microbiome by reducing the negative connectivity of beneficial microbes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0223723. [PMID: 38315008 PMCID: PMC10952445 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02237-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The stability of microbial communities, especially among core taxa, is essential for supporting plant health. However, the impacts of disease infection on the stability of rhizosphere fungal core microbiome remain largely unexplored. In this study, we delved into the effects of root rot infestation on the community structure, function, network complexity, and stability of Sanqi fungal core microbiomes, employing amplicon sequencing combined with co-occurrence network and cohesion analyses. Our investigation revealed that root rot disease led to a decrease in the α-diversity but an increase in the β-diversity of the Sanqi fungal core microbiomes in the rhizosphere. Notably, Ilyonectria, Plectosphaerella, and Fusarium emerged as indicator species in the rhizosphere core microbiome of root rot-infected Sanqi plants, while Mortierella predominated as the dominant biomarker taxa in healthy soils. Additionally, root rot diminished the complexity and modularity of the rhizosphere networks by reducing the metrics associated with nodes, edges, degrees, and modularity. Furthermore, root rot resulted in a reduction in the proportion of negative connections in the network and the negative/positive cohesion of the entire core fungal microbiome. Particularly noteworthy was the observation that root rot infection destabilized the rhizosphere core fungal microbiome by weakening the negative connectivity associated with beneficial agents. Collectively, these results highlight the significance of the negative connectivity of beneficial agents in ensuring the stability of core microbial community.IMPORTANCERoot rot disease has been reported as the most devastating disease in the production process of artificial cultivated Sanqi ginseng, which seriously threatens the Sanqi industry. This study provides valuable insights into how root rot influences microbial relationships within the community. These findings open up opportunities for disease prevention and the promotion of plant health by regulating microbial interactions. In summary, the research sheds light on the ecological consequences of root rot on rhizosphere fungal microbiomes and offers potential strategies for managing soil-borne diseases and enhancing plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Wang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhang Geng
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulan Lin
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Xia
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fugang Wei
- Miaoxiang Sanqi Technology Co., Ltd., Wenshan, China
| | - Shaozhou Yang
- Miaoxiang Sanqi Technology Co., Ltd., Wenshan, China
| | - Xinqi Huang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Soil Utilization & Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Soil Utilization & Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographical Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zucong Cai
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Soil Utilization & Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographical Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Soil Utilization & Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China
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Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Mei Y, Liu L, Li L, Yang L, Wang Z. Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00003-1. [PMID: 38195040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare ginsenosides (Rg3, Rh2, C-K, etc.) refer to a group of dammarane triterpenoids that exist in low natural abundance, mostly produced by deglycosylation or side chain modification via physicochemical processing or metabolic transformation in gut, and last but not least, exhibited potent biological activity comparing to the primary ginsenosides, which lead to a high concern in both the research and development of ginseng and ginsenoside-related nutraceutical and natural products. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review on these promising compounds is not available yet. AIM OF REVIEW In this review, recent advances of Rare ginsenosides (RGs) were summarized dealing with the structurally diverse characteristics, traditional usage, drug discovery situation, clinical application, pharmacological effects and the underlying mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, toxicity, the stereochemistry properties, and production strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW A total of 144 RGs with diverse skeletons and bioactivities were isolated from Panax species. RGs acted as natural ligands on some specific receptors, such as bile acid receptors, steroid hormone receptors, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors. The RGs showed promising bioactivities including immunoregulatory and adaptogen-like effect, anti-aging effect, anti-tumor effect, as well as their effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, central nervous system, obesity and diabetes, and interaction with gut microbiota. Clinical trials indicated the potential of RGs, while high quality data remains inadequate, and no obvious side effects was found. The stereochemistry properties induced by deglycosylation at C (20) were also addressed including pharmacodynamics behaviors, together with the state-of-art analytical strategies for the identification of saponin stereoisomers. Finally, the batch preparation of targeted RGs by designated strategies including heating or acid/ alkaline-assisted processes, and enzymatic biotransformation and biosynthesis were discussed. Hopefully, the present review can provide more clues for the extensive understanding and future in-depth research and development of RGs, originated from the worldwide well recognized ginseng plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linhong Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuqi Mei
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Longchan Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Yang H, Ni Y, Zhang X, Li J, Chen H, Liu C. The mitochondrial genomes of Panax notoginseng reveal recombination mediated by repeats associated with DNA replication. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126359. [PMID: 37619687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is one of the most valuable medicinal species. However, its mitochondrial genome has not been reported yet. We aimed to determine the mitogenome sequence of P. notoginseng. We de novo assembled the mitogenome with Illumina short reads and Nanopore long reads. The mitochondrial genome of P. notoginseng has a multipartite structure consisting of interconversion between a "master circle" and numerous "subgenomic circles" through recombinations mediated by 64 pairs of repetitive sequences. Among the multipartite structure, seven subgenomic circles were best supported. Six of the seven subgenomic circles shared an 852 bp conserved fragment. The complete mitogenome of P. notoginseng was 662,479 bp long including 34 mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs), three rRNA, and 19 tRNA genes. We identified 166 microsatellite repeats and 26 long-tandem repeats. Phylogenetic analysis resolved a tree that was mostly congruent with the phylogeny of Apiales species described in the APG IV system and the tree built with the chloroplast genome sequences. A total of 12 mitochondrial plastid DNA fragments were identified. Lastly, we predicted 591C-to-U RNA editing sites in the coding regions of mitochondrial PCGs. The mitochondrial genome will lay the foundation for understanding the evolution of Panax species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Ni
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jingling Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Haimei Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Mengnan L, Xianwen Y, Shuyan Z, Shuiqing C, Wenjuan X, Xuan W, Jia W, Chunshuai L, Linlin Y, Xinfang X, Xiangri L. Homotherapy for heteropathy of Alzheimer's disease and anemia through reducing the expression of toll-like receptor and TNF by steamed Panax notoginseng. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115075. [PMID: 37385213 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the effects of Steamed Panax notoginsen (SPN) is to replenish blood, which is mostly used to treat anemia in clinic. SPN has the effect of treating anemia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in clinical and basic research. In traditional Chinese medicine, anemia and AD have the same characteristics, and their symptoms are qi and blood deficiency. METHODS First, data analysis was carried out through network pharmacology to predict the action targets of SPN homotherapy in the treatment of AD and anemia. Specifically, TCMSP and relevant literature were used to screen the main active ingredients of Panax notoginseng, and SuperPred was used to predict the action targets of the active ingredients. Disease targets related to AD and anemia were collected through Genecards database, and STRING and protein interaction (PPI) was used for enrichment analysis, Analyze the characteristics of the active ingredient target network on the Cytascape 3.9.0 platform, and use Metascape to enrich the gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway Enrichment (KEGG pathway). Then Drosophila was used as the AD animal model, and the effects of SPN on the climbing ability, olfactory memory and brain Aβ, with rats as anemia animal models, the improvement effect of SPN on blood routine and organ index of rats with blood deficiency induced by CTX and APH was analyzed to further explain the therapeutic effect of SPN on these two diseases. Finally, the regulatory effect of SPN on the key active target of allotherapy for AD and anemia was verified by PCR. RESULTS After the screening, 17 active components and 92 action targets of SPN were obtained. The degree values of components and the first 15 targets are NFKB1, IL10, PIK3CA, PTGS2, SRC, ECFR, CASP3, MTOR, IL1B, ESR1, AKT1, HSP90AA1, IL6, TNF, and Toll-like receptor, it is mainly related to inflammatory response, immune regulation and antioxidation. SPN improved the climbing ability, olfactory memory ability, and Aβ42 content in the brain of Aβ flies, and significantly reduced the expression of TNF and Toll-like receptor in the brain after treatment. SPN can significantly improve the blood routine index and organ index of anemia rats, and also significantly reduce the expression of TNF and Toll-like receptor in the brain after treatment. CONCLUSION SPN can regulate the expression of TNF and Toll-like receptor to achieve the same treatment of AD and anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Mengnan
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ye Xianwen
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhang Shuyan
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Cheng Shuiqing
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xu Wenjuan
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wang Xuan
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wen Jia
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Li Chunshuai
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yang Linlin
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xu Xinfang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Li Xiangri
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Liu J, Wang C, Kong L, Yang Y, Cui X, Li K, Nian H. Rho2 involved in development, stress response and pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:272. [PMID: 37548840 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases regulate the activity of cell wall biosynthesis, actin assembly and polar cell secretion. However, the function of Rho GTPase in filamentous fungi is poorly understood. To understand the role of Rho2 GTPase in Fusarium oxysporum, which is one of root rot pathogens of Panax notoginseng, △rho2 mutant was constructed. Phenotypes of △rho2, including conidiation, germination of spores, stresses (osmotic-, cell membrane-, cell wall disturbing-, metal-, and high temperature-) tolerance and pathogenicity were analyzed. The results showed that the growth of △rho2 was destroyed under cell wall disturbing stress and high temperature stress, suggesting that Rho2 regulated the response of F. oxysporum to cell wall synthesis inhibitors and high temperature stress. Germination of spores and pathogenicity to P. notoginseng were reduced in △rho2 mutant. Western blot results showed that rho2 deletion increased the phosphorylation level of Mpk1. To identify genes regulated by Rho2, transcriptome sequencing was carried out. 2477 genes were identified as upregulated genes and 2177 genes were identified as downregulated genes after rho2 was deleted. These genes provide clues for further study of rho2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chengsong Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lei Kong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Kunzhi Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hongjuan Nian
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Liu ZX, Tang SH, Wang Y, Tan J, Jiang ZT. Rapid, simultaneous and non-destructive determination of multiple adulterants in Panax notoginseng powder by front-face total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Fitoterapia 2023; 166:105469. [PMID: 36907229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The authentication of traditional herbal medicines in powder form is of great significance, as they are always of high values but vulnerable to adulteration. Based on the distinct fluorescence of protein tryptophan, phenolic acids and flavonoids, front-face synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (FFSFS) was applied for the fast and non-invasive authentication of Panax notoginseng powder (PP) adulterated with the powder of rhizoma curcumae (CP), maize flour (MF) and whole wheat flour (WF). For either single or multiple adulterants in the range of 5-40% w/w, prediction models were built based on the combination of unfolded total synchronous fluorescence spectra and partial least square (PLS) regression, and were validated by both five-fold cross-validation and external validation. The constructed PLS2 models simultaneously predicted the contents of multiple adulterants in PP and gave suitable results, with most of the determination coefficients of prediction (Rp2) >0.9, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) no >4% and residual predictive deviation (RPD) >2. The limits of detections (LODs) were 12.0, 9.1 and 7.6% for CP, MF and WF, respectively. All the relative prediction errors for simulated blind samples were between -22% and + 23%. FFSFS offers a novel alternative to the authentication of powdered herbal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Liu
- Tianjin International Joint Research & Development Center of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Shu-Hua Tang
- Tianjin International Joint Research & Development Center of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Tianjin International Joint Research & Development Center of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Tianjin International Joint Research & Development Center of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Zi-Tao Jiang
- Tianjin International Joint Research & Development Center of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; School of Food Engineering, Tianjin Tianshi College, Tianjin 301700, China.
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7
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Niu L, Qin X, Wang L, Guo N, Cao H, Li H, Zhao C, Wang H, Fu Y. Upgrading the accumulation of ginsenoside Rd in Panax notoginseng by a novel glycosidase-producing endophytic fungus G11-7. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 68:441-452. [PMID: 36571675 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-01020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel endophytic fungus producing beta-glucosidase was isolated and characterized from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.), which has excellent properties in converting ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rd in Panax notoginseng. According to the 16S rDNA gene sequence, the G11-7 strain was identified as Fusarium proliferatum, and the accession number KY303906 was confirmed in GenBank. The G11-7 immobilized spores, in which the activity of beta-glucosidase could reach 0.95 U/mL, were co-cultured with P. notoginseng plant material to obtain a continuous beta-glucosidase supply for the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd. Under the liquid-solid ratio (20:1), initial pH (6.0), and temperature (30 °C) constituents, the maximum ginsenoside Rd yield was obtained as 9.15 ± 0.65 mg/g, which was 3.67-fold higher than that without fungal spore co-culture (2.49 ± 0.98 mg/g). Furthermore, immobilized G11-7 spores showed significant beta-glucosidase producing ability which could be recovered and reused for 6 cycles. Overall, these results suggested that immobilized G11-7 offered a promising and effective approach to enhance the production of ginsenoside Rd for possible nutraceutical and pharmaceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Medicinal Plant Cultivation Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Litao Wang
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Li
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. .,The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Yang X, Xiong Y, Wang H, Jiang M, Xu X, Mi Y, Lou J, Li X, Sun H, Zhao Y, Li X, Yang W. Multicomponent Characterization of the Flower Bud of Panax notoginseng and Its Metabolites in Rat Plasma by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Ion Mobility Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249049. [PMID: 36558182 PMCID: PMC9786607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The flower bud of Panax notoginseng (PNF) consumed as a tonic shows potential in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. To identify the contained multi-components and, in particular, to clarify which components can be absorbed and what metabolites are transformed, unveiling the effective substances of PNF is of vital significance. A unique ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/IM-QTOF-MS) profiling approach and efficient data processing by the UNIFITM bioinformatics platform were employed to comprehensively identify the multi-components of PNF and the related metabolites in the plasma of rats after oral administration (at a dose of 3.6 g/kg). Two MS2 data acquisition modes operating in the negative electrospray ionization mode, involving high-definition MSE (HDMSE) and data-dependent acquisition (DDA), were utilized aimed to extend the coverage and simultaneously ensure the quality of the MS2 spectra. As a result, 219 components from PNF were identified or tentatively characterized, and 40 thereof could be absorbed. Moreover, 11 metabolites were characterized from the rat plasma. The metabolic pathways mainly included the phase I (deglycosylation and oxidation). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that systematically studies the in vivo metabolites of PNF, which can assist in better understanding its tonifying effects and benefit its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meiting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yueguang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jia Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaohang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - He Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (W.Y.); Tel.: +86-022-5979-1833 (W.Y.)
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (W.Y.); Tel.: +86-022-5979-1833 (W.Y.)
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Analysis of the Renal Protection and Antioxidative Stress Effects of Panax notoginseng Saponins in Diabetic Nephropathy Mice. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:3610935. [PMID: 36249425 PMCID: PMC9556179 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3610935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a diabetes-induced chronic complication, is the major trigger of end-stage renal disease. As the main active ingredient of Panax notoginseng (PNG), Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are crucial in treating renal diseases. This study is aimed at investigating the role played by PNS in renal protection and antioxidative stress (OS) in DN mice. Methods A DN mouse model was constructed, and then low, medium, and high doses of PNS were used to intervene the model group mice. Eight weeks after intervention, the 24 h urine protein (UPro) and urinary albumin (UAlb) were quantitatively examined, and the related blood biochemical indices were measured. HE and PAS staining were performed for pathological changes of renal tissue. ELISA and western blotting were carried out to quantify the levels of OS indexes and inflammatory factors (IFs) in mouse kidney tissues and the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), respectively. Results The weight of DN mice decreased first compared with control animals and then gradually increased after different doses of PNS treatment. Besides, DN mice presented elevated urine volume, UPro, and UAlb, all of which were reversed by PNS intervention. SOD activity and GSH content in renal tissues of the model group mice decreased markedly versus the control group, and MDA, CRP, IL-6, and TGF-β1 contents elevated statistically, while different doses of PNS effectively reduced the OS injury and IFs in mice. Compared with the model group, PNS dose-dependently increased Nrf2 and HO-1 levels in DN mice. Conclusions PNS is protective of HFF + STZ-induced DN mice against kidney tissue damage and can reduce the excretion of UPro and relieve the OS state of mice, possibly by activating Nrf2/HO-1 axis to play an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role.
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Sun HM, Zhang AL, Bao HL, Chu C, Tong SQ. In Silico Screening of Off-line Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Counter-current Chromatography with Liquid Chromatography for Four Saponins Isolation. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3909-3918. [PMID: 35962755 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Be restrained by the limited peak capacity, one dimension chromatography usually leads to an unsatisfactory separation with low purity of compounds in a complex mixture. To obtain more highly pure targets for standard reference and to discover new substances for structural elucidation, two-dimensional chromatography is more and more prevalent in many fields. As few metrics on assessment of preparative capability of two-dimensional chromatographic separations is reported, a methodology of in silico screening of various two-dimensional chromatographic separations with a minimal number of experiments was demonstrated in this work, which was based on three descriptors including the occupation rate of peaks and system homogeneity of a two-dimensional separation space, and the minimal distance of all nearest-neighbor distances of peaks. Combining the advantages of counter-current chromatography and liquid chromatography, we elaborated the methodology by employing off-line comprehensive two-dimensional counter-current chromatography with liquid chromatography to be in silico screened for separation of four saponins from Panax notoginseng at analytical scale to simulate the case of preparative scale transfer. The predictive results were presented by two-dimensional contour plots and verified by experiments. The result showed that the experimental results were in general accord with the predictive results. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Mian Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Ai-Lian Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University
| | - Hong-Lei Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Sheng-Qiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology
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11
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Ji C, Zhang Q, Shi R, Li J, Wang X, Wu Z, Ma Y, Guo J, He X, Zheng W. Determination of the Authenticity and Origin of Panax Notoginseng: A Review. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1708-1718. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Panax notoginseng, a traditional medicinal and edible plant, is widely used in medicine, health care, cosmetics, and other industries. Affected by the discrepancy between market supply and demand and price, the adulteration of P. notoginseng products with other plant-derived ingredients occurs at times. With the continuous development of technologies such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and DNA barcoding, the detection techniques for rapid and sensitive determination of the authenticity identification and origin of P. notoginseng have become more diversified to meet the needs of different regulatory goals and could effectively control practices that mislead consumers and promote false labeling. This review analyzes and summarizes the existing technologies for determining the authenticity and origin of P. notoginseng from these three aspects: morphological, chemical, and molecular biology methods from the literature since 2001; on this basis, the current problems and future research directions are discussed to provide a reference for the establishment of rapid and accurate methods to verify authenticity and origin to promote the further development and improvement of quality control technology systems for P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Yunnan Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Traceability of Food, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming 650224, China
| | - Juan Li
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Traceability of Food, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Traceability of Food, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Traceability of Food, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Traceability of Food, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Junli Guo
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Traceability of Food, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Yunnan Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming 650224, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Yunnan Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201, China
- Laboratory for Quality Control and Traceability of Food, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin 300387, China
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Liu D, Lin L, Zhang T, Xu Q, Wang M, Gao M, Bhople P, Pritchard HW, Yang X, Yu F. Wild Panax plants adapt to their thermal environment by harboring abundant beneficial seed endophytic bacteria. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.967692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The seed microbiome of crop wild relatives is a potential reservoir of beneficial traits that potentially improve their host plant resilience to fluctuating environments and pathogenic threats. Herein, we studied the seed microbiome of three species of the medicinal genus Panax (P. vietnamensis, P. japonicas, and P. stipuleanatus) collected from seven locations in Southwest China. We used qPCR and metabarcoding high-throughput sequencing to target both endophytic bacteria and fungi. Seed bacterial absolute abundance (1.1 × 109∼1.0 × 107 gene copy numbers per gram seed) was substantially higher than that of fungi (7.6 × 105∼3.7 × 102). Host plant genotype was the main driver of seed microbiome composition for both bacteria and fungi. Panax growing hypothermal environments significantly shaped their seed endophytic bacterial but not fungal microbiota. The three Panax species’ seeds harbored unique microbes [averaged ∼150 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs)], sharing only 12 bacterial ASVs (half affiliated to Halomonas) and four fungal ASVs. Network analysis showed that the Panax seed endophytic bacteria tend to form inter-weaved functional modules that are majorly connected by core members from the genus Halomonas, Pseudomonas, and Pantoea. These genera have been associated with nutrient cycling, plant, disease suppression, and tolerance to environmental fluctuation. Together, these novel insights may shade light on the ecological strategies of wild Panax plants adaptation to their thermal environment by possessing abundant beneficial seed endophytic bacteria.
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13
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Yue J, Li Z, Zuo Z, Wang Y. Evaluation of Ecological Suitability and Quality Suitability of Panax notoginseng Under Multi-Regionalization Modeling Theory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:818376. [PMID: 35574115 PMCID: PMC9096839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.818376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is an important medicinal plant in China, but there are some limitations in the ecological suitability study, such as incomplete investigation of species distribution, single regionalization modeling, and lack of collaborative evaluation of ecological suitability, and quality suitability. In this study, the maximum entropy model was used to analyze the ecological suitability of P. notoginseng under current and future climates. The multi-source chemical information of samples was collected to evaluate the uniformity between quality and ecology. The results showed that the current suitable habitat was mainly in southwest China. In the future climate scenarios, the high suitable habitat will be severely degraded. Modeling based on different regionalization could predict larger suitable habitat areas. The samples in the high suitable habitat had both quality suitability and ecological suitability, and the accumulation of chemical components had different responses to different environmental factors. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy combined with deep learning could achieve rapid identification of samples from different suitable habitats. In conclusion, global warming is not conducive to the distribution and spread of P. notoginseng. The high suitable habitat was conducive to the cultivation of high-quality medicinal materials. Actual regionalization modeling had more guiding significance for the selection of suitable habitats in a small area. The multi-regionalization modeling theory proposed in this study could provide a new perspective for the ecological suitability study of similar medicinal plants. The results provided a reference for the introduction and cultivation, and lay the foundation for the scientific and standardized production of high-quality P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - ZhiTian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - YuanZhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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14
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Gao M, Cao X, Wei S, Huang X, Ouyang H, Chang Y, Shi R, He J. Quantitative Comparison and Chemical Profile of Different Botanical Parts of Panax notoginseng From Different Regions. Front Nutr 2022; 9:841541. [PMID: 35571961 PMCID: PMC9097766 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.841541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Panax notoginseng, a highly valued medicine and functional food, is the main part used for medicinal purposes. However, the stems and leaves are also used in practice. To provide a chemical basis for various uses, a quantitative comparison of 18 saponins using a non-targeted metabolomics approach was established, so as to investigate the chemical profiles of the different parts of P. notoginseng. The established strategy revealed that roots and stems, with their similar chemical characteristics, consisted mainly of protopanaxatriol-type saponins, whereas protopanaxadiol-type saponins were principally present in the leaves. Multivariate analysis further suggested that the quality of the stems and leaves of P. notoginseng was significantly affected by its geographical origin. Furthermore, 52 constituents (26 non-volatile and 26 volatile) were identified as potential markers for discriminating between different parts of the plant. Taken together, the study provides comprehensive chemical evidence for the rational application and exploitation of different parts of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiunan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huizi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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15
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Gao M, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li M, Che X, Cui X, Wang M, Xiong Y. Steamed Panax notoginseng attenuates renal anemia in an adenine-induced mouse model of chronic kidney disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114941. [PMID: 35007683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax notoginseng (PN) (Burk.) F. H. Chen is a medicinal herb used to treat blood disorders since ancient times, of which the steamed form exhibits the anti-anemia effect and acts with a "blood-tonifying" function according to the traditional use. However, its pharmacological effect and mechanism on alleviating renal anemia (RA) are still unclear. AIMS OF THE STUDY The study aims to investigate the effect of steamed Panax notoginseng (SPN) to attenuate RA and its underlying mechanism based on the model of adenine-induced RA mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy mice were randomly divided into seven groups of ten: the control group, model group, the erythropoietin (EPO) group, the Fufang E'jiao Jiang (FEJ) group, the high-dose steamed PN (H-SPN) group, the middle-dose steamed PN (M-SPN) group, and the low-dose steamed PN (L-SPN) group. The adenine induction RA model was applied to assess the "blood enriching" function of SPN. The blood routine indexes, erythrocyte fragility, pathologic morphology of kidney tissue and the expression levels of related cytokines and proteins in the mice were detected after 3-week administration with SPN and positive drugs. RESULTS Our study provided evidences that SPN could ameliorate RA. Compared with the control group, SPN could attenuate RA by significantly increasing the numbers of peripheral blood cells (p < 0.01), improving the erythrocyte fragility (p < 0.01), and restoring the expression of EPO mRNA in the kidneys and EPO receptor mRNA in bone marrow nucleated cells. The expression of TGF-β1 mRNA was declined and the expression of HGF mRNA was significantly increased in a dose-dependent way after the treatment of SPN. Additionally, the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the kidneys were significantly increased. In contrast, there was a highly significant decrease in the expression of Bax (p < 0.01), following SPN treatment. CONCLUSION SPN could alleviate RA by promoting the overall hematopoiesis and inhibiting the progress of renal injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333BE, the Netherlands; SU Biomedicine B.V., Leiden, 2333BE, the Netherlands; Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming, 650217, China
| | - Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333BE, the Netherlands.
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Application of Bioorganic Fertilizer on Panax notoginseng Improves Plant Growth by Altering the Rhizosphere Microbiome Structure and Metabolism. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020275. [PMID: 35208730 PMCID: PMC8879206 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioorganic fertilizers can alleviate (a) biotic stresses and sustainably increase crop yields. The effect of bioorganic fertilizers on the rhizosphere bacterial community of Panax notoginseng and soil metabolism remains unknown. Here, we tracked the changes in the soil physicochemical properties, bacterial microbiota responses, and soil metabolic functions after the addition of a bioorganic fertilizer in a P. notoginseng field. The application of a bioorganic fertilizer reduced the soil acidification, improved the organic matter, and increased the contents of the total/available soil nutrients. Soil amendment with a bioorganic fertilizer significantly affected the structure of the rhizosphere bacterial community, leading to the enrichment of specific bacterial consortia such as Rhodanobacter, Arthrobacter, Sphingomonas, Devosia, Pseudolabrys, Luteimonas, Lysobacter, Nitrosospira, and Nakamurella. Previously, many of these genera have been associated with nutrient cycling, plant productivity, and disease suppression. Metabolome analysis further highlighted that the bioorganic fertilizer treatment significantly reduced phenolic acids and flavonoids and enhanced organic acids, saccharides and alcohols, and amino acids. This result indicates a high survival of bacterial microbiota in the rhizosphere and an availability of nutrients for P. notoginseng growth. This work showed that the application of bioorganic fertilizers significantly improves soil health status, alters soil metabolic functions, and stimulates a specific subset of rhizosphere microbiota for nutrient cycling and disease protection in P. notoginseng.
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Dong Q, An Y, Du G, Wang J, Liu J, Su J, Xie H, Liang C, Liu J. Identification of ginsenoside metabolites in plasma related to different bioactivities of Panax notoginseng and Panax Ginseng. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5334. [PMID: 35045586 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the chemical components of Panax notoginseng (PN) and Panax ginseng (PG) are similar, the bioactivities of them are different. In this study, the differential bioactivities of PN and PG were used as the research object. First, the different metabolites in the plasma after oral administration of PN and PG were analyzed by a UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based metabolomics approach. Afterward, the metabolite-target- pathway network of PN and PG was constructed, thus the pathways related to different bioactivities were analyzed. As the results, 7 different metabolites were identified in PN group, and 10 different metabolites were identified in the PG group. In the PN group, the metabolite of N1 was related to hemostasis, N1 and N3 were related to inhibiting the nerve center, antihypertensive, and abirritation. The metabolites of N1, N3, N4, N5, and N6 were related to protecting the liver. The results showed that the metabolites of G1, G2, G3, G5, and G6 in PG group were related to anti-heart failure, and G1, G2, G6, and G9 were related to raising blood pressure. There were 13 signaling pathways related to different biological activities of PN (eight pathways) and PG (five pathways). These pathways further clarified the mechanism of action that caused the different bioactivities between PN and PG. In summary, metabolomics combined with network pharmacology could be helpful to clarify the material basis of different bioactivities between PN and PG, promoting the research on PN and PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Dong
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Guangguang Du
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | | | - Chongyang Liang
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
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Physicochemical, Digestive, and Sensory Properties of Panax Notoginseng Saponins Encapsulated by Polymerized Whey Protein. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122942. [PMID: 34945493 PMCID: PMC8701336 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) may be beneficial to human health due to their bioactive function. The application of PNS in functional foods was limited due to the bitter taste and low oral bioavailability. PNS were encapsulated by polymerized whey protein (PWP) nanoparticles. The physicochemical, digestive, and sensory properties of the nanoparticles were investigated. Results showed that the nanoparticles had a particle size of 55 nm, the zeta potential of -28 mV, and high PNS encapsulation efficiency (92.94%) when the mass ratio of PNS to PWP was 1:30. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) results revealed that PNS were successfully encapsulated by PWP. The mainly intermolecular forces between PNS and PWP were hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results of simulated gastrointestinal digestion indicated that the PNS-PWP (1:30) nanoparticles had smaller average particle size (36 nm) after treatment with gastric fluids and increased particle size (75 nm) after treatment with intestinal fluids. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs reflected that the nanoparticles had irregular spherical structures. The encapsulated PNS exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) decreased bitterness compared to the non-encapsulated PNS confirmed by the electronic tongue. The results indicated that encapsulation of PNS with PWP could facilitate their application in functional foods.
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Tan MM, Chen MH, Han F, Wang JW, Tu YX. Role of Bioactive Constituents of Panax notoginseng in the Modulation of Tumorigenesis: A Potential Review for the Treatment of Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:738914. [PMID: 34776959 PMCID: PMC8578715 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.738914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death, affecting people in both developed and developing countries. It is a challenging disease due to its complicated pathophysiological mechanism. Many anti-cancer drugs are used to treat cancer and reduce mortality rates, but their toxicity limits their administration. Drugs made from natural products, which act as multi-targeted therapy, have the ability to target critical signaling proteins in different pathways. Natural compounds possess pharmacological activities such as anti-cancer activity, low toxicity, and minimum side effects. Panax notoginseng is a medicinal plant whose extracts and phytochemicals are used to treat cancer, cardiovascular disorders, blood stasis, easing inflammation, edema, and pain. P. notoginseng's secondary metabolites target cancer's dysregulated pathways, causing cancer cell death. In this review, we focused on several ginsenosides extracted from P. notoginseng that have been evaluated against various cancer cell lines, with the aim of cancer treatment. Furthermore, an in vivo investigation of these ginsenosides should be conducted to gain insight into the dysregulation of several pathways, followed by clinical trials for the potential and effective treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Tan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tiantai People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People’s Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Min-Hua Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tiantai People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People’s Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Yue-Xing Tu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Jiao Y, Si Y, Li L, Wang C, Lin H, Liu J, Liu Y, Liu J, Li P, Li Z. Comprehensive phytochemical profiling of American ginseng in Jilin province of China based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4787. [PMID: 34725896 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
American ginseng (AG), the underground part of Panax quinquefolium L., is composed of four morphological regions, including main root (MR), lateral root (LR), fibrous root (FR), and rhizome (RH). In the clinical, MR is the main medicinal region, other regions are rarely attention. Aiming at revealing the chemical composition of AG and making better use of AG, screening analysis and metabolomic analysis were both performed to profile MR, LR, FR, and RH. First, in the systematical screening analysis, a total of 134 compounds (including 122 shared components) with various structural patterns were identified and tentatively characterized. The results indicated that the phytochemicals with various structural types were rich in MR, LR, FR, and RH. Second, 6, 4, 8, and 11 chemical markers were identified from MR, LR, FR, and RH, respectively. Seven triterpene saponins (protopanaxatriol, quinquenoside R1 , ginsenoside Rc, Rk1 , Rg1 , Re, and vinaginsenoside R1 ) might be used for rapid differentiation of four morphological regions. This comprehensive profile study of metabolites illustrated the similarities and differences of phytochemicals in four morphological regions of AG. The results could be used for the quality control of AG and furnish a basis for the further development and utilization of AG sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Si
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqiang Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junli Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Natural Drug, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Natural Drug, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Panax Notoginseng Protects against Diabetes-Associated Endothelial Dysfunction: Comparison between Ethanolic Extract and Total Saponin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4722797. [PMID: 34527173 PMCID: PMC8437594 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4722797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed a cardioprotective potential of Panax notoginseng to relieve acute myocardial infarction and focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. However, whether P. notoginseng protects endothelial function in diabetes and the underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. P. notoginseng contains several chemical components including saponins, which are commonly believed as the major bioactive ingredients. The present study was aimed to examine and compare the vaso-protective effects of the ethanolic extract of P. notoginseng (PNE) and total saponin (PNS). Both aortas and carotid arteries were isolated from male C57BL/6J mice for ex vivo treatment with risk factors (high glucose or tunicamycin) with and without the presence of PNS and PNE. Diabetic model was established by feeding the mice with a high-fat diet (45% kcal% fat) for 12 weeks, while PNS and PNE were administrated by oral gavage at 20 mg/kg/day for another 4 weeks. Ex vivo exposure to high glucose impaired acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxations in mouse aortas, decreased phosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS, and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. These effects were reversed by cotreatment of PNS and PNE with PNS being more potent. Furthermore, the vaso-protective effects were abolished by Compound C (AMPK inhibitor). Chronic treatment with PNS and PNE improved endothelium-dependent relaxations and alleviated ER stress and oxidative stress in aortas from high-fat diet-induced obese mice. PNE was more effective to improve glucose sensitivity and normalize blood pressure in diabetic mice. The present results showed that PNS and PNE reduced ER stress and oxidative stress and, subsequently, improved endothelial function in diabetes through AMPK activation. This study provides new inspiration on the therapeutic potential of P. notoginseng extract against vascular diseases associated with metabolic disorders.
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The RIG-I Signal Pathway Mediated Panax notoginseng Saponin Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Ischemia Stroke. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8878428. [PMID: 34462642 PMCID: PMC8403041 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8878428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), the main bioactive constituents of a traditional Chinese herb Panax notoginseng, were commonly used for ischemic stroke in China. However, the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms of PNS have not been well examined. This study aimed to decipher the underlying molecular target of PNS in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. The oxygen-glucose-deprived (OGD) model of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) was used in this study. The alteration of gene expression in rat BMECs after PNS treatment was measured by microarray and indicated that there were 38 signaling pathways regulated by PNS. Among them, RIG-I receptor and related signaling molecules TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (Traf2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were significantly suppressed by PNS, which was verified again in OGD-induced BMECs measured by FQ-PCR and western blotting and in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats measured by immunohistochemistry. The levels of TNF-α, IL-8, and the downstream cytokines regulated by RIG-I receptor pathway were also decreased by PNS. Meanwhile, the neurological evaluation, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and Evans blue staining were conducted to evaluate the effect of PNS in MCAO rats. Results showed PNS significantly improved functional outcome and cerebral vascular leakage. Flow cytometry showed the number of the inflammatory cells infiltrated in brain tissue was decreased in PNS treatment. Our results identified that RIG-I signaling pathway mediated anti-inflammatory properties of PNS in cerebral ischemia, which provided the novel insights of PNS application in clinics.
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Herb Sanqi-Derived Compound K Alleviates Oxidative Stress in Cultured Human Melanocytes and Improves Oxidative-Stress-Related Leukoderma in Guinea Pigs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082057. [PMID: 34440826 PMCID: PMC8393903 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanqi, a traditional Chinese herb, is widely used for cardiovascular diseases, and its neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress were recently discovered. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Sanqi-derived compound K (Sanqi-CK), an active metabolite of Sanqi, could protect melanocytes from oxidative stress. Cultured human primary skin epidermal melanocytes (HEMn-MPs) were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence or absence of Sanqi-CK. Sanqi-CK exhibited protective effects against H2O2-induced cell death by reducing oxidative stress. In addition, treatment with Sanqi-CK reversed the decreased glutathione reductase activity and decreased ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) seen in H2O2-treated melanocytes. Furthermore, topical application of Sanqi-CK alleviated leukoderma in guinea pigs, a disorder characterized by melanocyte cell death resulting from rhododendrol-induced oxidative stress. Taken together, these data suggest that Sanqi-CK protects melanocytes against oxidative stress, and its protective effects are associated with modulating the redox balance between GSH and GSSG and activating glutathione reductase. Thus, Sanqi-CK may be a good candidate for preventing melanocyte loss in oxidative-stress-associated pigmentary disorders.
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Yang Q, Li J, Ma W, Zhang S, Hou S, Wang Z, Li X, Gao W, Rengel Z, Chen Q, Cui X. Melatonin increases leaf disease resistance and saponin biosynthesis in Panax notogiseng. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153466. [PMID: 34216845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Bruk.) FH Chen is a valuable traditional herb in China, with saponins being the main medicinal components in its roots. However, leaf diseases are a major factor limiting growth and production of P. notoginseng. Melatonin is a ubiquitous signaling molecule associated with abiotic stress resistance. In this study, we investigated the role of melatonin in leaf disease resistance of P. notoginseng in field conditions. Additionally, saponin concentrations were analyzed to evaluate the suitability of melatonin use in agricultural practice. Our results showed that exogenous application of melatonin promoted the endogenous phytomelatonin accumulation via upregulation of genes involved in its biosynthesis. The application of 10 μM melatonin decreased the incidence of leaf diseases (gray mold, round spot, and black spot) by about 40% compared with the solvent control, which might have been due to the increased expression of genes associated with immunity and disease resistance. Furthermore, concentrations of saponins and expression of their biosynthesis-related genes were significantly increased by melatonin. Taken together, the data presented here suggested that melatonin could be used in agricultural management of P. notoginseng because it increased leaf disease resistance and biosynthesis of saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenna Ma
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Suying Hou
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Analytic & Testing Research Center of Yunnan, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zed Rengel
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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25
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Qu ZY, Wang HC, Jin YP, Li YL, Wang YP. Isolation, identification, and quantification of triterpene saponins in the fresh fruits of Panax notoginseng. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5319-5329. [PMID: 34121538 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1938038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is to develop a method for isolation, identification, and quantitative determination of dammarane-type triterpene saponins in the Panax notoginseng fruits (PNF). The saponins were isolated by a serious of chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with those of literature reports. Quantitative assay was performed on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-UV (UPLC-UV) method. As a result, 22 saponins were isolated from the extract of PNF, among them, compound 1 was a new saponin, named as malonylgypenoside IX, compounds 3-10, and 14-18 were isolated from the PNF for the first time. As to quantitative analysis, the calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0.998) within the concentration range, and the method validation provided good reproducibility and sensitivity for the quantification of eight major saponins with precision and accuracy of less than 3.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yi Qu
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - He-Cheng Wang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Ping Jin
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, P.R. China
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26
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Qu ZY, Zong Y, Zheng PH, Jin YP, Li W, Wang HC, Li YL, Wang YP. New malonylginsenosides from the fresh fruits of Panax notoginseng. Fitoterapia 2021; 150:104844. [PMID: 33548359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Four new malonylginsenosides, malonylnotoginsenoside Fe (1), malonylnotoginsenoside Ra1 (2), malonylgypenoside LXXV (3), and malonylginsenoside Mc (4), together with two known analogues, malonylfloralginsenoside Rc1 (5) and malonylginsenoside Rc (6), were isolated from the fresh fruits of Panax notoginseng. Their structures were determined by MS and NMR experiments. The anti-proliferative activities of the malonylginsenosides (1-6) against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line were evaluated using the MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yi Qu
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Yu Zong
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology. Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Pei-He Zheng
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Yin-Ping Jin
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - He-Cheng Wang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology. Panjin, 124221, PR China
| | - Ya-Li Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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27
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You S, Shi X, Yu D, Zhao D, An Q, Wang D, Zhang J, Li M, Wang C. Fermentation of Panax notoginseng root extract polysaccharides attenuates oxidative stress and promotes type I procollagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblast cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:34. [PMID: 33446178 PMCID: PMC7807718 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicines. Polysaccharides in P. notoginseng has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of human diseases. However the application of fermentation technology in Panax notoginseng is not common, and the mechanism of action of P. notoginseng polysaccharides produced by fermentation is still unclear. The specific biological mechanisms of fermented P. notoginseng polysaccharides (FPNP) suppresses H2O2-induced apoptosis in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and the underlying mechanism are not well understood. METHODS In this study, the effects of water extracted and fermentation on concentration of polysaccharides in P. notoginseng extracts were analyzed. After the H2O2-induced HDF model of oxidative damage was established, and then discussed by the expression of cell markers, including ROS, MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and MMP-1, COL-I, ELN, which were detected by related ELISA kits. The expression of TGF-β/Smad pathway markers were tested by qRT-PCR to determine whether FPNP exerted antioxidant activity through TGF-β signaling in HDF cells. RESULTS The polysaccharide content of Panax notoginseng increased after Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC 17452 fermentation. In the FPNP treatment group, ROS and MDA contents were decreased, reversed the down-regulation of the antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant enzyme (CAT, GSH-Px and SOD) induced by H2O2. Furthermore, the up-regulation in expression of TGF-β, Smad2/3 and the down-regulation in the expression of Smad7 in FPNP treated groups revealed that FPNP can inhibit H2O2-induced collagen and elastin injury by activating TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. CONCLUSION It was shown that FPNP could inhibit the damage of collagen and elastin induced by H2O2 by activating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, thereby protecting against the oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. FPNP may be an effective attenuating healing agent that protects the skin from oxidative stress and wrinkles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiquan You
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
- Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiuqin Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
- Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
- Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
- Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Quan An
- Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
- Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiachan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
- Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Changtao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Ju Z, He C, Li J, Yang L, Wang Z. A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of notoginsenoside Ft1 in rat plasma with application to pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5042. [PMID: 33283301 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Notoginsenoside Ft1 (NGFt1), a dammarane triterpene glycoside isolated from Panax notoginseng, showed potent effective in stimulating platelet aggregation in our previous assay, yet its pharmacokinetic behavior is still unclear. This study describes a rapid and sensitive ultra-high-pressure LC-tandem mass spectrometry assay for determining of NGFt1 in rat plasma. Methanol-mediated precipitation was used for sample pre-treatment. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column with gradient elution using water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. Determination was obtained using an electrospray ionization source in negative selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode at the transitions of m/z 915.9 → m/z 783.8 and m/z 799.8 → m/z 637.8 for NGFt1 and internal standard, respectively. The assay was linear over the concentration range 0.25-2500 ng/mL (r > 0.995) with the lower limit of quantification of 0.25 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation, %) ranged 1.65%-9.84% and 2.46%-13.49%, respectively, whereas accuracy (relative recovery, %) ranged from 96.21% to 99.45%, respectively. The recovery ranged from 95.09% to 102.22% and the matrix effect from 98.29% to 100.13%. The analyte was stable under tested storage conditions. The method has been successfully applied to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study in rats after a single intravenous (2 mg/kg) and oral (50 mg/kg) administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcai Ju
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyong He
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
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Zhang D, Li W, Chen ZJ, Wei FG, Liu YL, Gao LZ. SMRT- and Illumina-based RNA-seq analyses unveil the ginsinoside biosynthesis and transcriptomic complexity in Panax notoginseng. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15310. [PMID: 32943706 PMCID: PMC7499265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbs with particularly valued roots. Triterpenoid saponins are mainly specialized secondary metabolites, which medically act as bioactive components. Knowledge of the ginsenoside biosynthesis in P. notoginseng, which is of great importance in the industrial biosynthesis and genetic breeding program, remains largely undetermined. Here we combined single molecular real time (SMRT) and Second-Generation Sequencing (SGS) technologies to generate a widespread transcriptome atlas of P. notoginseng. We mapped 2,383 full-length non-chimeric (FLNC) reads to adjacently annotated genes, corrected 1,925 mis-annotated genes and merged into 927 new genes. We identified 8,111 novel transcript isoforms that have improved the annotation of the current genome assembly, of which we found 2,664 novel lncRNAs. We characterized more alternative splicing (AS) events from SMRT reads (20,015 AS in 6,324 genes) than Illumina reads (18,498 AS in 9,550 genes), which contained a number of AS events associated with the ginsenoside biosynthesis. The comprehensive transcriptome landscape reveals that the ginsenoside biosynthesis predominantly occurs in flowers compared to leaves and roots, substantiated by levels of gene expression, which is supported by tissue-specific abundance of isoforms in flowers compared to roots and rhizomes. Comparative metabolic analyses further show that a total of 17 characteristic ginsenosides increasingly accumulated, and roots contained the most ginsenosides with variable contents, which are extraordinarily abundant in roots of the three-year old plants. We observed that roots were rich in protopanaxatriol- and protopanaxadiol-type saponins, whereas protopanaxadiol-type saponins predominated in aerial parts (leaves, stems and flowers). The obtained results will greatly enhance our understanding about the ginsenoside biosynthetic machinery in the genus Panax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Chen
- Wenshan Sanqi Institute of Science and Technology, Wenshan University, Wenshan, 663000, China
| | - Fu-Gang Wei
- Wenshan Miaoxiang Notoginseng Industral Co., LTD, Wenshan, 663000, China
| | - Yun-Long Liu
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Li-Zhi Gao
- Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China.
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Lee GY, Lee JS, Son CG, Lee NH. Combating Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Using Herbal Medicines. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 27:551-560. [PMID: 32740824 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancer types around the world. Most of the CRC patients are treated with chemotherapeutic drugs alone or combined. However, up to 90% of metastatic cancer patients experience the failure of treatment mostly because of the acquired drug resistance, which can be led to multidrug resistance (MDR). In this study, we reviewed the recent literature which studied potential CRC MDR reversal agents among herbal medicines (HMs). Among abundant HMs, 6 single herbs, Andrographis paniculata, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Hedyotis diffusa, Sophora flavescens, Curcuma longa, Bufo gargarizans, and 2 formulae, Pien Tze Huang and Zhi Zhen Fang, were found to overcome CRC MDR by two or more different mechanisms, which could be a promising candidate in the development of new drugs for adjuvant CRC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Cheonan, 31099, Republic of Korea.,Liver & Immunology Research Center, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, 35235, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, University of Daejeon, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Lee
- Liver & Immunology Research Center, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, 35235, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, University of Daejeon, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Liver & Immunology Research Center, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, 35235, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, University of Daejeon, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Cheonan, 31099, Republic of Korea. .,Liver & Immunology Research Center, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, 35235, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Graduated School of Korean Medicine, University of Daejeon, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea.
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Lin T, Du J, Zheng X, Zhou P, Li P, Lu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of MeJA-responsive AP2/ERF transcription factors involved in notoginsenosides biosynthesis. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:290. [PMID: 32550109 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential transcriptome analysis is an effective method for gene selection of triterpene saponin biosynthetic pathways. MeJA-induced differential transcriptome of Panax notoginseng has not been analyzed yet. In this study, comparative transcriptome analysis of P. notoginseng roots and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced roots revealed 83,532 assembled unigenes and 21,947 differentially expressed unigenes. Sixteen AP2/ERF transcription factors, which were significantly induced by MeJA treatment in the root of P. notoginseng, were selected for further analysis. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and co-expression network analysis of the 16 AP2/ERF transcription factors showed that PnERF2 and PnERF3 had significant correlation with dammarenediol II synthase gene (DS) and squalene epoxidase gene (SE), which are key genes in notoginsenoside biosynthesis, in different tissues and MeJA-induced roots. A phylogenetic tree was conducted to analyze the 16 candidate AP2/ERF transcription factors and other 38 transcription factors. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed PnERF2, AtERF3, AtERF7, TcERF12 and other seven transcriptional factors are in same branch, while PnERF3 had close evolutionary relationships with AtDREB1A, GhERF38 and TcAP2. The results of comparative transcriptomes and AP2/ERF transcriptional factors analysis laid a solid foundation for further investigations of disease resistance and notoginsenoside biosynthesis in P. notoginseng.
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Turck D, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Kearney J, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Engel KH, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Ackerl R, Knutsen HK. Safety of a botanical extract derived from Panax notoginseng and Astragalus membranaceus (AstraGin™) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06099. [PMID: 37649518 PMCID: PMC10464683 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on a botanical extract derived from both Panax notoginseng and Astragalus membranaceus (AstraGin™) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is a combination of an ethanol extract of the roots of A. membranaceus and a hot water extract of the roots of P. notoginseng. The NF contains 1.5-5% total saponins, 0.1-0.5% ginsenoside Rb1 and 0.01-0.1% astragaloside I. Both plants that are used to produce the NF have a long history of use, especially in traditional Chinese medicine. Information on the production process and the composition of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns. The applicant proposed to use the NF as a food supplement for the general adult population, excluding pregnant women, at a maximum daily amount of 350 mg. Taking into account these conditions of use, the Panel considers that the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The provided genotoxicity studies do not raise concerns for genotoxicity of the NF. Based on the findings of a subchronic toxicity study, supported by a subacute toxicity study, the Panel identified the overall no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the NF at 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. By applying an uncertainty factor of 200, the Panel concludes that the NF is safe at an intake level of 0.5 mg/kg bw per day, corresponding to a maximum daily intake of 35 mg of the NF for the target population, i.e. adults excluding pregnant women.
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33
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Wang Q, Mu RF, Liu X, Zhou HM, Xu YH, Qin WY, Yang CR, Wang LB, Li HZ, Xiong WY. Steaming Changes the Composition of Saponins of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen That Function in Treatment of Hyperlipidemia and Obesity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4865-4875. [PMID: 32306731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Saponins of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen have been classified as a type of composition in functional foods for numerous diseases. However, its mild effects and other characteristics limited clinical applications in diseases. Inspired by "nine steaming and nine processing" of P. notoginseng in traditional Chinese medicine, we developed a "steaming"-mimic protocol, which significantly changed the composition of saponins of P. notoginseng from the original, R1, Rg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd (raw-PNS), to the products after steaming, 20S/R-Rh1, Rk3, Rh4, 20S/R-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 (N-PNS). Surprisingly, N-PNS demonstrated promising activities in improving hyperlipidemia and reducing body weight and weight of white adipose tissue and the inhibition of adipogenesis in obese mice. In accordance with the results in vivo, N-PNS remarkably blunted adipogenesis at the early stage of differentiation dose-dependently in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrated that the activity may involve the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway by promoting phosphorylation of AMPKT172 and downregulating its downstream factors: sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and fatty acid synthase. Taken together, the steaming-induced eight compositions of saponins showed a very promising function in improving hyperlipidemia and obesity both in vivo and in vitro, providing fundamental evidence for future study and application in treatment of hyperlipidemia, obesity, and other lipid-related metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Fang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Ren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- Biochip Research Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Zhou Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Biochip Research Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, People's Republic of China
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34
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Gao M, Cui X, Yang Y, van Duijn B, Wang M, Hu Y, Wang C, Xiong Y. Steamed Panax notoginseng Attenuates Anemia in Mice With Blood Deficiency Syndrome via Regulating Hematopoietic Factors and JAK-STAT Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1578. [PMID: 32038252 PMCID: PMC6985777 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen is a medicinal herb used to treat blood disorders since ancient times, of which the steamed form exhibits the anti-anemia effect and acts with a “blood-tonifying” function according to traditional use. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-anemia effect and underlying mechanism of steamed P. notoginseng (SPN) on mice with blood deficiency syndrome induced by chemotherapy. Blood deficiency syndrome was induced in mice by cyclophosphamide and acetylphenylhydrazine. A number of peripheral blood cells and organs (liver, kidney, and spleen) coefficients were measured. The mRNA expression of hematopoietic function-related cytokines in the bone marrow of mice was detected by RT-qPCR. The janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway was screened based on our previous analysis by network pharmacology. The expression of related proteins and cell cycle factors predicted in the pathway was determined by Western blot and RT-qPCR. SPN could significantly increase the numbers of peripheral blood cells and reverse the enlargement of spleen in a dose-dependent manner. The quantities of related hematopoietic factors in bone marrow were also increased significantly after SPN administration. SPN was involved in the cell cycle reaction and activation of immune cells through the JAK-STAT pathway, which could promote the hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Min Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Bert van Duijn
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Fytagoras BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mei Wang
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,LU-European Center for Chinese Medicine, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,SUBioMedicine BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Yupiao Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Chengxiao Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Fytagoras BV, Leiden, Netherlands.,LU-European Center for Chinese Medicine, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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35
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Zhang Y, Liu M, Wang J, Huang J, Guo M, Zuo L, Xu B, Cao S, Lin X. Targeting Protein Kinase Inhibitors with Traditional Chinese Medicine. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:1505-1516. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190802125959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play critical roles in the control of cell growth, proliferation, migration, and
angiogenesis, through their catalytic activity. Over the past years, numerous protein kinase inhibitors
have been identified and are being successfully used clinically. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
represents a large class of bioactive substances, and some of them display anticancer activity via inhibiting
protein kinases signal pathway. Some of the TCM have been used to treat tumors clinically in
China for many years. The p38mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase,
serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases
(ERK) pathways are considered important signals in cancer cell development. In the present article,
the recent progress of TCM that exhibited significant inhibitory activity towards a range of protein
kinases is discussed. The clinical efficacy of TCM with inhibitory effects on protein kinases in
treating a tumor is also presented. The article also discussed the prospects and problems in the development
of anticancer agents with TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jianlin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ling Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Biantiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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Vesicle based ultrasonic-assisted extraction of saponins in Panax notoginseng. Food Chem 2019; 303:125394. [PMID: 31473455 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective vesicle based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed for extraction of active compounds in functional food. The target analytes were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. Surfactant vesicle was adopted as extraction solvent. Different operating conditions including the type and concentration of vesicle, extraction time and solid to liquid ratio were investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. Optimized experimental conditions were 1% (w/v) of DTAB/SDS vesicle, 20 min of extraction time and 160 mg/mL of solid to liquid ratio. The proposed method provided good linearity in the linear range of 10-1000 μg/mL with regression coefficients larger than 0.999, low limits of detection of 27.64-55.67 ng/mL, good precision with relative standard deviations below 0.35%, and satisfactory recoveries of 83.84-90.92% for tested saponins. Consequently, the proposed vesicle based UAE method was well suited for the extraction of saponins in Panax notoginseng.
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37
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Xie T, Li Z, Li B, Sun R, Zhang P, Lv J. Characterization of ginsenoside compound K metabolites in rat urine and feces by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4643. [PMID: 31271658 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an active metabolite of ginsenoside and has been shown to have ameliorative property in various diseases. However, the detailed in vivo metabolism of this compound has rarely been reported. In the present study, a method using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry together with multiple data processing techniques, including extracted ion chromatogram, multiple mass defect filter and MS/MS scanning, was developed to detect and characterize the metabolites of CK in rat urine and feces. After oral administration of CK at a dose of 50 mg/kg, urine and feces were collected for a period of time and subjected to a series of pretreatment. A total of 12 metabolites were tentatively or conclusively identified, comprising 11 phase I metabolites and a phase II metabolite. Metabolic pathways of CK has been proposed, including oxidation, deglycosylation, deglycosylation with sequential oxidation and dehydrogenation and deglycosylation with sequential glucuronidation. Relative quantitative analyses suggested that deglycosylation was the main metabolic pathway. The result could offer insights for better understanding of the mechanism of its pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xie
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Li
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Sun
- The affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiying Zhang
- The affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junxiu Lv
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Toxicological Evaluation of a Mixture of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng Root Extracts (InnoSlim®). J Toxicol 2019; 2019:5723851. [PMID: 31354815 PMCID: PMC6633876 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5723851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus spp. and Panax spp. have a long history of traditional human use. A blend, InnoSlim®, of highly purified and fractionated root extracts from Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng has now been developed for human consumption; however, the unique constituent content of this blend has not been specifically evaluated with respect to safety. Therefore, the toxicological potential of the blend was formally investigated in a series of studies—genetic toxicity was evaluated in a bacterial reverse mutation test followed by an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test, and general toxicity was evaluated in a 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in rats. No evidence of mutagenicity was observed in the bacterial tester strains used, and no evidence of in vivo chromosomal damage resulting in increased frequency of micronucleated cells was observed in male Crl:NMRI BR mice. No mortality or toxic effects were observed, and no target organs were identified, in male and female Han:WIST rats exposed to 0, 400, 800, or 1200 mg/kg bw/day of the blend by gavage for 28 consecutive days. The highest dose—1200 mg/kg bw/day—was determined to be the NOAEL. Based on these results, extrapolation towards a safe human consumption level can be explored.
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Xu C, Wang W, Wang B, Zhang T, Cui X, Pu Y, Li N. Analytical methods and biological activities of Panax notoginseng saponins: Recent trends. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:443-465. [PMID: 30802611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, also called Sanqi, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, which has long history used as herbal medicines. It is currently an important medicinal material in China, holding the first place in the sale volume of the whole patent medicines market in China, and the market size of the single species has exceeded 10 billion yuan. In addition, P. notoginseng is an important constituent part of many famous Chinese patent medicines, such as Compound Danshen Dripping Pills and Yunnan Baiyao. P. notoginseng saponins (PNSs), which are the major active components of P. notoginseng, are a kind of chemical mixture containing different dammarane-type saponins. Many studies show that PNSs have been extensively used in medical research or applications, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, acute lung injury, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, various PNS preparations, such as injections and capsules, have been made commercially available and are widely applied in clinical practice. AIM OF THE REVIEW Since the safety and efficacy of compounds are related to their qualitative and quantitative analyses, this review briefly summarizes the analytic approaches for PNSs and their biological effects developed in the last decade. METHODOLOGY This review conducted a systematic search in electronic databases, such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI, since 2009. The information provided in this review is based on peer-reviewed papers and patents in either English or Chinese. RESULTS At present, the chromatographic technique remains the most extensively used approach for the identification or quantitation of PNSs, coupled with different detectors, among which the difference mainly lies in their sensitivity and specificity for analyzing various compounds. It is well-known that PNSs have traditionally strong activity on cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, or brain injury. The recent studies showed that PNSs also responded to osteoporosis, cancers, diabetes, and drug toxicity. However, some other studies also showed that some PNSs injections and special PNS components might lead to some biological toxicity under certain dosages. CONCLUSION This review may be used as a basis for further research in the field of quantitative and qualitative analyses, and is expected to provide updated and valuable insights into the potential medicinal applications of PNSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Xu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ning Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Research Institute of KPC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kunming 650100, China.
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40
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Li J, Ma L, Zhang S, Zuo C, Song N, Zhu S, Wu J. Transcriptome analysis of 1- and 3-year-old Panax notoginseng roots and functional characterization of saponin biosynthetic genes DS and CYP716A47-like. PLANTA 2019; 249:1229-1237. [PMID: 30607503 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-03083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Transcriptome analysis revealed high expression of saponin biosynthetic genes may account for highly accumulated saponins in 3-year-old Panax notoginseng roots and DS and CYP716A47 - like were functionally verified by transgenic tobacco. Panax notoginseng is a well-known traditional medical herb that contains bioactive compounds known as saponins. Three major dammarene-type triterpene saponins including R1, Rb1, and Rg1 were found to be highly accumulated in the roots of 3-year-old plants when compared to those of 1-year-old plants. However, the underlying cellular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, transcriptome analysis revealed that most genes involved in saponin biosynthesis in P. notoginseng roots augmented during their growth periods. The analysis of the KEGG pathway indicated that the primary metabolism, cell growth, and differentiation were less active in the roots of 3-year-old plant; however, secondary metabolisms were enhanced, thus providing molecular evidence for the harvesting of P. notoginseng roots in the 3rd year of growth. Furthermore, the functional role of DS and CYP716A47-like, two of the candidate genes involved in saponin biosynthesis isolated from P. notoginseng, were verified via overexpression in cultivated tobacco. Approximately, 0.325 µg g-1 of dammarenediol-II and 0.320 µg g-1 of protopanaxadiol were recorded in the dry leaves of transgenic tobacco overexpressed with DS and both DS and CYP716A47-like, respectively. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms for saponin accumulation in P. notoginseng roots during its growth period and paves a promising way to produce dammarenediol-II and protopanaxadiol via transgenic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Cailian Zuo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Kunming, 650201, China.
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41
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Liu P, Wang J, Li Q, Gao J, Tan X, Bian X. Rapid identification and quantification of Panax notoginseng with its adulterants by near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 206:23-30. [PMID: 30077893 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods for identification of Panax notoginseng (PN) such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) are time-consuming, laborious and difficult to realize rapid and online analysis. In this research, the feasibility of identification and quantification of PN with rhizoma curcumae (RC), Curcuma longa (CL) and rhizoma alpiniae offcinarum (RAO) are investigated by using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Five chemical pattern recognition methods including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machine (SVM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) are used to build identification model of the dataset with 109 samples of PN and its three adulterants. Then seven datasets of binary, ternary and quaternary adulterations of PN are designed, respectively. Five multivariate calibration methods, i.e., principal component regression (PCR), support vector regression (SVR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), ANN and ELM are used to build quantitative model and compared for each dataset, separately. Finally, in order to further improve the prediction accuracy, SG smoothing, 1st derivative, 2nd derivative, continuous wavelet transform (CWT), standard normal variate (SNV), multiple scatter correction (MSC) and their combinations are investigated. Results show that PLS-DA and SVM can achieve 100% classification accuracy for identification of 109 PN with its three adulterants. PLSR is an optimal calibration method by comprehensive consideration of prediction accuracy, over-fitting and efficiency for the quantitative analysis of seven adulterated datasets. Furthermore, the predictive ability of the PLSR model for PN contents can be improved obvious by pretreating the spectra by the optimal preprocessing method, with correlation coefficients of which all higher than 0.99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Jun Gao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, PR China
| | - Xiaoyao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, PR China.
| | - Xihui Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, PR China.
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Liu MW, Huang YQ, Qu YP, Wang DM, Tang DY, Fang TW, Su MX, Wang YQ. Protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis occur through regulation of inflammatory pathway signaling by upregulation of miR-181b. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018. [PMCID: PMC6407166 DOI: 10.1177/2058738418818630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins are extracted from Chinese
ginseng—Panax notoginseng Ledeb—and are known to have
therapeutic anti-inflammatory effects. However, the precise mechanism behind
their anti-inflammatory effects remains relatively unknown. To better understand
how Panax notoginseng saponins exert their therapeutic benefit,
we tested them in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Rats received
a tail vein injection of Panax notoginseng saponins and were
administered 5% sodium taurocholate 2 h later. Pancreatic tissue was then
harvested and levels of miR-181b, FSTL1, TREM1, TLR4, TRAF6, IRAK1, p-Akt,
p-p38MAPK, NF-κBp65, and p-IκB-α were determined using Western blot and
quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays were used to determine serum levels of tumor necrosis
factor-α (TNF-α), TREM1, interleukin (IL)-6, ACAM-1, IL-8, and IL-12 and
DNA-bound levels of NF-KB65 and TLR4 in pancreatic and ileum tissue. Serum
levels of lipase and amylase, pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and
pancreatic water content were also measured. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was
used for all histological analyses. Results indicated upregulation of miR-181b,
but negligible levels of FSTL1, p-p38MAPK, TLR4, TRAF6, p-Akt, IRAK1, TREM1,
p-NF-κBp65, and p-IκB-α, as well as negligible DNA-bound levels of NF-KB65 and
TLR4. We also observed lower levels of IL-8, IL-6, ACAM-1, TNF-α, MPO, and IL-12
in the Panax notoginseng saponin–treated group when compared
with controls. In addition, Panax notoginseng saponin–treated
rats had significantly reduced serum levels of lipase and amylase. Histological
analyses confirmed that Panax notoginseng saponin treatment
significantly reduced taurocholate-induced pancreatic inflammation.
Collectively, our results suggest that Panax notoginseng
saponin treatment attenuated acute pancreatitis and pancreatic inflammation by
increasing miR-181b signaling. These findings suggest that Panax
notoginseng saponins have therapeutic potential in the treatment of
taurocholate-induced SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-wei Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun-qiao Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ya-ping Qu
- Postgraduate Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Dong-mei Wang
- Yunnan Green Field Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Deng-yun Tang
- Yunnan Green Field Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Skin Disease Prevention Institute of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Tian-wen Fang
- Postgraduate Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mei-xian Su
- Skin Disease Prevention Institute of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-qiong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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43
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Zhu D, Zhou Q, Li H, Li S, Dong Z, Li D, Zhang W. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Steamed Notoginseng by an Efficient LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneously Quantifying Twenty-three Triterpenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8187-8198. [PMID: 29989810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Steamed Panax notoginseng (SNG) has been widely used as a restorative medicine instead of the raw one, but its pharmacokinetic profile is entirely unknown. To address this, we've developed an LC-MS/MS method with high efficiency and sensitivity for simultaneous quantification of 23 triterpenoids (notoginsenosides Fa, Fc, R1, 20( S)-R2, 20( R)-R2, ginsenosides F4, Rb1, Rg1, Rd, Re, Rb2, 20( S)-Rh1, 20( R)-Rh1, Rh4, R k1, R k3, 20( S)-Rg2, 20( S)-Rg3, 20( R)-Rg3, Rg5, C-K, 20( S)-PPT, 20( S)-PPD) from SNG in rat plasma. This validated approach exhibits great linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability for all analytes. Furthermore, we, for the first time, applied this method to the pharmacokinetic study of SNG and proposed Rb1, Fa, Rd, R k1, Rg5, R k3, Rh4, and 20( S)-PPD to be suitable pharmacokinetic markers of SNG due to their high exposure levels of systemic plasma. Hence, this developed approach would be a powerful tool for future in vivo investigation of various sources of notoginseng-related samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Qile Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources , Beijing Academy of Science and Technology , Beijing 100069 , China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources , Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang , Hubei 438000 , China
| | - Zhaoqi Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Dong Li
- Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources , Beijing Academy of Science and Technology , Beijing 100069 , China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
- National and Local United Engineering Research Center for Panax Notoginseng Resources Protection and Utilization Technology , Kunming 650000 , China
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44
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Liu XY, Hwang E, Park B, Ngo HTT, Xiao YK, Yi TH. Ginsenoside C-Mx Isolated from Notoginseng Stem-leaf Ginsenosides Attenuates Ultraviolet B-mediated Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:1040-1048. [PMID: 29779217 DOI: 10.1111/php.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Notoginseng is a traditional herbal medicine widely used for medicinal therapy in Asia, as it contains numerous ginsenosides with pharmacological effects. In this study, we submitted Notoginseng stem-leaf (NGL) ginsenosides to an enzyme to create a reaction with the monomer products of ginsenoside C-Mx and then investigated the ability of ginsenoside C-Mx to protect the skin against ultraviolet B-induced injury in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Ginsenoside C-Mx alleviated UVB-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), MMP-1 and IL-6 expression while accelerating TGF-β and procollagen type I secretion. In addition, ginsenoside C-Mx reversed UVB-induced procollagen type I reduction by regulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Moreover, ginsenoside C-Mx inhibited activation of AP-1 transcription factor, an inducer of MMPs. Ginsenoside C-Mx displayed an outstanding antioxidant capacity, increasing expression of cytoprotective antioxidants such as HO-1 and NQO-1 expression by enhancing the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Interestingly, application of ginsenoside C-Mx treatment (1, 10, 20 μm) significantly diminished UVB-induced suppressed NF-κB expression, decreasing the over-released inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our findings indicated that ginsenoside C-Mx may act as a promising natural cosmetic ingredient for prevention and treatment of UVB-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Liu
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eunson Hwang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Bom Park
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hien T T Ngo
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Kun Xiao
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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45
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Production of Minor Ginenosides from Panax notoginseng by Microwave Processing Method and Evaluation of Their Blood-Enriching and Hemostatic Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061243. [PMID: 29882854 PMCID: PMC6099712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A green solvent extraction technology involving a microwave processing method was used to increase the content of minor ginsenosides from Panax notoginseng. This article aims to investigate the optimization of preparation of the minor ginsenosides by this microwave processing method using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM), and discuss the blood-enriching activity and hemostatic activity of the extract of microwave processed P. notoginseng (EMPN) The RSM for production of the minor ginsenosides was based on a three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken design. When the optimum conditions of microwave power, temperature and time were 495.03 W, 150.68 °C and 20.32 min, respectively, results predicted that the yield of total minor ginsenosides (Y9) would be 93.13%. The actual value of Y9 was very similar to the predicted value. In addition, the pharmacological results of EMPN in vivo showed that EMPN had the effect of enriching blood in N-acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced blood deficient mice because of the increasing content of white blood cells (WBCs) and hemoglobin (HGB) in blood. Hemostatic activity in vitro of EMPN showed that it had significantly shortened the clotting time in PT testing (p < 0.05). The hemostatic effect of EMPN was mainly caused by its components of Rh4, 20(S)-Rg3 and 20(R)-Rg3. This microwave processing method is simple and suitable to mass-produce the minor ginsenosides from P. notoginseng.
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46
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Hu Y, Cui X, Zhang Z, Chen L, Zhang Y, Wang C, Yang X, Qu Y, Xiong Y. Optimisation of Ethanol-Reflux Extraction of Saponins from Steamed Panax notoginseng by Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Hematopoiesis Effect. Molecules 2018; 23:E1206. [PMID: 29772847 PMCID: PMC6099958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to optimize the ethanol-reflux extraction conditions for extracting saponins from steamed Panax notoginseng (SPN). Four variables including the extraction time (0.5⁻2.5 h), ethanol concentration (50⁻90%), water to solid ratio (W/S, 8⁻16), and times of extraction (1⁻5) were investigated by using the Box-Behnken design response surface methodology (BBD-RSM). For each response, a second-order polynomial model with high R² values (>0.9690) was developed using multiple linear regression analysis and the optimum conditions to maximize the yield (31.96%), content (70.49 mg/g), and antioxidant activity (EC50 value of 0.0421 mg/mL) for saponins extracted from SPN were obtained with a extraction time of 1.51 h, ethanol concentration of 60%, extraction done 3 times, and a W/S of 10. The experimental values were in good consistency with the predicted ones. In addition, the extracted SPN saponins could significantly increase the levels of blood routine parameters compared with the model group (p < 0.01) and there was no significant difference in the hematopoiesis effect between the SPN group and the SPN saponins group, of which the dose was 15 times lower than the former one. It is suggested that the SPN saponins extracted by the optimized method had similar functions of "blood tonifying" at a much lower dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupiao Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Chengxiao Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yuan Qu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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47
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Yang J, Dong LL, Wei GF, Hu HY, Zhu GW, Zhang J, Chen SL. Identification and quality analysis of Panax notoginseng and Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidicus through integrated DNA barcoding and HPLC. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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48
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Peng M, Yi YX, Zhang T, Ding Y, Le J. Stereoisomers of Saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi): A Review. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:188. [PMID: 29593531 PMCID: PMC5859349 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Sanqi), a traditional Chinese medical drug which has been applied to medical use for over four centuries, contains high content of dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins. A number of stereoisomeric dammarane-type saponins exist in this precious herb, and some are particularly regarded as “biomarkers” in processed notoginseng. Contemporary researches have indicated that some saponin stereoisomers may show stereospecific pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, antioxidative, anti-photoaging, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and neuro-protective activities, as well as stereoselective effects on ion channel current regulation, cardiovascular system, and immune system. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of chemical compositions of raw and processed P. notoginseng with a particular emphasis on saponin stereoisomers. Besides, the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic researches, as well as determination and biotechnological preparation methods of stereoisomeric saponins in notoginseng are discussed extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya X Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Le
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
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Sun Z, Tan X, Ye H, Zou C, Ye C, Wang A. Effects of dietary Panax notoginseng extract on growth performance, fish composition, immune responses, intestinal histology and immune related genes expression of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) fed high lipid diets. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 73:234-244. [PMID: 29127028 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth, plasma biochemical parameters, fish composition, immune parameters, intestinal histology, and expressions of immune-related genes were examined in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) that fed respectively six diets containing Panax notoginseng extract (PNE) at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 10 g kg-1 after 8 weeks. Results indicated that dietary PNE significantly improved growth, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and protein deposit rate, and significantly increased crude protein and crude lipid levels of whole body and crude protein level of muscle. Dietary PNE significantly increased plasma total protein, alkaline phosphatase, immunoglobulin, complement 3 and complement 4 contents, but significantly decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol contents. Furthermore, dietary PNE increased villus length and muscle thickness in foregut, midgut, and hindgut, activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity, and increased the expression levels of immune related genes (IL-10, TGF-β1, TOR, MHC2 and TLR3) in the head kidney and the expression levels of antioxidant genes (CAT and GR) in fish that fed PNE at 0.5-4 g kg-1. In conclusion, grouper fed high lipid diets supplemented with PNE at 0.5-10 g kg-1 improved growth, feed utilization, blood immune parameters, hepatic antioxidant status, intestine morphology and expression levels of immune related genes in the head kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Tan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Huaqun Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Cuiyun Zou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Chaoxia Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Anli Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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50
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Tuyen NQ, Hoa LTP, Huong LTD, Quang DN. Heptadeca-8-En-4,6-Diyne-3,10-Diol – A New Cytotoxic Polyacetylene from Vietnamese Panax stipuleanatus. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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