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Montecillo-Aguado M, Tirado-Rodriguez B, Huerta-Yepez S. The Involvement of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Apoptosis Mechanisms and Their Implications in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11691. [PMID: 37511450 PMCID: PMC10380946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global public health issue and, despite advancements in detection and treatment, the prognosis remains poor. Cancer is a complex disease characterized by various hallmarks, including dysregulation in apoptotic cell death pathways. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that efficiently eliminates damaged cells. Several studies have indicated the involvement of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in apoptosis, including omega-3 PUFAs such as alpha-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. However, the role of omega-6 PUFAs, such as linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, in apoptosis is controversial, with some studies supporting their activation of apoptosis and others suggesting inhibition. These PUFAs are essential fatty acids, and Western populations today have a high consumption rate of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs. This review focuses on presenting the diverse molecular mechanisms evidence in both in vitro and in vivo models, to help clarify the controversial involvement of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in apoptosis mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Montecillo-Aguado
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Belen Tirado-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Zhao X, Wang X, Pang Y. Phytochemicals Targeting Ferroptosis: Therapeutic Opportunities and Prospects for Treating Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1360. [PMID: 36355532 PMCID: PMC9693149 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a recently discovered iron-dependent regulated cell death, has been implicated in the therapeutic responses of various cancers including breast cancer, making it a promising therapeutic target to manage this malignancy. Phytochemicals are conventional sources for medication development. Some phytochemicals have been utilized therapeutically to treat cancers as pharmaceutic agents or dietary supplements. Intriguingly, a considerable number of antitumor drugs derived from phytochemicals have been proven to be targeting ferroptosis, thus producing anticancer effects. In this review, we provide a short overview of the interaction between core ferroptosis modulators and breast cancer, illustrating how ferroptosis affects the destiny of breast cancer cells. We also systematically summarize the regulatory effects of phytochemicals on ferroptosis and emphasize their clinical applications in breast cancer suppression, which may accelerate the development of their therapeutic use in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhao
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xueni Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuzhou Pang
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
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3
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Chamaraja NA, Mahesh B, Rekha ND. Green synthesis of Zn/Cu oxide nanoparticles by Vernicia fordii seed extract: their photocatalytic activity toward industrial dye degradation and their biological activity. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2069123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Chamaraja
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B. Mahesh
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - N. D. Rekha
- Department of Bio-Technology, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (Autonomous), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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Beatty A, Singh T, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Samovich S, Nicolas E, Maslar K, Zhou Y, Cai KQ, Tan Y, Doll S, Conrad M, Subramanian A, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Rennefahrt U, Peterson JR. Ferroptotic cell death triggered by conjugated linolenic acids is mediated by ACSL1. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2244. [PMID: 33854057 PMCID: PMC8046803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is associated with lipid hydroperoxides generated by the oxidation of polyunsaturated acyl chains. Lipid hydroperoxides are reduced by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and GPX4 inhibitors induce ferroptosis. However, the therapeutic potential of triggering ferroptosis in cancer cells with polyunsaturated fatty acids is unknown. Here, we identify conjugated linoleates including α-eleostearic acid (αESA) as ferroptosis inducers. αESA does not alter GPX4 activity but is incorporated into cellular lipids and promotes lipid peroxidation and cell death in diverse cancer cell types. αESA-triggered death is mediated by acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain isoform 1, which promotes αESA incorporation into neutral lipids including triacylglycerols. Interfering with triacylglycerol biosynthesis suppresses ferroptosis triggered by αESA but not by GPX4 inhibition. Oral administration of tung oil, naturally rich in αESA, to mice limits tumor growth and metastasis with transcriptional changes consistent with ferroptosis. Overall, these findings illuminate a potential approach to ferroptosis, complementary to GPX4 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanu Singh
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Svetlana Samovich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kristen Maslar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yinfei Tan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sebastian Doll
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- National Research Medical University, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | | | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Tung Oil-Based Production of High 3-Hydroxyhexanoate-Containing Terpolymer Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate-co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) Using Engineered Ralstonia eutropha. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071084. [PMID: 33805577 PMCID: PMC8036412 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are attractive new bioplastics for the replacement of plastics derived from fossil fuels. With their biodegradable properties, they have also recently been applied to the medical field. As poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) produced by wild-type Ralstonia eutropha has limitations with regard to its physical properties, it is advantageous to synthesize co- or terpolymers with medium-chain-length monomers. In this study, tung oil, which has antioxidant activity due to its 80% α-eleostearic acid content, was used as a carbon source and terpolymer P(53 mol% 3-hydroxybytyrate-co-2 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate-co-45 mol% 3-hydroxyhexanoate) with a high proportion of 3-hydroxyhexanoate was produced in R. eutropha Re2133/pCB81. To avail the benefits of α-eleostearic acid in the tung oil-based medium, we performed partial harvesting of PHA by using a mild water wash to recover PHA and residual tung oil on the PHA film. This resulted in a film coated with residual tung oil, showing antioxidant activity. Here, we report the first application of tung oil as a substrate for PHA production, introducing a high proportion of hydroxyhexanoate monomer into the terpolymer. Additionally, the residual tung oil was used as an antioxidant coating, resulting in the production of bioactive PHA, expanding the applicability to the medical field.
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Dhar Dubey KK, Sharma G, Kumar A. Conjugated Linolenic Acids: Implication in Cancer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6091-6101. [PMID: 31070027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) including both conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs) have various health promoting effects. These beneficial effects are comprised by their antioxidant, antiatherogenecity, anticarcinogenic activities, etc. Several reports indicate that CLNAs such as eleostearic acid, punicic acid, jacaric acid, and calendic acid possess anticancer properties. These CLNAs are produced and accumulated in seeds of certain commonly available plants. This review discusses their role in chemoprevention of cancer. Using in vitro as well as in vivo models of cancer, bioactivities of these CLNAs have been explored in detail. CLNAs have been shown to have potent anticancer activity as compared to the CLAs. Although the molecular basis of these effects has been summarized here, more detailed studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms. Further clinical trials are obligatory for assessing the safety and efficacy of CLNAs as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik K Dhar Dubey
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Noida - 201303 , India
| | - Girish Sharma
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Noida - 201303 , India
- Amity Center for Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Research , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Noida - 201303 , India
| | - Aruna Kumar
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Noida - 201303 , India
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Cheikhyoussef N, Kandawa-Schulz M, Böck R, de Koning C, Cheikhyoussef A, Hussein AA. Characterization of Schinziophyton rautanenii (Manketti) nut oil from Namibia rich in conjugated fatty acids and tocopherol. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cheikhyoussef N, Kandawa-Schulz M, Böck R, de Koning C, Cheikhyoussef A, Hussein AA. Characterization of Acanthosicyos horridus and Citrullus lanatus seed oils: two melon seed oils from Namibia used in food and cosmetics applications. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:297. [PMID: 28868224 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid, tocopherol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and 1H NMR profiles of Citrullus lanatus and Acanthosicyos horridus melon seed oils were determined and compared among different extraction methods (cold pressing, traditional, and Soxhlet). The oil content was 40.2 ± 3.45 and 37.8 ± 7.26% for C. lanatus and A. horridus, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among the different extraction methods in the characteristics studied. Physicochemical characteristics of the melon seed oils were saponification value, 180.48-189.86 mg KOH/g oil; iodine value, 108.27-118.62 g I2/100 g oil; acid value, 0.643-1.63 mg KOH/g oil; peroxide value; 1.69-2.98 mequiv/kg oil; specific gravity, 0.901-0.922; and refractive indices, 1.4676-1.4726. The dominant tocopherol was γ-tocopherol with total tocopherol in the range 27.61-74.39 mg/100 g. The dominant fatty acid was linoleic acid in the range 52.57-56.96%. The favorable oil yield, physicochemical characteristics, tocopherol, and fatty acid composition have the potential to replace or improve major commercial vegetable oils and to be used for various applications in the food industry and nutritive medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Cheikhyoussef
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
- Ministry of Higher Education, Training and Innovation, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Ronnie Böck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Charles de Koning
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ahmad Cheikhyoussef
- Science and Technology Division, Multidisciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ahmed A Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Cape Town, South Africa
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9
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Sources and Bioactive Properties of Conjugated Dietary Fatty Acids. Lipids 2016; 51:377-97. [PMID: 26968402 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The group of conjugated fatty acids known as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been extensively studied with regard to their bioactive potential in treating some of the most prominent human health malignancies. However, CLA isomers are not the only group of potentially bioactive conjugated fatty acids currently undergoing study. In this regard, isomers of conjugated α-linolenic acid, conjugated nonadecadienoic acid and conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid, to name but a few, have undergone experimental assessment. These studies have indicated many of these conjugated fatty acid isomers commonly possess anti-carcinogenic, anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory and immune modulating properties, a number of which will be discussed in this review. The mechanisms through which these bioactivities are mediated have not yet been fully elucidated. However, existing evidence indicates that these fatty acids may play a role in modulating the expression of several oncogenes, cell cycle regulators, and genes associated with energy metabolism. Despite such bioactive potential, interest in these conjugated fatty acids has remained low relative to the CLA isomers. This may be partly attributed to the relatively recent emergence of these fatty acids as bioactives, but also due to a lack of awareness regarding sources from which they can be produced. In this review, we will also highlight the common sources of these conjugated fatty acids, including plants, algae, microbes and chemosynthesis.
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Zhuo RJ, Wang F, Zhang XH, Zhang JJ, Xu J, Dong W, Zou ZQ. Α-eleostearic acid inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells via HER2/HER3 signaling. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:993-8. [PMID: 24425042 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-eleostearic acid (α-ESA) has been shown to possess antitumor activity in cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism(s) remain largely unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the antitumor effect of α-ESA in breast cancer cells showing different expression levels of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). α-ESA inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in the SKBR3 and T47D breast cancer cell lines. The mechanism by which cell growth was inhibited involved G0/G1 and G2/M cell cycle phase arrest. The MTT assay showed that SKBR3 cells are more sensitive to α-ESA compared to T47D cells. Western blot analysis revealed that α-ESA treatment not only reduced HER2/HER3 protein expression, but also increased the level of phosphorylated phosphatase and tensin homolog protein (PTEN), which led to decreased levels of phosphorylated Akt. Inactive Akt further reduced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)‑associated death promoter (BAD) proteins. Furthermore, the level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was found to be reduced following α-ESA treatment. Notably, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was activated by α-ESA treatment. Data of the present study showed that the antitumor activity of α-ESA is at least partly mediated by reduction of the HER2/HER3 heterodimer protein level, activation of the Akt/BAD/Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway and inhibition of the Akt/GSK-3β survival pathway in the two breast cancer cell lines investigated in this study. Therefore, α-ESA may be considered a beneficial dietary factor for the prevention and treatment of invasive breast cancer in cells overexpressing HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Zhuo
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jie Zhang
- Maritime Faculty, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dong
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Zu-Quan Zou
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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Song L, Liu H, Ma L, Zhang X, Jiang Z, Jiang C. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA enhances endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1031-1038. [PMID: 24137459 PMCID: PMC3796402 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy and adjuvant cisplatin chemotherapy are the mainstream treatments for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which effectively improve the outcome and reduce tumor recurrence. However, the resistance mechanism(s) involved in radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which is the main barrier in NPC treatment, remains undefined. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for the identification of new therapeutic strategies or adjuvant drugs. In the present study, the effects of autophagy inhibitors on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced autophagy was investigated. Combining 3-methyladenine (3-MA) with cisplatin (DDP), ionizing radiation (IR), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) or tunicamycin (TM) resulted in enhanced cell death, as revealed by MTT and colony formation assays. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that the sensitivity of NPC cells to DDP- and IR-induced apoptosis was not significant. DDP, IR, 2-DG and TM induced ER stress and autophagy. Using fluorescence microscopy, 3-MA was identified to increase the apoptotic cell death induced by DDP, IR, 2-DG or TM. In addition, 3-MA inhibited the increased autophagy induced by DDP, IR, 2-DG or TM, as demonstrated by western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry results. Results of the present study indicate that autophagy acts as a protective mechanism response to the apoptosis induced by DDP, IR, 2-DG or TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Song
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceuticals, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China ; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affilated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Affilated Tumor Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
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Beta-eleostearic acid induce apoptosis in T24 human bladder cancer cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated pathway. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 99:1-8. [PMID: 22609276 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Beta-eleostearic acid (β-ESA, 9E11E13E-18:3), a linolenic acid isomer with a conjugated triene system, is a natural and biologically active compound. Herein, we investigated effects of β-eleostearic acid on T24 human bladder cancer cells. In this study, results showed that β-eleostearic acid had strong cytotoxicity to induce cell apoptosis, which was mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in T24 cells. The cell viability assay results showed that incubation with β-eleostearic acid concentrations of 10-80μmol/L caused a dose- and time-dependent decrease of T24 cell viability, and the IC(50) value was 21.2μmol/L at 24h and 13.1μmol/L at 48h. Annexin V/PI double staining was used to assess apoptosis with flow cytometry. Treatment with β-eleostearic acid caused massive ROS accumulation and GSH decrease, which lead to activation of caspase-3 and down-regulation of Bcl-2 indicating induction of apoptosis. Subsequently, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and PEG-catalase effectively blocked the ROS elevated effect of β-eleostearic acid, which suggested that β-eleostearic acid-induced apoptosis involved ROS generated. Additionally, we found that treating T24 cells with β-eleostearic acid induced activation of PPARγ. A PPARγ-activated protein kinase inhibitor was able to partially abrogate the effects of β-eleostearic acid. These results suggested that β-eleostearic acid can induce T24 cells apoptosis via a ROS-mediated pathway which may be involved PPARγ activation.
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Dietary α-eleostearic acid ameliorates experimental inflammatory bowel disease in mice by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24031. [PMID: 21904603 PMCID: PMC3164124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are modestly effective and associated with side effects from prolonged use. As there is no known cure for IBD, alternative therapeutic options are needed. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) has been identified as a potential target for novel therapeutics against IBD. For this project, compounds were screened to identify naturally occurring PPARγ agonists as a means to identify novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics for experimental assessment of efficacy. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we provide complementary computational and experimental methods to efficiently screen for PPARγ agonists and demonstrate amelioration of experimental IBD in mice, respectively. Computational docking as part of virtual screening (VS) was used to test binding between a total of eighty-one compounds and PPARγ. The test compounds included known agonists, known inactive compounds, derivatives and stereoisomers of known agonists with unknown activity, and conjugated trienes. The compound identified through VS as possessing the most favorable docked pose was used as the test compound for experimental work. With our combined methods, we have identified α-eleostearic acid (ESA) as a natural PPARγ agonist. Results of ligand-binding assays complemented the screening prediction. In addition, ESA decreased macrophage infiltration and significantly impeded the progression of IBD-related phenotypes through both PPARγ-dependent and –independent mechanisms in mice with experimental IBD. Conclusions/Significance This study serves as the first significant step toward a large-scale VS protocol for natural PPARγ agonist screening that includes a massively diverse ligand library and structures that represent multiple known target pharmacophores.
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