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Xia N, Wang J, Guo Q, Duan J, Wang X, Zhou P, Li J, Tang T, Li T, Li H, Wu Z, Yang M, Sun J, Guo D, Chang X, Zhang X. Deciphering the antidepressant effects of Rosa damascena essential oil mediated through the serotonergic synapse signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118007. [PMID: 38492791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rosa damascena is an ancient plant with significance in both medicine and perfumery that have a variety of therapeutic properties, including antidepressant, anti-anxiety, and anti-stress effects. Rose damascena essential oil (REO) has been used to treat depression, anxiety and other neurological related disorders in Iranian traditional medicine. However, its precise mechanism of action remains elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the impact and mechanism underlying the influence of REO on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique coupling was used to analyze of the components of REO. A CUMS rat model was replicated to assess the antidepressant effects of varying doses of REO. This assessment encompassed behavioral evaluations, biochemical index measurements, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. For a comprehensive analysis of hippocampal tissues, we employed transcriptomics and incorporated weighting coefficients by means of network pharmacology. These measures allowed us to explore differentially expressed genes and biofunctional pathways affected by REO in the context of depression treatment. Furthermore, GC-MS metabolomics was employed to assess metabolic profiles, while a joint analysis in Metscape facilitated the construction of a network elucidating the links between differentially expressed genes and metabolites, thereby elucidating potential relationships and clarifying key pathways regulated by REO. Finally, the expression of relevant proteins in the key pathways was determined through immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Molecular docking was utilized to investigate the interactions between active components and key targets, thereby validating the experimental results. RESULTS REO alleviated depressive-like behavior, significantly elevated levels of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and reduced hippocampal neuronal damage in CUMS rats. This therapeutic effect may be associated with the modulation of the serotonergic synapse signaling pathway. Furthermore, REO rectified metabolic disturbances, primarily through the regulation of amino acid metabolic pathways. Joint analysis revealed five differentially expressed genes (EEF1A1, LOC729197, ATP8A2, NDST4, and GAD2), suggesting their potential in alleviating depressive symptoms by modulating the serotonergic synapse signaling pathway and tryptophan metabolism. REO also modulated the 5-HT2A-mediated extracellular regulated protein kinases-cAMP-response element binding protein-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (ERK-CREB-BDNF) pathway. In addition, molecular docking results indicated that citronellol, geraniol and (E,E)-farnesol in REO may serve as key active ingredients responsible for its antidepressant effects. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report that REO can effectively alleviate CUMS-induced depression-like effects in rats. Additionally, the study offers a comprehensive understanding of its intricate antidepressant mechanism from a multi-omics and multi-level perspective. Our findings hold promise for the clinical application and further development of this essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiuting Guo
- Xianyang Polytechnic Institute, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peijie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China.
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Singh MK, Savita K, Singh S, Mishra D, Rani P, Chanda D, Verma RS. Vasorelaxant property of 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol isolated from the spent floral distillate of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) and its possible mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 313:116603. [PMID: 37149069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOBOTANICAL RELEVANCE Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae), commonly known as damask rose, is an ancient medicinal and perfumery plant used in Traditional Unani Medicine due to various therapeutic effects, including cardiovascular benefits. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the vasorelaxant effect of the 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) isolated from the spent flowers of R. damascena which remain after the extraction of essential oil. MATERIALS AND METHODS The freshly collected flowers of R. damascena were hydro-distilled in a Clevenger's type apparatus to extract the rose essential oil (REO). After removing the REO, the spent-flower hydro-distillate was collected and extracted with organic solvents to yield a spent-flower hydro-distillate extract (SFHE), which was further purified by column chromatography. The SFHE and its isolate were characterized by gas chromatography (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The PEA, isolated from SFHE, was evaluated for vasorelaxation response in conduit blood vessels like rat aorta and resistant vessels like mesenteric artery. The preliminary screening of PEA was done in aortic preparation pre-constricted with phenylephrine. Further, a concentration-dependent relaxation response to PEA has been elicited in both endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded arterial rings, and the mode of action was explored. RESULTS The SFHE revealed the presence of PEA as the main constituent (89.36%), which was further purity by column chromatography to a purity of 95.0%. The PEA exhibited potent vasorelaxation response both in conduit vessels like the rat aorta and resistance vessels like the mesenteric artery. The relaxation response is mediated without any involvement of vascular endothelium. Further, TEA sensitive BKca channel was found to be the major target for PEA-induced relaxation response in these blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS The spent flowers of R. damascena, which remain after the extraction of REO, could be used to extract PEA. The PEA possessed marked vasorelaxation properties in both aorta and mesenteric artery and showed promise for development into an herbal product against hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Kumar Singh
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumari Savita
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Swati Singh
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Mishra
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Poonam Rani
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Debabrata Chanda
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
| | - Ram Swaroop Verma
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Mohamadi N, Pourkorrani MHS, Langarizadeh MA, Ranjbartavakoli M, Sharififar F, Asgary S. Evidence for Rosa damascena efficacy in mental disorders in preclinical animal studies and clinical trials: A systematic review. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3016-3031. [PMID: 35653142 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to identify animal preclinical studies and randomized controlled trials that looked at the effects of R. damascena in any form on different mental diseases. Up to September 2021, the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane trials, as well as SID and MagIran, were searched. This study included 10 animal studies. Except for one research, the rest of the studies confirmed the positive effects of the plant in treatment of mental disorders. A total of 38 studies met the criteria for inclusion. Individuals who have encountered various sorts of mental problems, such as anxiety, sleep disturbance, and depressive disorder, were studied. R. damascena essential oil (EO), essence, extract, and dried plant were used in aromatherapy and oral administration. A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity, induction of neurotransmitters, induction of nerve growth factors by neurogenesis and synaptogenesis mechanisms, a decrease in prolactin and an increase in noradrenaline, estradiol, and progesterone secretion are some of the mechanisms of action. In general, R. damascena is an effective herb for the treatment of mental disorders. However, further research timing and duration of intervention are needed to extrapolate the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Mohamadi
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Fariba Sharififar
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Pharmacutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Research insititute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Asgary
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Shahrajabian MH. Powerful Stress Relieving Medicinal Plants for Anger, Anxiety, Depression, and Stress During Global Pandemic. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:284-310. [PMID: 35319401 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220321102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consideration and improvement for anxiety and depression are important during a global pandemic. Appropriate healthcare can be obtained by paying more attention to traditional medicinal sciences. The adverse effects of stress with various symptoms can be managed by introducing plants that boost mental health. The most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to the global pandemic are pervasive anxiety, frustration and boredom, specific and uncontrolled fear, disabling loneliness, significant lifestyle changes, and psychiatric conditions. Ginseng, chamomile, passionflower, herbal tea, lavender, saffron, kava, rose, cardamom, Chinese date, and some chief formula like yokukansan, Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san, so-ochim-tang-gamiband, and saikokaryukotsuboreito are notable herbal treatments for mental health problems. The most common medicinal plants that have been used in Iran for the cure of stress and anxiety are Viper's-buglosses, Dracocephalum, valerian, chamomile, common hop, hawthorns, and lavender. Medicinal plants and herbs can be used for the treatment and alleviation of the negative effects of stress, anger, and depression during the global pandemic.
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Avram S, Stan MS, Udrea AM, Buiu C, Boboc AA, Mernea M. 3D-ALMOND-QSAR Models to Predict the Antidepressant Effect of Some Natural Compounds. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091449. [PMID: 34575524 PMCID: PMC8470101 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment of depression involves antidepressant synthetic drugs that have a variety of side effects. In searching for alternatives, natural compounds could represent a solution, as many studies reported that such compounds modulate the nervous system and exhibit antidepressant effects. We used bioinformatics methods to predict the antidepressant effect of ten natural compounds with neuroleptic activity, reported in the literature. For all compounds we computed their drug-likeness, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), and toxicity profiles. Their antidepressant and neuroleptic activities were predicted by 3D-ALMOND-QSAR models built by considering three important targets, namely serotonin transporter (SERT), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5-HT1A), and dopamine D2 receptor. For our QSAR models we have used the following molecular descriptors: hydrophobicity, electrostatic, and hydrogen bond donor/acceptor. Our results showed that all compounds present drug-likeness features as well as promising ADME features and no toxicity. Most compounds appear to modulate SERT, and fewer appear as ligands for 5-HT1A and D2 receptors. From our prediction, linalyl acetate appears as the only ligand for all three targets, neryl acetate appears as a ligand for SERT and D2 receptors, while 1,8-cineole appears as a ligand for 5-HT1A and D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Speranta Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, SplaiulIndependentei, No 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (S.A.); (M.S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Miruna Silvia Stan
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, SplaiulIndependentei, No 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (S.A.); (M.S.S.); (M.M.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest–ICUB, University of Bucharest, 91–95, SplaiulIndependentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ana Maria Udrea
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest–ICUB, University of Bucharest, 91–95, SplaiulIndependentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- Laser Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Cătălin Buiu
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 313 SplaiulIndependenţei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-021-402-9167
| | - Anca Andreea Boboc
- “Maria Sklodowska Curie” Emergency Children’s Hospital, 20, Constantin Brancoveanu Bd., 077120 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pediatrics 8, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, EroiiSanitari Bd., 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Mernea
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, SplaiulIndependentei, No 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (S.A.); (M.S.S.); (M.M.)
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Rasooli T, Nasiri M, Kargarzadeh Aliabadi Z, Rajabi MR, Feizi S, Torkaman M, Keyvanloo Shahrestanaki S, Mohsenikhah M, Rezaei M, Abbasi M. Rosa Damascena mill for treating adults' anxiety, depression, and stress: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6585-6606. [PMID: 34405933 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported conflicting findings on the antianxiety, antidepressant, and anti-stress properties of Rosa Damascena Mill (RDM). Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on the effects of RDM for treating anxiety, depression, and stress amongst adults. The online data sources of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest, and Scientific Information Database were searched from inception to June 30, 2021. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which examined the effects of RDM (in any form of administration) on adults' anxiety, depression, and stress, were included. A random-effects model was applied to pool the data, and a total of 32 publications were included. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that administration of RDM significantly reduced state anxiety (effect size [ES]: 24, standardized mean difference [SMD]: -1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.29, -1.20; p < .001), depression (ES: 7, SMD: -0.87, 95% CI: -1.47, -0.28; p = .004), and stress (ES: 4, SMD: -1.33, 95% CI: -1.98, -0.69; p < .001). However, the treatment had no significant effect on trait anxiety (ES: 6, weighted mean difference: -0.75, 95% CI: -1.93, 0.43; p = .214). The association between the total administration dosage and/or duration of RDM and the changes in state anxiety and depression was not dose-dependent. Most RCTs had a fair methodological quality based on the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Besides, the quality of evidence ranged from very low to moderate according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Hence, further high-quality RCTs are needed to draw reliable conclusions regarding the use of RDM for treating adults' anxiety, depression, and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taravat Rasooli
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Nasiri
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Operating Room Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Kargarzadeh Aliabadi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Shahoo Feizi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahya Torkaman
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sahar Keyvanloo Shahrestanaki
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nursing Care Research Center (NCRC), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Mohsenikhah
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Masoud Rezaei
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nursing Care Research Center (NCRC), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Qureshi MA, Husain GM, Urooj M, Khan MA, Husain M, Kazmi MH. Preclinical safety, anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of Sufoof Jawahar Mohra: A Unani formulation. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Karimi SA, Komaki S, Taheri M, Omidi G, Kourosh-Arami M, Salehi I, Komaki A. Effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascena on hippocampal long-term potentiation in rats fed high-fat diet. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:14. [PMID: 33926383 PMCID: PMC10717342 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-021-00797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diets (HFDs) and obesity can cause serious health problems, such as neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairments. Consumption of HFD is associated with reduction in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Rosa damascena (R. damascena) is traditionally used as a dietary supplement for many disorders. This study was carried out to determine the beneficial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of R. damascena on in vivo hippocampal synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation, LTP) in the perforant pathway (PP)-dentate gyrus (DG) pathway in rats fed with an HFD. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, R. damascena extract (1 g/kg bw daily for 30 days), HFD (for 90 days) and HFD + extract. The population spike (PS) amplitude and slope of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP) were measured in DG area in response to stimulation applied to the PP. Serum oxidative stress biomarkers [total thiol group (TTG) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] were measured. The results showed the HFD impaired LTP induction in the PP-DG synapses. This conclusion is supported by decreased EPSP slope and PS amplitude of LTP. R. damascena supplementation in HFD animals enhanced EPSP slope and PS amplitude of LTP in the granular cell of DG. Consumption of HFD decreased TTG and SOD. R. damascena extract consumption in the HFD animals enhanced TTG and SOD. These data indicate that R. damascena dietary supplementation can ameliorate HFD-induced alteration of synaptic plasticity, probably through its significant antioxidant effects and activate signalling pathways, which are critical in controlling synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Taheri
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Omidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 65178/518, Hamadan, Iran.
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Effects of quercetin on the alterations of serum elements in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressed rats. Biometals 2021; 34:589-602. [PMID: 33745087 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common and serious psychiatric disorder, but current conventional antidepressants have limited efficacy and significant side effects. Thus, better antidepressants are urgently needed. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like effects and potential mechanism of quercetin by evaluating the changes of serum elements in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats. Based on the results of the sucrose preference test (SPT), 96 rats were randomly assigned to six groups: control, different dosages of quercetin (10 and 50 mg/kg·bw, respectively), depressed, and different dosages quercetin plus depressed groups. After 8 weeks of CUMS modeling, rat serum was collected. Fifteen elements in serum were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and related enzyme indicators, antioxidant indicators, and inflammatory cytokines were detected to further explore the potential mechanism. Besides, the accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated. The results showed that the levels of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and calcium (Ca) in serum significantly increased (p ≤ 0.001), while the levels of magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and cobalt (Co) significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.001) in depressed group compared with the control group. The levels of the remaining eight elements did not change significantly. When high-dose quercetin was administered to depressed rats, the levels of the above seven elements significantly restored (p ≤ 0.001). This study suggests that quercetin (50 mg/kg·bw) has a regulatory effect on serum elements in CUMS rats, which may be mediated by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, and regulating a variety of neurotransmitter systems.
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Rose Flowers-A Delicate Perfume or a Natural Healer? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010127. [PMID: 33478154 PMCID: PMC7835869 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants from the Rosacea family are rich in natural molecules with beneficial biological properties, and they are widely appreciated and used in the food industry, perfumery, and cosmetics. In this review, we are considering Rosa damascena Mill., Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L., and Rosa gallica L. as raw materials important for producing commercial products, analyzing and comparing the main biological activities of their essential oils, hydrolates, and extracts. A literature search was performed to find materials describing (i) botanical characteristics; (ii) the phytochemical profile; and (iii) biological properties of the essential oil sand extracts of these so called “old roses” that are cultivated in Bulgaria, Turkey, India, and the Middle East. The information used is from databases PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Roses have beneficial healing properties due to their richness of beneficial components, the secondary metabolites as flavonoids (e.g., flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins), fragrant components (essential oils, e.g., monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes), and hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Rose essential oils and extracts with their therapeutic properties—as respiratory antiseptics, anti-inflammatories, mucolytics, expectorants, decongestants, and antioxidants—are able to act as symptomatic prophylactics and drugs, and in this way alleviate dramatic sufferings during severe diseases.
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Soleymani A, Cheng Q. Traditional herbal medicines to overcome stress, anxiety and improve mental health in outbreaks of human coronaviruses. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1237-1247. [PMID: 33350538 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mental health condition is including depression and anxiety, and they may impact wellbeing, personal relationships and productivity of both genders. Herbal medicines have been used to treatment of anxiety and depression symptoms for centuries. SARS, MERS and COVID-19 are related to coronavirus types. SARS (sever acute respiratory syndrome, China, 2002), MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome, Saudi Arabia, 2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-2020) are the main coronavirus outbreaks. Both anxiety and depression are more serious to be considered and improved for all general public during fight with these diseases. In this mini-review article, we have mentioned the key role some of the most important plants and herbs for treatment of stress and anxiety and improve mental health against SARS and SARS-CoV-2 on the basis of traditional Asian medicine, especially traditional Chinese and Persian medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad H Shahrajabian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ali Soleymani
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Qi Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, China
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Dinçoğlu AH, Rugji J. Use of rose oil in probiotic fermented whey as a functional food. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 58:2705-2713. [PMID: 34194106 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal use of phytochemicals dates back to ancient times. Following that, in the 1980s those phytochemicals because of their chemical composition were used to produce new functional foods with added health benefits. Based on their positive effects, nowdays phytochemicals are integrated into the composition of various food products such as whey. This study aimed to develop a functional beverage using probiotics, inulin and rose oil (0.5%, 1% and 2%) and to reveal their effects on some quality properties of the product during 28 days of storage. Lactobacillus acidophilus simultaneously with Bifidobacterium animalis were inoculated into reconstituted whey and inulin was added to enhance their growth and survival in the gastrointestinal tract. Beverage containing 0.5% rose oil (group D) was the most preferred and at the 28th day of storage contained 8.70 log10 cfu/ml, which is essential for a product to have probiotic properties. Microbiological evaluations including rose oil sample showed the absence of coliform in all the samples, while total mesophilic aerobic, yeast and mould counts showed no significant differences related to rose oil during storage period. Groups C, D, E and F had low pH values while group E exhibited the highest acidity level with its highest value (1.6% LA) at the 21st day. For the most part of storage period, group C had the highest levels of total solids while groups D, E and F had higher amounts of protein. Through storage duration, in all groups (except group B) the levels of ash, total solids and protein decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Hulusi Dinçoğlu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15100 Burdur, Turkey
| | - Jerina Rugji
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Health Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15100 Burdur, Turkey
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Zhong Y, Zheng Q, Hu P, Huang X, Yang M, Ren G, Du Q, Luo J, Zhang K, Li J, Wu H, Guo Y, Liu S. Sedative and hypnotic effects of compound Anshen essential oil inhalation for insomnia. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:306. [PMID: 31711477 PMCID: PMC6849292 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The chemical composition of many essential oils indicates that they have sedative and hypnotic effects, but there is still a lack of systematic studies on the sedative and hypnotic effects of essential oils. In addition, aromatherapy does not seem to have the side effects of many traditional psychotropic substances, which is clearly worthwhile for further clinical and scientific research. The clinical application of essential oils in aromatherapy has received increasing attention, and detailed studies on the pharmacological activities of inhaled essential oils are increasingly needed. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE As insomniacs are usually accompanied by symptoms of depression and anxiety of varying degrees, based on the theory of aromatherapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, this experiment is to study a Compound Anshen essential oil that is compatible with Lavender essential oil, Sweet Orange essential oil, Sandalwood essential oil and other aromatic medicine essential oils with sedative and hypnotic effects, anti-anxiety and anti-depression effects. To study the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil inhaled and the main chemical components of Compound Anshen essential oil, and to compare and analyze the pharmacodynamics of diazepam, a commonly used drug for insomnia. METHODS The Open field test and Pentobarbital-induced sleep latency and sleep time experiments were used to analyze and compare the sedative and hypnotic effects of inhaling Compound Anshen essential oil and the administration of diazepam on mice. The changes of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain were analyzed by Elisa. The main volatile constituents of Compound Anshen essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil can significantly reduce the spontaneous activity of mice, reduce latency of sleeping time and prolong duration of sleeping time. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Compound Anshen essential oil can increase the content of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain. The main volatile chemical constituents of the Compound Anshen essential oil are D-limonene (24.07%), Linalool (21.98%), Linalyl acetate (15.37%), α-Pinene (5.39%), and α-Santalol (4.8%). CONCLUSION The study found that the inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil has sedative and hypnotic effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil based on the theory of aromatherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Pengyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Guilin Ren
- Traditional Chinese Medicine hospital Affliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qing Du
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
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Ueno H, Shimada A, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Fujiwara Y, Ishihara T. Anti-stress effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa gallica officinalis in mice. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01945. [PMID: 31431930 PMCID: PMC6579855 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosa gallica, a plant of the Rosa genus, has been used widely since the 13th century and is cultivated in many areas as a medicinal plant for the preparation of herbal medicines. However, details of the neuropsychological effects of R. gallica remain unclear; therefore we aimed to investigate the neuropsychological effects of a water-soluble extract of R. gallica in male C57BL/6N mice under normal conditions and under chronic stress. We administered a water-soluble extract of R. gallica to mice and performed a series of behavioral experiments to compare the treated animals with the untreated controls. No significant differences in activity level, anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, body weight, and body temperature were observed between R. gallica-treated mice and control mice. However, in mice subjected to chronic stress, the observed decrease in activity was smaller in the R. gallica-treated mice than in the control mice. The oral administration of R. gallica did not affect the normal behavior of mice. However, when the mice were subjected to stress, R. gallica exerted an anti-stress effect. Therefore, R. gallica has potential as a medicinal plant for the purpose of stress prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Atsumi Shimada
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Nakamura Gakuen University Junior College, 5-7-1 Befu, Jounan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0198, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
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Anti-depressive-like effect of 2-phenylethanol inhalation in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 111:1499-1506. [PMID: 30415864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rose oil has traditionally been used to treat psychiatric disorders, but the scientific basis of this treatment remains poorly understood. The main odor component of rose oil is 2-phenylethanol (2-PE), but the neuropsychological effects of 2-PE have not been investigated in detail. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of 2-PE on mouse behavior. We first investigated whether 2-PE is attractive or repulsive to mice. After 2-PE inhalation, the mice underwent a series of behavioral experiments, such as the elevated plus maze, open field, Y-maze, tail-suspension, and Porsolt forced-swim tests. Mice did not have a strong interest in 2-PE but were not repelled by it nor were fearful. In the open field test, mice that had inhaled 2-PE spent less time in the center area, while in the tail suspension test, their immobility time decreased. There was no change in cognitive function, activity level, muscle strength, or aggression in these mice. Our results suggest that 2-PE elicits neuropsychological effects that alter the behavior of mice and may also elicit anti-depressive effects. Inhalation of rose oil containing 2-PE may be effective against depression and stress-related diseases.
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Esfandiary E, Abdolali Z, Omranifard V, Ghanadian M, Bagherian-Sararoud R, Karimipour M, Mahaki B, Dabiri S. Novel Effects of Rosa damascena Extract on Patients with Neurocognitive Disorder and Depression: A Clinical Trial Study. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:57. [PMID: 30050668 PMCID: PMC6036771 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_199_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dementia as a major cognitive neurological disorder is defined as impairment in one or more cognitive territories compared with the former level of performance. This disorder disrupts patient's independence, and the patient would need others aid in order of doing daily and complex activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Rosa damascena extract in the improvement of cognitive function in patients with dementia. Methods This study is a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 40 patients older than 55 years with dementia referred to Specialized Elderly Patients Clinic in 2015-2016. Patients were divided randomly into two groups (control and intervention). The intervention group used donepezil and R. damascena capsules, and in control group, placebo capsule instead of R. damascena added on donepezil. Four test was filled three times at the study initiation, after month one and also after month three: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) were used for cognition evaluation, for depression assessment, Geriatric Depression Scale was administered, and checklist of memory and behavioral disorders were filled. Results The results showed add-on donepezil and R. damascena versus placebo improved cognitive impairment based on MMSE with P = 0.002, ACE-R with total P = 0.001, depression (P = 0.012), behavioral disorders (P < 0.001), and daily activity (P < 0.001). Conclusions The R. damascena extract affected cognitive impairment of dementia patients significantly and also have significant effects on improving depression and behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Esfandiary
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Abdolali
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Victoria Omranifard
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reza Bagherian-Sararoud
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Behzad Mahaki
- Department of Biostatistics, The school of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Khan H, Amin S, Patel S. Targeting BDNF modulation by plant glycosides as a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of depression. Life Sci 2018; 196:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hamdamian S, Nazarpour S, Simbar M, Hajian S, Mojab F, Talebi A. Effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on nulliparous women's pain and anxiety of labor during first stage of labor. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [PMID: 29526235 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing labor pain and anxiety is one of the most important goals of maternity care. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effects of aromatherapy with Rosa damascena on pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor among nulliparous women. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS This was a randomized clinical trial of 110 nulliparous women. The eligible participants were randomly assigned to two groups of aromatherapy and control in an Iranian maternity hospital. The participants received 0.08 mL of Rosa damascena essence in the aromatherapy group and 0.08 mL of normal saline in the control group, every 30 min. Pain was measured 3 times, once each at three stages of cervical dilation (4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm). Anxiety was measured twice, once each at two stages of cervical dilation (4-7 and 8-10 cm). The tools for data collection were the Spielberger anxiety questionnaire, numerical pain rating scale, demographic and obstetric questionnaire, and an observational checklist. Data analyses included the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Severity of labor pain and severity of anxiety were used as primary outcome measures. Labor and delivery characteristics (including number of contractions, duration of contractions in second stage, Bishop score, augmentation by oxytocin, Apgar score, and mode of delivery), demographic characteristics, and fertility information were used as secondary outcome measures. RESULTS Pain severity in the group receiving aromatherapy with R. damascena was significantly lower than in the control group after treatment at each pain assessment (cervical dilation of 4-5, 6-7, and 8-10 cm; P < 0.05). Anxiety levels were also significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment at each time of measurement (cervical dilation of 4-7 and 8-10 cm; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Aromatherapy with R. damascena reduced the severity of pain and anxiety in the first stage of labor. Aromatherapy with R. damascena is a convenient and effective method for pain and anxiety reduction during the first stage of labor. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial: IRCT201306258801N3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Hamdamian
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996835119, Iran
| | - Soheila Nazarpour
- Department of Midwifery, Chalous Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chalous 4661961367, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Simbar
- Midwifery and Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996835119, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Hajian
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996835119, Iran
| | - Faraz Mojab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Research Center of Pharmaceutical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996835119, Iran
| | - Atefeh Talebi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996835119, Iran
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Rezvani-Kamran A, Salehi I, Shahidi S, Zarei M, Moradkhani S, Komaki A. Effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascena on learning and memory in male rats consuming a high-fat diet. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:2065-2073. [PMID: 28832226 PMCID: PMC6130717 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1362010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT High-fat diet (HFD) can cause deficits in learning and memory through oxidative stress and increase Alzheimer disease risk. Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae) extract possesses potent antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts of petals of R. damascena on learning and memory in male rats consuming an HFD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: control, R. damascena extract, HFD and HFD + extract. The extract (1 g/kg bw daily) was administered by oral gavage for 1 month. Animals were allowed free access to high-fat chow for 3 months. The Morris water maze and the passive avoidance learning tests were used to assess learning and memory. RESULTS In the passive avoidance learning test, the step-through latencies in the retention test (STLr) of the extract (147.4 ± 23.3) and HFD (150.3 ± 25.2) groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (270.4 ± 10.5) (respectively, p < 0.001 and p < 0.01). STLr was significantly higher in the HFD + extract group (265.3 ± 10.6) than in the HFD group (150.3 ± 25.2) (p < 0.01). Time spent in the dark compartment (TDC) in the HFD + extract group (5.3 ± 2.6) was significantly lower than that in the HFD group (85.8 ± 19.1) (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results indicate that, while HFD or R. damascena extract alone leads to memory deficits, R. damascena extract exerted a positive effect on HFD-induced memory deficits. We hypothesize that the observed effects of R. damascena extract are likely due to its strong antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rezvani-Kamran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Siamak Shahidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shirin Moradkhani
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of Rosa damascena Mill. with an overview on its phytopharmacological properties. Complement Ther Med 2017; 34:129-140. [PMID: 28917365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosa damascena Mill. is one of the most famous ornamental plants cultivated all over the world mostly for perfumery industries. Traditionally it has been used as an astringent, analgesic, cardiac and intestinal tonic.The paucity ofauthoritative monographs urged usto summarize its clinical effectiveness and safety with acomprehensive review of the literature. "PUBMED", "SCOPUS", "WEBOF SCIENCE" were searched up to April 30, 2017 with search terms:("Rosa damascena" OR "Damask Rose"). All human studies with any mono-preparation were included. In vitro and animal studies from "PUBMED"were also reviewed and outlined. Of "1000" identified publications, twelveeligibleclinical trials were retrieved. Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, protective neuronal, cardiac, gastrointestinal and hepatic effectsin 30 in vitro and 21 animal studies were also shown. there are promising evidences for the effectiveness and safety of Rosa damascena Mill in pain relief, but confirmatory studies withstandardized products is suggested.
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Başer KHC. Rose Mentioned in the Works of Scientists of the Medieval East and Implications in Modern Science. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragrant roses (e.g., Rosa damascena, R.gallica, R. centifolia) have been mentioned in ancient texts written by scientists of the Medieval East such as Al-Kindi (9th CE), Al-Dinawari (9th CE), Rhazes (9th CE), Az-Zahrawi (10th CE), Ibn Sina (11th CE), Al-Mizza (14th CE), and Ad-Dimasqi (14th CE). The great physician Ibn Sina emphasized the beneficial effects of rose fragrance on the heart and the brain. He praised rose water's effects on mind and spirit, and its beneficial effects on brain function and cognitive power. Modern studies have provided scientific evidence for this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Hüsnü Can Başer
- Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
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Mármol I, Sánchez-de-Diego C, Jiménez-Moreno N, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ. Therapeutic Applications of Rose Hips from Different Rosa Species. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061137. [PMID: 28587101 PMCID: PMC5485961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosa species, rose hips, are widespread wild plants that have been traditionally used as medicinal compounds for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. The therapeutic potential of these plants is based on its antioxidant effects caused by or associated with its phytochemical composition, which includes ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and healthy fatty acids among others. Over the last few years, medicinal interest in rose hips has increased as a consequence of recent research that has studied its potential application as a treatment for several diseases including skin disorders, hepatotoxicity, renal disturbances, diarrhoea, inflammatory disorders, arthritis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, obesity and cancer. In this review, the role of different species of Rosa in the prevention of treatment of various disorders related to oxidative stress, is examined, focusing on new therapeutic approaches from a molecular point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Mármol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | | | - Nerea Jiménez-Moreno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona 31006, Spain.
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Preparation and Analysis of Rosa damascena Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity Assessment of Related Fractions. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSACTION A-SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-017-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mahboubi M. Rosa damascena as holy ancient herb with novel applications. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 6:10-6. [PMID: 26870673 PMCID: PMC4737971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosa damascena as an ornamental plant is commonly known as “Gole Mohammadi” in Iran. Iranian people have been called this plant, the flower of Prophet “Mohammad”. R. damascena is traditionally used for treatment of abdominal and chest pains, strengthening the heart, menstrual bleeding, digestive problems and constipation. This paper reviews the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmaceutical investigations on R. damascena. All relevant databases and local books on ethnopharmacology of R. damascena were probed without limitation up to 31st March 2015 and the results of these studies were collected and reviewed. R. damascena has an important position in Iranian traditional medicine. It is economically a valuable plant with therapeutic applications in modern medicine. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-depressant properties of R. damascena have been confirmed. Citronellol and geraniol as the main components of R. damascena essential oil are responsible for pharmacological activities. Overall, R. damascena as holy ancient plant with modern pharmacological investigations should be more investigated as traditional uses in large preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddese Mahboubi
- Department of Microbiology, Research Center of Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Company, Kashan, Iran
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Pesarico AP, Stangherlin EC, Mantovani AC, Zeni G, Nogueira CW. 7-Fluoro-1,3-diphenylisoquinoline-1-amine abolishes depressive-like behavior and prefrontal cortical oxidative damage induced by acute restraint stress in mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:294-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Smaga I, Niedzielska E, Gawlik M, Moniczewski A, Krzek J, Przegaliński E, Pera J, Filip M. Oxidative stress as an etiological factor and a potential treatment target of psychiatric disorders. Part 2. Depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and autism. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:569-80. [PMID: 25933971 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and autism, is far from being fully elucidated. In recent years, a potential role of the oxidative stress has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. A body of clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that psychiatric diseases are characterized by higher levels of oxidative biomarkers and with lower levels of antioxidant defense biomarkers in the brain and peripheral tissues. In this article, we review current knowledge on the role of the oxidative stress in psychiatric diseases, based on clinical trials and animal studies, in addition, we analyze the effects of drug-induced modulation of oxidative balance and explore pharmacotherapeutic strategies for oxidative stress reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Smaga
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Niedzielska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Gawlik
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Moniczewski
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Krzek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Edmund Przegaliński
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Bouasla I, Bouasla A, Boumendjel A, Messarah M, Abdennour C, Boulakoud MS, El Feki A. Nigella sativa oil reduces aluminium chloride-induced oxidative injury in liver and erythrocytes of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162:252-61. [PMID: 25164035 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was planned to investigate the protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) supplementation against aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced oxidative damage in liver and erythrocytes of rats. Simultaneously, a preliminary phytochemical study was affected in order to characterize the bioactive components containing in the NSO using chemical assays. The antioxidant capacities of NSO were evaluated by DPPH assay. The results showed that NSO was found to contain large amounts of total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins. Twenty-four rats were equally divided into two groups, in which group A received standard diet, whereas group B treated daily with an oral gavage dose of 2 ml NSO/kg body weight. After 5 weeks pretreatment, both groups were divided again into two subgroups (A and B) of six animals each and treated for other 3 weeks. Therefore, subgroup A1 was served as a control which received standard diet, but subgroup A2 received AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw mixed with food). Subgroup B1 received both AlCl3 and NSO; however, subgroup B2 received NSO only. Results showed that AlCl3 exhibited an increase in white blood cell counts and a marked decrease in erythrocyte counts and haemoglobin content. Plasma aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities and total bilirubin concentration were higher in AlCl3 group than those of the control, while albumin and total protein concentration were significantly lower. Compared to the control, a significant raise of hepatic and erythrocyte malondialdehyde level associated with a decrease in reduced glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, activities of AlCl3 treated rats. However, the administration of NSO alone or combined with AlCl3 has improved the status of all parameters studied. It can be concluded that AlCl3 has induced the oxidative stress, altered the biochemical parameters and the hepatic histological profile, but the supplementation of NSO has alleviated such toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihcene Bouasla
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, BP 12 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria
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Chtourou Y, Fetoui H, Gdoura R. Protective effects of naringenin on iron-overload-induced cerebral cortex neurotoxicity correlated with oxidative stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:376-83. [PMID: 24682942 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a component of several metalloproteins involved in crucial metabolic processes such as oxygen sensing and transport, energy metabolism, and DNA synthesis. This metal progressively accumulates in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. Naringenin (NGEN), a natural flavonoid compound, has been reported to possess neuroprotective effect against PD-related pathology, however, the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects are poorly defined. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the potential mechanism involved in the cytoprotection of NGEN against iron-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex of Wistar rats. Animals that were given repetitive injections of iron dextran for a total of 4 weeks showed a significant increase in lipid and protein markers such as thiobarbituric reactive acid substances, protein carbonyl product content levels, and DNA apoptosis in the cerebral cortex. These changes were accompanied by a decrease of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase and catalase and in the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants like total thiols and ascorbic acid. The activity of glutathione peroxidase remained unchanged in rats. A significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activities was also shown, with a substantial rise in the nitric oxide levels. Coadministration of NGEN to iron-treated rats significantly improved antioxidant enzyme activities and attenuated oxidative damages observed in the cerebral cortex. The potential effect of NGEN to prevent iron-induced neurotoxicity was also reflected by the microscopic study, indicative of its neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Chtourou
- Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (UR11ES70), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia,
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Şenol N, Nazıroğlu M. Melatonin reduces traumatic brain injury-induced oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex and blood of rats. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1112-6. [PMID: 25206769 PMCID: PMC4146095 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.135312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals induced by traumatic brain injury have deleterious effects on the function and antioxidant vitamin levels of several organ systems including the brain. Melatonin possesses antioxidant effect on the brain by maintaining antioxidant enzyme and vitamin levels. We investigated the effects of melatonin on antioxidant ability in the cerebral cortex and blood of traumatic brain injury rats. Results showed that the cerebral cortex β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, reduced glutathione, and erythrocyte reduced glutathione levels, and plasma vitamin C level were decreased by traumatic brain injury whereas they were increased following melatonin treatment. In conclusion, melatonin seems to have protective effects on traumatic brain injury-induced cerebral cortex and blood toxicity by inhibiting free radical formation and supporting antioxidant vitamin redox system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Şenol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Suleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Neuroscience Research Center, University of Suleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey
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Nazıroğlu M, Akay MB, Çelik Ö, Yıldırım Mİ, Balcı E, Yürekli VA. Capparis ovata Modulates Brain Oxidative Toxicity and Epileptic Seizures in Pentylentetrazol-Induced Epileptic Rats. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:780-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-0978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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