1
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Hara Y. Search for natural products from actinomycetes of the genus Nocardia. J Nat Med 2024; 78:828-837. [PMID: 39093356 PMCID: PMC11364655 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The genus Nocardia are gram-positive bacteria, many of which possess pathogenicity and infect human lungs, skin, brain, and other organs. Since research on the genus Nocardia has not progressed as rapidly as that on the genus Streptomyces, the genus Nocardia is considered a useful undeveloped resource for exploring natural products. On the other hand, when the genus Nocardia infects the human body, the strains are attacked by immune cells such as macrophages. Therefore, we suggested a new method for screening natural products by culturing the genus Nocardia in the presence of animal cells. In this review, we describe our recent results in searching for natural products from the genus Nocardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Hara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.
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2
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Saito S, Arai MA. Methodology for awakening the potential secondary metabolic capacity in actinomycetes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:753-766. [PMID: 38633912 PMCID: PMC11022428 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites produced by actinomycete strains undoubtedly have great potential for use in applied research areas such as drug discovery. However, it is becoming difficult to obtain novel compounds because of repeated isolation around the world. Therefore, a new strategy for discovering novel secondary metabolites is needed. Many researchers believe that actinomycetes have as yet unanalyzed secondary metabolic activities, and the associated undiscovered secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes are called "silent" genes. This review outlines several approaches to further activate the metabolic potential of actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Saito
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Midori A Arai
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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3
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Ishibashi M. [Learning from Natural Products: Study on Actinomycetes of the Genus Nocardia]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2024; 144:33-37. [PMID: 38171791 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The genus Nocardia comprises gram-positive bacteria, most of which are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections of the lungs, skin, and brain in humans. Based on a collaboration study with the Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, we focused on Nocardia actinomycetes as a new natural-product resource. First, by culturing (monoculture) Nocardia in various media, we isolated a new aminocyclitol nabscessin A from Nocardia abscessus IFM10029T and a new γ-lactone inohanalactone from Nocardia inohanaensis IFM0092T. On the other hand, by imitating the state in which the genus Nocardia actinomycete infects animal cells and culturing the genus in the presence of animal cells (coculture), this genus was expected to produce new compounds through interactions with the animal cells. Using mouse macrophage-like cells (J774.1) as animal cells, a new pantothenic acid amide derivative and a cyclic peptide, nocarjamide, with Wnt signal activation activity were isolated from Nocardia tenerifensis IFM10554T strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ishibashi
- School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare
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4
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Saito S, Funayama K, Kato W, Okuda M, Kawamoto M, Matsubara T, Sato T, Sato A, Otsuguro S, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Sawa H, Maenaka K, Shindo K, Imoto M, Arai MA. Dihydromaniwamycin E, a Heat-Shock Metabolite from Thermotolerant Streptomyces sp. JA74, Exhibiting Antiviral Activity against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Viruses. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2583-2591. [PMID: 36223390 PMCID: PMC9578650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dihydromaniwamycin E (1), a new maniwamycin derivative featuring an azoxy moiety, has been isolated from the culture extract of thermotolerant Streptomyces sp. JA74 along with the known analogue maniwamycin E (2). Compound 1 is produced only by cultivation of strain JA74 at 45 °C, and this type of compound has been previously designated a "heat shock metabolite (HSM)" by our research group. Compound 2 is detected as a production-enhanced metabolite at high temperature. Structures of 1 and 2 are elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. The absolute structure of 1 is determined after the total synthesis of four stereoisomers. Though the absolute structure of 2 has been proposed to be the same as the structure of maniwamycin D, the NMR and the optical rotation value of 2 are in agreement with those of maniwamycin E. Therefore, this study proposes a structural revision of maniwamycins D and E. Compounds 1 and 2 show inhibitory activity against the influenza (H1N1) virus infection of MDCK cells, demonstrating IC50 values of 25.7 and 63.2 μM, respectively. Notably, 1 and 2 display antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, when used to infect 293TA and VeroE6T cells, with 1 and 2 showing IC50 values (for infection of 293TA cells) of 19.7 and 9.7 μM, respectively. The two compounds do not exhibit cytotoxicity in these cell lines at those IC50 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Saito
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Kayo Funayama
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Wataru Kato
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Mayu Okuda
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Meiko Kawamoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Teruhiko Matsubara
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Toshinori Sato
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory,
Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka541-0045,
Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International
Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Satoko Otsuguro
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812,
Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International
Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International
Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for
Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020,
Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International
Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for
Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020,
Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo060-0818, Japan
- Global Virus Network,
Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812,
Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan
Women’s University, Tokyo112-8681, Japan
| | - Masaya Imoto
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo
University School of Medicine, Tokyo113-8431,
Japan
| | - Midori A. Arai
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
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5
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Hara Y, Watanabe K, Takaya A, Manome T, Yaguchi T, Ishibashi M. Two Bioactive Compounds, Uniformides A and B, Isolated from a Culture of Nocardia uniformis IFM0856 T in the Presence of Animal Cells. Org Lett 2022; 24:4998-5002. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Hara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Akiko Takaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Manome
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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6
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Hara Y, Ishibashi M, Tanimura D, Manome T, A. Arai M, Yaguchi T. Isolation of Peptidolipin NA Derivatives from the Culture of Nocardia arthritidis IFM10035T in the Presence of Mouse Macrophage Cells. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-14567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Screening study of cancer-related cellular signals from microbial natural products. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:629-638. [PMID: 34193986 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To identify bioactive natural products from various natural resources, such as plants and microorganisms, we investigated programs to screen for compounds that affect several cancer-related cellular signaling pathways, such as BMI1, TRAIL, and Wnt. This review summarizes the results of our recent studies, particularly those involving natural products isolated from microbial resources, such as actinomycetes, obtained from soil samples collected primarily around Chiba, Japan.
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8
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Jose PA, Maharshi A, Jha B. Actinobacteria in natural products research: Progress and prospects. Microbiol Res 2021; 246:126708. [PMID: 33529791 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacteria are well-recognised biosynthetic factories that produce an extensive spectrum of secondary metabolites. Recent genomic insights seem to impact the exploitation of these metabolically versatile bacteria in several aspects. Notably, from the isolation of novel taxa to the discovery of new compounds, different approaches evolve at a steady pace. Here, we systematically discuss the enduring importance of Actinobacteria in the field of drug discovery, the current focus of isolation efforts targeting bioactive Actinobacteria from diverse sources, recent discoveries of novel compounds with different bioactivities, and the relative employment of different strategies in the search for novel compounds. Ultimately, we highlight notable progress that will have profound impacts on future quests for secondary metabolites of Actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polpass Arul Jose
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364002, India.
| | - Anjisha Maharshi
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364002, India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364002, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, India.
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9
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Isolation of nocobactin NAs as Notch signal inhibitors from Nocardia farcinica, a possibility of invasive evolution. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 74:255-259. [PMID: 33318622 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-00393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling inhibitors with the potential of immune suppressor production by pathogenic bacteria for easy host infection were searched from extracts of Nocardia sp. Nocobactin NA-a (compound 1) and nocobactin NA-b (compound 2), which have been suggested as pathogenesis factors, were isolated from N. farcinica IFM 11523 isolated from the sputum of a Japanese patient with chronic bronchitis. Compounds 1 and 2 showed Notch inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 12.4 and 17.6 μM, respectively. Compound 1 and 2 decreased of Notch1 protein, Notch intracellular domain, and hairy and enhancer of split 1, which is a Notch signaling target protein. In addition, compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxicity against mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 with IC50 values of 18.9 and 21.1 μM, respectively. These results suggested that the Notch inhibitors production by pathogenic bacteria may increase pathogen infectivity.
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10
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Isolation and evaluation of cardenolides from Lansium domesticum as Notch inhibitors. J Nat Med 2020; 74:758-766. [PMID: 32648094 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since Notch signaling plays important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation, aberrant activation of this signaling contributes to cancer progression. In neural stem cells, Notch signaling inhibits differentiation by activating HES1 expression. Therefore, Notch signaling inhibitors may be candidates for new anticancer drugs or have applications in neural regenerative medicine. In this study, six naturally occurring Notch inhibitors were isolated from the methanol (MeOH) extract of Lansium domesticum using our novel cell-based assay. Hongherin (2), a cardiac glycoside, demonstrated potent Notch inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 0.62 μM and was found to be cytotoxic in HPB-ALL human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Hongherin (2) also induced the differentiation of C17.2 neural stem cells to neurons, causing a 65% increase in differentiation compared to the control. Mechanistically, hongherin (2) reduced the amount of Notch1 (full length) and mastermind-like protein (MAML). This indicates that hongherin (2) inhibits Notch signaling through a dual mechanism involving the reduction of both Notch1 and MAML protein levels.
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11
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Bhattarai K, Bastola R, Baral B. Antibiotic drug discovery: Challenges and perspectives in the light of emerging antibiotic resistance. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2020; 105:229-292. [PMID: 32560788 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amid a rising threat of antimicrobial resistance in a global scenario, our huge investments and high-throughput technologies injected for rejuvenating the key therapeutic scaffolds to suppress these rising superbugs has been diminishing severely. This has grasped world-wide attention, with increased consideration being given to the discovery of new chemical entities. Research has now proven that the relatively tiny and simpler microbes possess enhanced capability of generating novel and diverse chemical constituents with huge therapeutic leads. The usage of these beneficial organisms could help in producing new chemical scaffolds that govern the power to suppress the spread of obnoxious superbugs. Here in this review, we have explicitly focused on several appealing strategies employed for the generation of new chemical scaffolds. Also, efforts on providing novel insights on some of the unresolved questions in the production of metabolites, metabolic profiling and also the serendipity of getting "hit molecules" have been rigorously discussed. However, we are highly aware that biosynthetic pathway of different classes of secondary metabolites and their biosynthetic route is a vast topic, thus we have avoided discussion on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Bhattarai
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Natural and Applied Sciences (CENAS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rina Bastola
- Spinal Cord Injury Association-Nepal (SCIAN), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bikash Baral
- Spinal Cord Injury Association-Nepal (SCIAN), Pokhara, Nepal.
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12
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Ishibashi M, Kobayashi N, Hara Y, A. Arai M, Hara S, Gonoi T, Yaguchi T. Isolation of Inohanalactone, a γ-Butyrolactone, from Nocardia inohanensis IFM0092T. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-19-s(f)11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Ishibashi M. Screening for natural products that affect Wnt signaling activity. J Nat Med 2019; 73:697-705. [PMID: 31147959 PMCID: PMC6713684 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling has been implicated in numerous aspects of development, cell biology, and physiology. When aberrantly activated, Wnt signaling can also lead to the formation of tumors. Thus, Wnt signaling is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Based on our screening program targeting Wnt signaling activity using a cell-based luciferase screening system assessing TCF/β-catenin transcriptional activity, we isolated a series of terpenoids and heterocyclic aromatic compounds that affect the Wnt signaling pathway at different points. Here, we describe our recent results in screening for natural products that inhibit or activate Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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14
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Hara S, Hara Y, Arai MA, Kusuya Y, Takahashi H, Yaguchi T, Ishibashi M. Isolation of Nabscessin C from Nocardia abscessus IFM 10029 T and a Study on Biosynthetic Pathway for Nabscessins. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:976-982. [PMID: 30270243 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new aminocyclitol derivative, designated nabscessin C (1), was isolated from Nocardia abscessus IFM 10029T. Nabcessin C is an isomer of nabscessins A (2) and B (3) with different positioning of the acyl group. Absolute configuration of nabscessin A was determined by conversion into the 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine pentaacetyl derivative (4) by hydrolysis and acetylation of 2. The biosynthetic pathway of nabscessins is proposed based on gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Hara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Yasumasa Hara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Midori A Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Yoko Kusuya
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University
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15
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Hara Y, Arai MA, Toume K, Masu H, Sato T, Komatsu K, Yaguchi T, Ishibashi M. Coculture of a Pathogenic Actinomycete and Animal Cells To Produce Nocarjamide, a Cyclic Nonapeptide with Wnt Signal-Activating Effect. Org Lett 2018; 20:5831-5834. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Hara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Midori A. Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Toume
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hyuma Masu
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho,
Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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