Dandelion root extract protects NCM460 colonic cells and relieves experimental mouse colitis

Rutin Ameliorates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Ulcerative Colitis by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease. We intend to explore the mechanism of Rutin in the therapy of UC. Disease activity index (DAI) and hematoxylin-eosin staining were employed to assess therapeutic effect of Rutin on dextran sulfate sodium-stimulated mice. The proliferation was detected by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Oxidative stress (OS) was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Inflammatory factors were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining. mRNA and protein expressions were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting assay. Rutin decreased DAI scores and ameliorated pathological damage in UC mice with decreased levels of inflammatory factors. Rutin recovered the inhibited proliferation of fetal human colon cells caused by lipopolysaccharide. Rutin inhibited OS by reducing ROS and MDA, while enhancing SOD activity in LPS-induced fetal human colon cells. Rutin inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome in UC mice and cell model. Silencing NLRP3 enhanced the inhibitory effect of Rutin on OS in lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal human colon cells. Conversely, NLRP3 overexpression reversed the restraining role of Rutin in OS. Rutin ameliorates UC by inhibiting inflammation and OS through suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome.

Dandelion root extracts and taraxasterol inhibit LPS‑induced colorectal cancer cell viability by blocking TLR4‑NFκB‑driven ACE2 and TMPRSS2 pathways

Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Notably, abnormalities in intestinal bacteria may contribute to the initiation or progression of colorectal cancer. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin, is elevated in patients with colorectal cancer. The present study investigated the protective effects of dandelion root extracts and taraxasterol (TS; a major pharmacologically active compound in dandelion root extracts) on LPS-induced colorectal cancer cell viability, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, and protein and gene expression levels were determined by western blotting and quantitative PCR. It was revealed that LPS at a low dose (0.5 µg/ml) significantly promoted the viability of human colorectal cancer cells but did not affect normal colon epithelial cells. The addition of dandelion root extracts (0.1-1 mg/ml) or TS (0.05-1 µg/ml) was able to reverse the LPS-induced increase in colorectal cancer cell viability and colony formation. Mechanistically, dandelion root extracts or TS may inhibit the LPS-promoted toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NFκB-p65 pathway and transcription levels of pro-inflammatory genes (TNFα, IL4 and IL6). Compared with normal colon epithelial cells, human colorectal cancer cells had higher expression levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), which could be further enhanced by LPS treatment but this was reversed by co-incubation with dandelion root extracts or TS. In addition, suppression of the TLR4/NFκB-p65 pathway with CLI095 significantly reversed the stimulatory effect of LPS on the expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, whereas TNFα (10 ng/ml) markedly induced the expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In conclusion, the present study suggested that dandelion root extracts and TS could be used as prevention strategies for reversing bacteria-driven colorectal cancer cell viability.

Hippuric acid alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via suppressing inflammatory activity and modulating gut microbiota

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with metabolic disorder and gut dysbiosis. Decreased abundance of hippuric acid (HA) was found in patients with IBD. HA, metabolized directly from benzoic acid in the intestine and indirectly from polyphenols, serves as a marker of polyphenol catabolism. While polyphenols and benzoic acid have been shown to alleviate intestinal inflammation, the role of HA in this context remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the effects and mechanism of HA on DSS-induced colitis mice. The results revealed that HA alleviated clinical activity and intestinal barrier damage, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Metagenomic sequencing suggested that HA treatment restored the gut microbiota, including an increase in beneficial gut bacteria such as Adlercreutzia, Eubacterium, Schaedlerella and Bifidobacterium_pseudolongum. Furthermore, we identified 113 candidate genes associated with IBD that are potentially under HA regulation through network pharmacological analyses. 10 hub genes including ALB, IL-6, HSP90AA1, and others were identified using PPI analysis and validated using molecular docking and mRNA expression analysis. Additionally, KEGG analysis suggested that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), NF-κB signaling and Rap1 signaling pathways were important pathways in the response of HA to colitis. Thus, HA may provide novel biotherapy options for IBD.

The coumarin component isofraxidin targets the G-protein-coupled receptor S1PR1 to modulate IL-17 signaling and alleviate ulcerative colitis

OBJECTIVE

The increasing global prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) underscores the imperative to explore novel therapeutic approaches. Traditional Chinese medicine has historically shown potential in addressing this ailment. The current study aimed to elucidate the functional attributes and underlying mechanisms of isofraxidin, a coumarin derivative from Acanthopanax, in the context of UC.

METHODS

A murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC was established, and we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the influence of isofraxidin on UC symptomatology, colonic histopathological manifestations, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis. The potential receptor of isofraxidin was initially identified through the Target database and molecular docking analysis. Subsequent in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the effects of isofraxidin on the identified receptor and associated signaling pathways. Transfection was used to examine the receptor's role in the regulatory mechanism of isofraxidin.

RESULTS

Isofraxidin reduced UC symptoms and colonic histopathological impairments. Furthermore, isofraxidin ameliorated the DSS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis in tissues. S1PR1 was identified as a target of isofraxidin and effectively suppressed activation of the IL-17 signaling pathway. Intriguingly, cellular experiments indicated that overexpression of S1PR1 counteracted the protective effect of isofraxidin.

DISCUSSION

In summary, our investigation revealed that isofraxidin could modulate S1PR1 and regulate the IL-17 signaling pathway, thus ameliorating DSS-induced UC. These findings establish a robust foundation for considering isofraxidin as a prospective therapeutic intervention to treat UC.

An inulin-type fructan CP-A from Codonopsis pilosula attenuates experimental colitis in mice by promoting autophagy-mediated inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome

Inulin-type fructan CP-A, a predominant polysaccharide in Codonopsis pilosula, demonstrates regulatory effects on immune activity and anti-inflammation. The efficacy of CP-A in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) is, however, not well-established. This study employed an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced colonic epithelial cell model (NCM460) and an in vivo dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model to explore CP-A's protective effects against experimental colitis and its underlying mechanisms. We monitored the clinical symptoms in mice using various parameters: body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, spleen weight, and histopathological scores. Additionally, molecular markers were assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blotting assays. Results showed that CP-A significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18) in LPS-induced cells while increasing IL-4 and IL-10 levels and enhancing the expression of Claudin-1, ZO-1, and occludin proteins in NCM460 cells. Correspondingly, in vivo findings revealed that CP-A administration markedly improved DAI, reduced colon shortening, and decreased the production of myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), ROS, IL-1β, IL-18, and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-associated genes/proteins in UC mice. CP-A treatment also elevated glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, stimulated autophagy (LC3B, P62, Beclin-1, and ATG5), and reinforced Claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression, thereby aiding in intestinal epithelial barrier repair in colitis mice. Notably, the inhibition of autophagy via chloroquine (CQ) diminished CP-A's protective impact against colitis in vivo. These findings elucidate that CP-A's therapeutic effect on experimental colitis possibly involves mitigating intestinal inflammation through autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation. Consequently, inulin-type fructan CP-A emerges as a promising drug candidate for UC treatment.

Taraxacum: A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activity

Taraxacum refers to the genus Taraxacum, which has a long history of use as a medicinal plant and is widely distributed around the world. There are over 2500 species in the genus Taraxacum recorded as medicinal plants in China, Central Asia, Europe, and the Americas. It has traditionally been used for detoxification, diuresis, liver protection, the treatment of various inflammations, antimicrobial properties, and so on. We used the most typically reported Taraxacum officinale as an example and assembled its chemical makeup, including sesquiterpene, triterpene, steroids, flavone, sugar and its derivatives, phenolic acids, fatty acids, and other compounds, which are also the material basis for its pharmacological effects. Pharmacological investigations have revealed that Taraxacum crude extracts and chemical compounds contain antimicrobial infection, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-oxidative, liver protective, and blood sugar and blood lipid management properties. These findings adequately confirm the previously described traditional uses and aid in explaining its therapeutic applications.

Butyrate ameliorated ferroptosis in ulcerative colitis through modulating Nrf2/GPX4 signal pathway and improving intestinal barrier

Oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation are main pathological features of ulcerative colitis (UC). Ferroptosis, characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, is closely related to the pathologic process of UC. 16S rRNA sequencing for intestinal microbiota analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents clearly demonstrated lower amounts of butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate in colitis mice. However, the precise mechanisms of sodium butyrate (NaB) in treating UC remain largely unclear. We found that ferroptosis occurred in colitis models, as evidenced by the inflammatory response, intracellular iron level, mitochondria ultrastructural observations and associated protein expression. NaB inhibited ferroptosis in colitis, significantly rescued weight loss and colon shortening in mice and reduced inflammatory lesions and mitochondrial damage. Furthermore, NaB improved intestinal barrier integrity and markedly suppressed the expression of pro-ferroptosis proteins. Conversely, the protein expression of anti-ferroptosis markers including nuclear factor erythroid-related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), was significantly upregulated with NaB treatment. Moreover, the knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the anti-colitis effect of NaB. Taken together, NaB exhibited a protective effect by ameliorating ferroptosis in experimental colitis through Nrf2/GPX4 signaling and improving intestinal barrier integrity, which provides a novel mechanism for NaB prevention of UC.

Plants with Anti-Ulcer Activity and Mechanism: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Ulcer disorders including the oral mucosa, large intestine, and stomach mucosa, cause significant global health burdens. Conventional treatments such as non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), and cytoprotective agents have drawbacks like mucosal injury, diminish gastric acid secretion, and interact with concurrent medications. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches are needed to tackle this health concern. Plants are rich in active metabolites in the bark, roots, leaves, fruits, and seeds, and have been utilized for medicinal purposes since ancient times. The use of herbal therapy is crucial, and regulations are necessary to ensure the quality of products, particularly in randomized studies, to assess their efficacy and safety in treating ulcer disorders. This study aims to explore the anti-ulcer activity of medicinal plants in treating peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis, and aphthous ulcers. Articles were searched in Scopus and PubMed, and filtered for publication from 2013 to 2023, resulting in a total of 460 from Scopus and 239 from PubMed. The articles were further screened by title and abstract and resulted in 55 articles. Natural products, rich in active metabolites, were described to manage ulcer disease by protecting the mucosa, reducing ulcer effects, inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors, and reducing bacterial load, thus improving patients' quality of life. Natural extracts have proven effective in managing other health problems, including ulcers by reducing pain and decreasing lesions. This review provides an overview of preclinical and clinical studies on medicinal plants, focusing on their effectiveness in treating conditions like peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, and aphthous ulcers.

Fraxetin ameliorates symptoms of dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the primary inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and causes a serious threat to human public health around the world. Currently, there are no proven safe and effective treatment options to treat UC. Fraxetin (Fxt) is a widely recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory legume derived from ash bark. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect and mechanism of Fxt on UC. Our results showed that Fxt significantly attenuated the body weight, colon length reduction, tissue damage, and disease activity index induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Moreover, the DSS-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasomes was inhibited, and the inflammatory response was reduced. Fxt restored gut barrier function by increasing the number of goblet cells and the levels of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin). In addition, Fxt can alter the intestinal microbiota by enhancing the diversity of the microbiota, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. These results revealed that Fxt alleviates DSS-induced colitis by modulating the inflammatory response, enhancing epithelial barrier integrity and regulating the gut microbiota. This study may provide a scientific basis for the potential therapeutic effect of Fxt in the prevention of colitis and other related diseases.

IGF2BP2 attenuates intestinal epithelial cell ferroptosis in colitis by stabilizing m6A-modified GPX4 mRNA

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and uncontrolled inflammatory bowel disease. N6-methyladenine (m6A) is a reversible mRNA modification method. IGF2BP2 is an RNA-binding protein regulated by m6A methylation. However, understanding of m6A-related proteins in UC is limited. This study was to analyze the function and related mechanism of IGF2BP2 in UC.

METHODS

The UC models were established by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in NCM460 cells and mice. The expression of IGF2BP2 and GPX4 in UC were detected by qPCR and western blot. The effects of IGF2BP2 on inflammation, ferroptosis and colon injury were measured by gain- and loss-of-function experiments. This study conducted a clinical evaluation of mice using the Disease Activity Index score. The molecular mechanism of IGF2BP2 in ferroptosis were analyzed by m6A RNA methylation quantification kit, RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR analysis, and RNA stability assay.

RESULTS

IGF2BP2 and GPX4 were under-expressed in DSS-treated UC. IGF2BP2 enhanced the stability of GPX4 mRNA modified by m6A. IGF2BP2 overexpression repressed the ROS, MDA, and iron levels but enhanced the GSH and GPX4 levels in DSS-triggered NCM460 cells, which were partially reversed by GPX4 silencing. In UC mice, IGF2BP2 high-expression ameliorated symptoms, Disease Activity Index score, pathological changes, inflammatory reaction, and ferroptosis, which were also partly neutralized by GPX4 inhibition.

CONCLUSIONS

IGF2BP2 augmented the GPX4 expression by the m6A modification to weaken UC progression via suppressing ferroptosis.

Melatonin alleviates 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobenzene induced colon injury by relieving oxidative stress

3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) is widely distributed, non-degradable and bioaccumulative, which can affect the function of tissues and organs of the living organisms. Melatonin (MT) is a sort of indole neurohormone that is mainly secreted by the pineal gland. Numerous studies have shown that MT can alleviate intestinal injury through various mechanisms such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis. For the above reasons, the aim of this study is to explore the mechanism of intestinal injury in mice after exposure to PCB126 as well as the antagonistic effect of MT. Mice were respectively fed PCB126 (0.326 mg/kg) and/or MT (10 mg/kg) in vivo. In vitro, colonic epithelial cells (MCEC) were treated with PCB126 (150 μM) and/or MT (2 mM). We found that the microscopic structure of colon tissue was impaired after exposure to PCB126. The levels of oxidative stress, the protein and mRNA levels of expression of inflammatory related factors were significantly increased and the expression levels of intestinal tight junction protein were decreased. Notably, MT can promote Nrf2/HO-1 expression level and reduce the colonic injury caused by PCB126. Further in vitro treatment with reactive oxygen species inhibitors (NAC) showed that it significantly alleviated PCB126-induced in MCEC cell damage. In summary, the above results suggested that MT alleviates PCB126-induced colon inflammation by inhibiting the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and up-regulating the expression level of intestinal tight junction protein. Our results contribute to the further comprehension of the intestinal toxicity effects of PCB126 and the significant role of MT in preserving the mechanisms of intestinal injury.

Donepezil attenuates inflammation and apoptosis in ulcerative colitis via regulating LRP1/AMPK/NF-κB signaling

This article focuses on the specific effects and mechanisms of donepezil (DNPZ) hydrochloride on inflammation and apoptosis in ulcerative colitis (UC). In vivo and in vitro models of UC were established using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mice and NCM460 cells, respectively. Following oral administration of DNPZ, body weight, disease activity index (DAI) scores and colon lengths of mice were recorded. Histopathological damage was detected employing hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Inflammatory factors were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Apoptosis was estimated utilizing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling and western blot. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)/AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)/nuclear factor-κB (NF- κB) signaling proteins were detected utilizing western blot. NCM460 cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit (CCK)-8. We found that DNPZ partially restored body weight, reduced DAI scores and attenuated intestinal pathological damage in DSS-induced mice. Additionally, inflammatory factors decreased significantly after DNPZ treatment, accompanied by reduced apoptosis level. Phosphorylation (p)-AMPK increased and p-p65 decreased after DNPZ treatment, whereas LRP1 knockdown showed the opposite effect. Moreover, DNPZ treatment greatly restored NCM460 cell viability after DSS stimulation. DNPZ attenuated DSS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in NCM460 cells, which was reversed by LRP1 knockdown. In summary, DNPZ hydrochloride attenuates inflammation and apoptosis in UC via LRP1/AMPK/NF-κB signaling.

Rosa Roxburghii Tratt Fruit Extract Prevents Dss-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and the IL-17 Signaling Pathway

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a non-specific inflammatory bowel illness characterized by intestinal mucosal barrier degradation, inflammation, oxidative damage, and gut microbiota imbalances. Rosa roxburghii Tratt Fruit extract (RRTE) was extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit, exhibiting an excellent prevention effect against UC; RRTE could prevent the damage of DSS-induced human normal colonic epithelial (NCM 460) cells, especially in cell viability and morphology, and oxidative damage. Additionally, in UC mice, RRTE could limit the intestinal mucosal barrier by increasing the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins and mucin, reducing inflammation and oxidative damage in colon tissue. More importantly, RRTE can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria to regulate gut microbiota such as Ruminococcus, Turicibacter, and Parabacteroides, and reduce the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Shigella. Furthermore, transcriptomics of colonic mucosal findings point out that the beneficial effect of RRTE on UC could be attributed to the modulation of inflammatory responses such as the IL-17 and TNF signaling pathways. The qPCR results confirm that RRTE did involve the regulation of several genes in the IL-17 signaling pathway. In conclusion, RRTE could prevent DSS-induced damage both in vitro and in vivo.

Effects of Rosa roxburghii Tratt on Ulcerative Colitis: An Integrated Analysis of Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

Rosa roxburghii Tratt is a traditional Chinese plant that has been used to treat different inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of Rosa roxburghii Tratt extract (RRTE) against ulcerative colitis (UC) using network pharmacology and experimental validation. HPLC-Q/Orbitrap MS was used to rapidly identify the substances contained in RRTE after extracting the active components from the fruit. Then, network pharmacology combined with molecular docking was used to explore the critical target and potential mechanism of RRTE against UC using the active ingredients in RRTE as the research object. Data are presented in a visual manner. Finally, the pharmacological effects of RRTE in alleviating UC were further verified using a DSS-induced UC model of NCM460. The results showed that 25 components in RRTE were identified. A total of 250 targets of the active components and 5376 targets associated with UC were collected. Furthermore, a systematic analysis of the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks suggests that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), and serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1) are critical targets for RRTE in the treatment of UC. A comprehensive regulatory network analysis showed that RRTE alleviated UC through the EGFR-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway, and molecular docking showed that active components could strongly bind to EGFR, PIK3R1, and AKT1. In addition, RRTE alleviated dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced cell injury and significantly decreased the protein expression levels of EGFR, PIK3R1, and p-AKT in NCM460 cells in vitro. Furthermore, RRTE significantly regulated the expression of the apoptosis-related proteins Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf1), cleaved caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), and Bcl2 associated X protein (Bax). In conclusion, the components of RRTE are complex, and RRTE can relieve UC through the EGFR-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway.

Shu-Xie decoction alleviates oxidative stress and colon injury in acute sleep-deprived mice by suppressing p62/KEAP1/NRF2/HO1/NQO1 signaling

Introduction: Sleep disorders are common clinical psychosomatic disorders that can co-exist with a variety of conditions. In humans and animal models, sleep deprivation (SD) is closely related with gastrointestinal diseases. Shu-Xie Decoction (SX) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant properties. SX is effective in the clinic for treating patients with abnormal sleep and/or gastrointestinal disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. This study investigated the mechanisms by which SX alleviates SD-induced colon injury in vivo. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were placed on an automated sleep deprivation system for 72 h to generate an acute sleep deprivation (ASD) model, and low-dose SX (SXL), high-dose SX (SXH), or S-zopiclone (S-z) as a positive control using the oral gavage were given during the whole ASD-induced period for one time each day. The colon length was measured and the colon morphology was visualized using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. ROS and the redox biomarkers include reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), molecular docking, immunofluorescence and western blotting assays were performed to detect the antioxidant signaling pathways. Results: ASD significantly increased FBG levels, decreased colon length, moderately increased the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the colon mucosa, altered the colon mucosal structure, increased the levels of ROS, GSH, MDA, and SOD activity compared with the controls. These adverse effects were significantly alleviated by SX treatment. ASD induced nuclear translocation of NRF2 in the colon mucosal cells and increased the expression levels of p62, NQO1, and HO1 transcripts and proteins, but these effects were reversed by SX treatment. Conclusion: SX decoction ameliorated ASD-induced oxidative stress and colon injury by suppressing the p62/KEAP1/NRF2/HO1/NQO1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, combined clinical experience, SX may be a promising drug for sleep disorder combined with colitis.

Chemometrics integrated with in silico pharmacology to reveal antioxidative and anti-inflammatory markers of dandelion for its quality control

Background

Dandelion is an herb with high nutritional and medicinal values, which has been listed in Chinese Pharmacopeia, European Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia, gaining increasing acceptance around the world. However, the current quality control of dandelion is lagging behind. Only in Chinese Pharmacopeia, cichoric acid is used as a marker compound for its quality evaluation, whereas, it can not comprehensively reflect the bioactivity of dandelion.

Methods

This study developed a strategy by integrating chemometrics with in silico pharmacology to reveal the bioactive markers of dandelion for its quality control. Firstly, the major chemicals in dandelion were characterized using HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, and the corresponding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in vitro. Subsequently, the active components were screened by relating the chemicals and bioactivity of dandelion via grey relational assay and partial least squares regression analysis. The potential active components were then subjected to a validation for their activities. Moreover, in silico pharmacology was utilized to evaluate the contribution of active components to efficacy.

Results

A total of 22 phenolic compounds were characterized. Among them, cichoric acid, caffeic acid and luteolin were identified as quality markers owing to their good correlations with the bioactivities of dandelion. These three markers were quantified in frequently-used dandelion species, viz. Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. (TAM) and T. officinale F. H. Wigg. (TAO). TAM, with acceptably higher content of cichoric acid and caffeic acid, showed better antioxidant activity than TAO. While TAO included higher content of luteolin, presenting slightly more effective in anti-inflammation.

Conclusion

An useful strategy for the quality marker discovery was successfully designed. And the results provided more knowledge for the quality evaluation of dandelion.

Regulation of Yujin Powder alcoholic extracts on ILC3s-TD IgA-colonic mucosal flora axis of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis

The intestinal flora maintained by the immune system plays an important role in healthy colon. However, the role of ILC3s-TD IgA-colonic mucosal flora axis in ulcerative colitis (UC) and whether it could become an innovative pathway for the treatment of UC is unknown. Yujin Powder is a classic prescription for treatment of dampness-heat type intestine disease in traditional Chinese medicine and has therapeutic effects on UC. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of Yujin Powder alcoholic extracts (YJP-A) on UC via ILC3s-TD IgA-colonic mucosal flora axis. The UC mouse model was induced by drinking 3.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), meanwhile, YJP-A was given orally for prevention. During the experiment, the clinical symptoms of mice were recorded. Then the intestinal injury and inflammatory response of mice about UC were detected after the experiment. In addition, the relevant indicators of ILC3s-TD IgA-colonic mucosal flora axis were detected. The results showed that YJP-A had good therapy effects on DSS-induced mice UC: improved the symptoms, increased body weight and the length of colon, decreased the disease activity index score, ameliorated the intestinal injury, and reduced the inflammation etc. Also, YJP-A significantly increased the ILC3s proportion and the expression level of MHC II; significantly decreased the proportion of Tfh cells and B cells and the expression levels of Bcl6, IL-4, Aicda in mesenteric lymph nodes of colon in UC mice and IgA in colon. In addition, by 16S rDNA sequencing, YJP-A could restore TD IgA targets colonic mucus flora in UC mice by decreasing the relative abundance of Mucispirillum, Lachnospiraceae and increasing the relative abundance of Allprevotella, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae etc. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the ILC3s-TD IgA-colonic mucosal flora axis was disordered in UC mice. YJP-A could significantly promote the proliferation of ILC3s to inhibit Tfh responses and B cells class switching through MHC II, further to limit TD IgA responses toward colonic mucosal flora. Our findings suggested that this axis may be a novel and promising strategy to prevent UC.

The potential for traditional Chinese therapy in treating sleep disorders caused by COVID-19 through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway

Since the outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2019, it has spread rapidly across the globe. Sleep disorders caused by COVID-19 have become a major concern for COVID-19 patients and recovered patients. So far, there’s no effective therapy on this. Traditional Chinese therapy (TCT) has a great effect on sleep disorders, with rare side effects and no obvious withdrawal symptoms. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a neuroregulatory pathway in the central nervous system that uses cholinergic neurons and neurotransmitters to suppress inflammatory responses, has been reported to be associated with sleep disorders and psychiatric symptoms. Many studies have shown that TCT activates the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), inhibits inflammation, and relieves associated symptoms. Therefore, we believe that TCT may be a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate sleep disorders induced by COVID-19 through CAP. In this review, we analyzed the relationship between cytokine storm induced by Coronavirus and sleep disorders, explained the influence of CAP on sleep disorders, discussed the TCT’s effect on CAP, and summarized the treatment effect of TCT on sleep disorders. Based on these practical researches and theoretical basis, we propose potential strategies to effectively improve the sleep disorders caused by COVID-19.

Correlation Between Different Antidiarrheal Treatments and Changes in Chemical Components of Allii Sativi Bulbus Before and After Steaming Treatment Based on Flora Sequencing and In Vitro Experiments

We investigated the changes in the main active ingredients and pharmacodynamic differences in the therapeutic effect of garlic before and after steaming and the correlation between them. The main active ingredients in raw garlic products (RGPs) and steamed garlic products (SGPs) were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Acute rapid diarrhea (AD) and antibiotic-induced diarrhea (DD) models were established in rats, and each group was treated with RGP and SGP, respectively. The main chemical components of garlic changed before and after steaming. Garlicin and alliinase were only found in RGP, whereas only alliin was found in SGP. Both RGP and SGP contained garlic polysaccharides. For in vivo experiments on AD, the average rate of loose stools was 100.00 ± 0.00, 31.55 ± 11.76, and 19.14 ± 6.62 in the RGP high-dose and SGP high-dose treatment groups, respectively; in DD, the rates were 91.11 ± 14.40, 19.33 ± 3.63, and 30.56 ± 4.30, respectively (P < .01, treatment vs. model groups). In AD, the average grade of loose stools was 2.33 ± 0.52 and 1.83 ± 0.75 in the model and RGP high-dose treatment groups, respectively (P < .05); in DD, the values were 2.17 ± 0.41 in the model group and 1.67 ± 0.52 in the SGP high-dose treatment group (P < .05). RGP had a better therapeutic effect on AD, mainly related to the antibacterial effect of garlicin in RGP. SGP had a better therapeutic effect on DD, mainly related to the alliin and garlic polysaccharide in SGP. This study could provide evidence to support the clinical use of garlic.

The potential of dandelion in the fight against gastrointestinal diseases: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg.), as a garden weed grown globally, has long been consumed as a therapeutic herb. Its folkloric uses include treatments of digestive disorders (dyspepsia, anorexia, stomach disorders, gastritis and enteritis) and associate complex ailments involving uterine, liver and lung disorders.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aims to critically assess the current state of research and summarize the potential roles of dandelion and its constituents in gastrointestinal (GI) -protective actions. A focus is placed on the reported bioactive components, pharmacological activities and modes of action (including molecular mechanisms and interactions among bioactive substances) of dandelion products/preparations and derived active constituents related to GI protection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The available information published prior to August 2021 was reviewed via SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley On-line Library, and The Plant List. The search was based on the ethnomedical remedies, pharmacological activities, bioactive compounds of dandelion for GI protection, as well as the interactions of the components in dandelion with the gut microbiota or biological regulators, and with other ingested bioactive compounds. The key search words were "Taraxacum" and "dandelion".

RESULTS

T. coreanum Nakai, T. mongolicum and T. officinale are the most commonly used species for folkloric uses, with the whole plant, leaves and root of dandelion being used more frequently. GI-protective substances of dandelion include taraxasterol, taraxerol, caffeic acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin and its glucosides, polysaccharides, inulin, and β-sitosterol. Dandelion products and derived constituents exhibit pharmacological effects against GI disorders, mainly including dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, small intestinal ulcer, ulcerative colitis, liver diseases, gallstones, acute pancreatitis, and GI malignancy. The underlying molecular mechanisms may include immuno-inflammatory mechanisms, apoptosis mechanism, autophagy mechanism, and cholinergic mechanism, although interactions of dandelion's constituents with GI health-related biological entities (e.g., GI microbiota and associated biological modulators) or other ingested bioactive compounds shouldn't be ignored.

CONCLUSION

The review reveals some in vivo and in vitro studies on the potential of dandelion derived products as complementary and alternative medicines/therapeutics against GI disorders. The whole herb may alleviate some symptoms related GI immuno-inflammatory basing on the abundant anti-inflammatory and anti-oxide active substances. Dandelion root could be a nontoxic and effective anticancer alternative, owing to its abundant terpenoids and polysaccharides. However, research related to GI protective dandelion-derived products remains limited. Besides the need of identifying bioactive compounds/complexes in various dandelion species, more clinical studies are also required on the metabolism, bioavailability and safety of these substances to support their applications in food, medicine and pharmaceuticals.

MACC1 Promotes the Progression and Is a Novel Biomarker for Predicting Immunotherapy Response in Colorectal Cancer

Aims

As one of the most prevalent malignant diseases in the world, the mechanisms of metastasis in colon cancer are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the HGF/c-MET axis in the proliferation and metastasis in colon cancer.

Methods

The effect of MACC1 on cell proliferation and metastasis was analyzed through a series of in vitro experiments. The role of MACC1 in cancer cells was demonstrated by overexpression and silencing of MACC1 in gain or loss function experiments. To investigate the relationship between MACC1 and c-MET/HGF, we detected c-MET protein expression by disrupting with or overexpressing MACC1. The bioinformatics analysis was used to investigate the correlation between MACC1 and c-MET, and the c-MET expression after the interference of HGF with MACC1 was determined. Subsequently, the function of c-MET was verified in colon cancer cells by a series of experiments. The mouse tumor transplantation model experiment is most suitable in vivo.

Results

The results indicated that the overexpression of MACC1 could accelerate proliferation and facilitate metastasis in colon cancer cell lines. Furthermore, c-MET was determined to be the downstream regulator of MACC1. The addition of HGF could stimulate the expression of MACC1. With further exploration, we proved that c-MET is downstream of MACC1 in colon cancer and that overexpression of c-MET in colon cancer enhances cell proliferation and migration capability. At last, MACC1 expression level negatively correlates with the infiltration levels and several immune checkpoint biomarkers. High MACC1 expression has a lower response rate with ICIs in COAD.

Conclusions

We found that, under the regulation of the MACC1/HGF/c-MET axis, the proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer are increased by MACC1, which can be a novel biomarker for predicting ICIs response in colorectal cancer. Our findings provide a new idea for the targeted treatment of colorectal cancer.

Pediococcus acidilactici Strain Alleviates Gluten-Induced Food Allergy and Regulates Gut Microbiota in Mice

Wheat flour, the most important source of food globally, is also one of the most common causative agents of food allergy. Wheat gluten protein, which accounts for 80% of the total wheat protein, is a major determinant of important wheat-related disorders. In this study, the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici XZ31 against gluten-induced allergy were investigated in a mouse model. The oral administration of P. acidilactici XZ31 attenuated clinical and intestinal allergic responses in allergic mice. Further results showed that P. acidilactici XZ31 regulated Th1/Th2 immune balance toward Th1 polarization, which subsequently induced a reduction in gluten-specific IgE production. We also found that P. acidilactici XZ31 modulated gut microbiota homeostasis by balancing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing bacterial diversity and the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria. Specifically, the abundance of Firmicutes and Erysipelotrichaceae is positively correlated with concentrations of gluten-specific IgE and may act as a fecal biomarker for diagnosis. The evidence for the role of P. acidilactici XZ31 in alleviating gluten-induced allergic responses sheds light on the application of P. acidilactici XZ31 in treating wheat allergy.

Transcription factor paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)13, which promotes the dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammation and barrier dysfunction of NCM460 cells

Paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) is a newly identified transcription factor that regulates the expression of various genes. We aimed to investigate the roles of PRRX1 and Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)13 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammation and barrier dysfunction of NCM460 cells. PRRX1 expression in the mucosal tissues of patients with ulcerative colitis was analyzed using the GSE87466 microarray. PRRX1 and MMP13 expression was examined using Western blotting and RT-qPCR following the exposure of the NCM460 cells to DSS. The JASPAR database was used to predict the binding sites of PRRX1 to the MMP13 promoter, which was verified by luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. MMP13 expression was then detected following PRRX1 silencing or overexpression. The levels of inflammatory factors were determined using ELISA. Finally, the expression of intestinal barrier function-related proteins was evaluated using Western blotting and cellular permeability was detected by Transepithelial electrical resistance. PRRX1 was upregulated in the mucosal tissue samples of patients with UC. DSS induction upregulated PRRX1 and MMP13 expression. PRRX1 bound to the promoter of MMP13, which was further supported by the decreased expression of MMP13 observed following PRRX1 knockdown and its increased expression following PRRX1 overexpression. Furthermore, PRRX1 deletion decreased TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in the DSS-challenged NCM460 cells, which were subjected to MMP13 overexpression. Moreover, PRRX1 silencing upregulated ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 expression and elevated the TEER value, whereas MMP13 overexpression attenuated these effects. Collectively, PRRX1 activates MMP13, which in turn promotes the DSS-induced inflammation and barrier dysfunction of NCM460 cells.

Furin inhibits epithelial cell injury and alleviates experimental colitis by activating the Nrf2-Gpx4 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Furin is a proprotein convertase reported to have protective effects in several autoimmune diseases. However, the role of furin in ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear. We aimed to clarify this role.

METHODS

Furin expression was measured in UC and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of furin in UC using DSS-treated NCM460 cells. Several ferroptotic parameters, including cell viability, cell death rate, lipid reactive oxygen species level, mitochondrial membrane damage and glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) expression, were measured. Exogenous furin was used to treat the DSS-induced colitis in mice to confirm the results in vivo. Finally, the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) was detected to explore the mechanism.

RESULTS

Furin expression was aberrant in UC. Furin overexpression attenuated DSS-induced ferroptosis-like injury and upregulated Gpx4 in NCM460 cells, whereas silencing furin had the opposite effects. Exogenous furin treatment alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice by upregulating Gpx4. Mechanistic experiments revealed that furin activated Nrf2 both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Furin protects epithelial cells from DSS-induced ferroptosis-like cell injury and alleviates experimental colitis by activating the Nrf2-Gpx4 signaling pathway.

Hypoglycemic effect of Taraxacum officinale root extract and its synergism with Radix Astragali extract

Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) and Radix Astragali are traditional medicinal and edible plants with high nutritional value. In this study, the synergistic hypoglycemic effect of DRE and Radix Astragali extract (RAE) was evaluated. Our results showed that water extract of dandelion (DRE-w), mainly containing polysaccharides (63.92 ± 1.82 mg/g), total flavonoid (2.57 ± 0.06 mg/g), total phenolic compounds (8.93 ± 0.34 mg/g), and saponins (0.54 ± 0.05 mg/g), exhibited significantly inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. DRE-w and RAE had synergistic hypoglycemic effect; we found that DRE-w and its combination with RAE could relieve the state of insulin resistance in IR-HepG2 cells. The combination could more significantly increase the glucose consumption and intracellular glycogen content, and improve the activity of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase in IR-HepG2 cells. In summary, DRE and its combination with RAE can be developed as the drugs or functional foods for diabetes prevention and treatment.

Silencing LncRNA-DANCR attenuates inflammation and DSS-induced endothelial injury through miR-125b-5p

BACKGROUND

LncRNA-DANCR is involved in inflammation and acts as a major contributor to colon cancer. The effects and mechanism of LncRNA-DANCR were first investigated in a DSS-induced colitis model in vivo and vitro.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats were given DSS to induce the colitis model. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 levels and expression of intestinal adhesion proteins ZO-1 and MUC2 in colon tissues and DSS-induced NCM460 cells were measured using corresponding kits. A hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining assay was performed to evaluate colon tissue pathology conditions. Protein expression levels in DSS-induced NCM460 cells were evaluated by Western blotting, and cell apoptosis was detected using a TUNEL assay. Gene levels in DSS-induced NCM460 cells were evaluated by PCR. The StarBase online tool was used to predict the LncRNA-DANCR target. The LncRNA-DANCR target was verified using a luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

LncRNA-DANCR was up-regulated in DSS-induced groups of rats. TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression was significantly increased in DSS-induced groups of rats and cells. Zo-1 and MUC2 expression levels were decreased in DSS-induced groups of rats. Silencing LncRNA-DANCR reduced inflammation, cell apoptosis and up-regulated ZO-1, MUC2 and Claudin-1 in DSS-induced cells. MiR-125b-5p was the downstream LncRNA-DANCR target. All LncRNA-DANCR effects in the colitis model were reversed by the miR-125b-5p inhibitor.

CONCLUSION

LncRNA-DANCR/miR-125b-5p, which may act as a regulatory axis in inflammation, apoptosis and barrier function dysregulation, can provide an essential reference for the development of new drugs in colitis treatment.

Dandelion extract relaxes mouse airway smooth muscle by blocking VDLCC and NSCC channels

BACKGROUND

Asthma is one of the main intractable diseases recognized by the international medical community. The current widely used bronchodilators for asthma-β2-adrenal receptor agonists-have limited therapeutic effects, necessitating the development of novel antiasthma drugs with increased efficacy and fewer adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the relaxant effects and underlying mechanism of an ethyl acetate extract from dandelion (EAED) on mouse airway smooth muscle.

METHODS

The effects of EAED on agonist-induced precontraction in mouse airway smooth muscle were evaluated with force measurement. Mouse lung slices were used to study the effects of EAED on bronchial smooth muscle. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured using a calcium imaging system. L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDLCC) and non-selective cationic channel (NSCC) currents were measured by patch-clamp. The lung functions of healthy and asthmatic mouse groups were assessed via the forced oscillation technique.

RESULTS

EAED inhibits acetylcholine-induced sustained contractions of whole airway smooth muscle by inhibiting VDLCCs, NSCCs, and some unknown channels, reduces the agonist-induced increase in the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in airway smooth muscle cells, blocks VDLCC and NSCC currents, and relieves the respiratory resistance of healthy and asthmatic mice.

CONCLUSIONS

EAED may have potential beneficial effects on mitigating asthma attacks.

Modified Pulsatillae decoction inhibits DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in vitro and in vivo via IL-6/STAT3 pathway

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon and rectum, which is positively correlated with the occurrence of IBD-related colorectal cancer (IBD-CRC). Conventional therapies based on drugs such as corticosteroids, mesalamine, and immunosuppression have serious side effects. Pulsatillae decoction (PD) served as a classical prescription for the treatment of colitis in China, has been shown to exert prominent curative effects and good safety. Based on clinical experience and our amelioration, we added an extra herb into this classical prescription, but its therapeutic effect on UC and the underlying mechanism are still unclear.

Results

We first found the curative effect of modified PD on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-incubated NCM460 cells. Then C57BL/6 mice were administered DSS to induce UC to evaluate the therapeutic of modified PD. The results showed that modified PD alleviated the inflammatory injury, manifested in body weight, colon length, and disease activity index, with histological analysis of colon injury. Transcriptomic sequencing indicated that modified PD treatment downregulated the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, and reduced the levels of p-NF-κB, IL-1β and NLRP3, which were confirmed by western blot.

Conclusions

Collectively, our results indict that modified PD could efficiently relieve clinical signs and inflammatory mediators of UC, providing evidence of the anti-colitis effect of modified PD, which might provide novel strategies for therapeutic intervention in UC, which may be applied to the prevention of IBD-CRC.

Dandelion Polysaccharide Exerts Anti-Angiogenesis Effect on Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating VEGF/HIF-1α Expression

Recent studies have revealed that natural plants-derived polysaccharides exhibit potent anti-tumor activity. Our earlier studies suggest that dandelion polysaccharide (DP) inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated the effects of DP on the angiogenesis of HCC and the potential molecular mechanisms by which DP regulates angiogenesis. Wound-healing and transwell invasion assays revealed that DP inhibited HUVECs migration and invasion in vitro, respectively. Tube formation assay, chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated that DP suppressed vasculogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining verified that DP treatment decreased the protein levels of some key factors involved in angiogenesis of HCC, such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), p-PI3K, and p-AKT. However, activation of PI3K/AKT pathway with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) treatment attenuated the effect of DP on angiogenesis via lowering the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF. In summary, we found that DP treatment inhibited angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro through suppressing expression of VEGF and HIF-1a. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of VEGF and HIF1-α was modulated by PI3K/AKT signaling. Collectively, our study suggests that DP is a promising anti-cancer drug candidate for treating HCC.

Targeting NF-κB pathway for treating ulcerative colitis: comprehensive regulatory characteristics of Chinese medicines

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a kind of multi-functional nuclear transcription factor involved in regulating gene transcription to influence pathological evolution of inflammatory and immune diseases. Numerous literature evidence that NF-κB pathway plays an essential role in pathogenic development of ulcerative colitis (UC). UC is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease, and until now, therapeutic agents for UC including aminosalicylates, corticosteroids and immune inhibitors still cannot exert satisfied effects on patients. In recent years, Chinese medicines suggest the advantages of alleviating symptoms and signs, decreasing side-effects and recurrence, whose one of mechanisms is related to regulation of NF-κB pathway. In this review, we categorize Chinese medicines according to their traditional therapeutic functions, and summarize the characteristics of Chinese medicines targeting NF-κB pathway in UC treatment. It indicates that 85 kinds of Chinese medicines’ compounds and formulae can directly act on NF-κBp65; while 58 Chinese medicines’ ingredients and formulae indirectly suppress NF-κBp65 by regulation of its upstream or other related pathways. Moreover, by the analysis of Chinese medicines’ category based on their traditional functions, we conclude the category of dampness-drying and detoxificating medicine targeting NF-κB pathway accounts for primary status for amelioration of UC. Simultaneously, this review also contributes to the choices of Chinese medicine category and provides curative potential of Chinese medicines for clinical UC treatment.

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction Ameliorates Acute Ulcerative Colitis in Mice via Regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways and Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function

Evidence shows that intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and injury of mucosal barrier are closely related to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Huang-lian-Jie-du Decoction (HLJDD) is a well-known prescription of traditional Chinese medicine with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities, which may be used to treat UC. However, its therapeutic effect and mechanism are still unclear. In this study, the UC model of BABL/c mice were established by DSS [3.5% (w/v)], and HLJDD was given orally for treatment at the same time. During the experiment, the clinical symptoms of mice were scored by disease activity index (DAI). Besides, the effects of HLJDD on immune function, oxidative stress, colon NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathway, and intestinal mucosal barrier function in UC mice were also investigated. The results showed that HLJDD could alleviate body weight loss and DAI score of UC mice, inhibit colonic shortening and relieve colonic pathological damage, and reduce plasma and colon MPO levels. In addition, HLJDD treatment significantly up-regulated plasma IL-10, down-regulated TNF-α and IL-1β levels, and inhibited the expression of NF-κB p65, p-IκKα/β, and p-IκBα proteins in the colon. Moreover, NO and MDA levels in colon tissues were significantly reduced after HLJDD treatment, while GSH, SOD levels and Nrf2, Keap1 protein expression levels were remarkably elevated. Additionally, HLJDD also protected intestinal mucosa by increasing the secretion of mucin and the expression of ZO-1 and occludin in colonic mucosa. These results indicate that HLJDD could effectively alleviate DSS-induced mice UC by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway, activating Nrf2 signaling pathway, and enhancing intestinal barrier function.

Defining body-weight reduction as a humane endpoint: a critical appraisal

In many animal experiments scientists and local authorities define a body-weight reduction of 20% or more as severe suffering and thereby as a potential parameter for humane endpoint decisions. In this study, we evaluated distinct animal experiments in multiple research facilities, and assessed whether 20% body-weight reduction is a valid humane endpoint criterion in rodents. In most experiments (restraint stress, distinct models for epilepsy, pancreatic resection, liver resection, caloric restrictive feeding and a mouse model for Dravet syndrome) the animals lost less than 20% of their original body weight. In a glioma model, a fast deterioration in body weight of less than 20% was observed as a reliable predictor for clinical deterioration. In contrast, after induction of chronic diabetes or acute colitis some animals lost more than 20% of their body weight without exhibiting major signs of distress. In these two animal models an exclusive application of the 20% weight loss criterion for euthanasia might therefore result in an unnecessary loss of animals. However, we also confirmed that this criterion can be a valid parameter for defining the humane endpoint in other animal models, especially when it is combined with additional criteria for evaluating distress. In conclusion, our findings strongly suggest that experiment and model specific considerations are necessary for the rational integration of the parameter 'weight loss' in severity assessment schemes and humane endpoint criteria. A flexible implementation tailored to the experiment or intervention by scientists and authorities is therefore highly recommended.

Rapid microwave-assisted bio-synthesized silver/Dandelion catalyst with superior catalytic performance for dyes degradation

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized under microwave irradiation, a facile and efficient way, using dandelion extract as reducing and capping agents. The as-synthesized silver nanoparticles/Dandelion compounds (AgNPs/Dandelion) were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential and ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The catalytic degradation activity of AgNPs/Dandelion for Methyl orange (MO) and Rhodamine B (RhB) in the presence of NaBH₄ were recorded by UV-vis spectroscopy. AgNPs/Dandelion exhibit excellent catalytic degradation activity for RhB and MO with rate constants of 0.1038 s^-1 and 0.0393 s^-1, respectively.