1
|
Lin T, Yao Z, Xiao Z, Wu R, Zhao Y, Chen D, Zhou L, Wang Z, Liu W. Identifying and exploring the favorable factors that help to slow the progression of disease in patients with mild cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18986. [PMID: 39152213 PMCID: PMC11329653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the favorable factors that help slow the progression of disease in patients with mild Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM). A retrospective analysis was conducted, involving the enrollment of 115 CSM patients. The categorization of patients into two groups was based on the duration of symptoms, assessments using the mJOA scale and Health Transition (HT) scores: mild-slow group and severe-rapid group. We found that the patients in both groups had similar degrees of spinal cord compression, but mild-slow group were older and had smaller C2-C7 cobb angle (Flexion) (CL(F)), C2-C7 cobb angle (Range of motion) (CL(ROM)), Transverse area (TA), Normal-TA, Compressive spinal canal area (CSCA), Normal-Spinal canal area (Normal-SCA) and lower Spinal cord increased signal intensity (ISI) Grade than the severe-rapid group. A binary logistic regression analysis showed that CL(ROM) and Normal-TA are favorable factors to help slow the progression of disease patients with mild CSM. Through ROC curves, we found that when CL(ROM) < 39.1° and Normal-TA < 80.5mm2, the progression of disease in CSM patients may be slower. Meanwhile, we obtained a prediction formula by introducing joint prediction factor: L = CL(ROM) + 2.175 * Normal-TA. And found that when L < 213.0, the disease progression of patients may be slower which was superior to calculate CL(ROM) and Normal-TA separately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China
| | - Zhipeng Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China
| | - Zhehao Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China
| | - Rongcan Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China
| | - Dehui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China
| | - Linquan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 086-350001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao H, Liu Q, Saeed A, Liu C, Liu WV, Zhang Q, Huang S, Zhang G, Li L, Zhang J, Zhu W, Tang X. Feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging in cervical spondylotic myelopathy using MUSE sequence. Spine J 2024; 24:1352-1360. [PMID: 38556218 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The most frequent type of spinal cord injury is cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold diagnosis standard for CSM. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) could reflect microstructural changes in the spinal cord by tracing water molecular diffusion in early stages of CSM. However, due to the complex local anatomical structure and small field of view of the spinal cord, the imaging effect of traditional DTI imaging on the spinal cord is limited. MUSE (MUltiplexed Sensitivity-Encoding) -DTI is a novel diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence that achieves higher signal intensity through multiple excitation acquisition. MUSE sequence may improve the quality of spinal cord DTI imaging. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the clinical diagnosis value of a novel protocol of MUSE-DTI in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). PATIENT SAMPLE From August 2021 to March 2022, a total of 60 subjects (22-71 years) were enrolled, including 51 CSM patients (22 males, 29 females) and 9 healthy subjects (4 males and 5 females). Each subject underwent a MUSE-DTI examination and a clinical Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scale. OUTCOME MEASURES We measured values of FA (Fractional Anisotropy), MD (Mean Diffusivity), AD (Axial Diffusivity), and RD (Radial Diffusivity), and collected the clinical JOA scores of each subject before the MR examination. METHODS A 3.0T MR scanner (Signa Architect, GE Healthcare) performed the MUSE-DTI sequence on each subject. The cervical canal stenosis of subjects was classified from grade 0 to grade Ⅲ according to the method of an MRI grading system. FA, MD, AD, and RD maps were generated by postprocessing MUSE-DTI data on the GE workstation. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn at the C2 vertebral body level and C2/3-C6/7 intervertebral disc levels by covering the whole spinal cord. The clinical severity of myelopathy of subjects was assessed by the clinical Japanese Orthopedic Association scale (JOA). RESULTS MUSE-DTI can acquire a high-resolution diffusion image compared to traditional DTI. The FAMCL values showed a decreasing trend from grade 0 to grade Ⅲ, while the MDMCL, ADMCL, and RDMCL values showed an overall increasing trend. Significant differences in MDMCL, ADMCL, and RDMCL values were found between adjacent groups among grades Ⅰ-Ⅲ (p<.05). The ADC2 values in CSM patients (grade I-Ⅲ) were significantly lower than in healthy individuals (grade 0) (p=.019). The clinical JOA score has a significant correlation with FAMCL (p=.035), MDMCL (p<.001), ADMCL (p<.001), and RDMCL (p<.001) values. CONCLUSIONS MUSE-DTI displayed a better image quality compared to traditional DTI. MUSE-DTI parameters displayed a grade-dependent trend. All the MUSE-DTI parameters at MCL were correlated with the clinical JOA scores. The ADC2 values can reflect the secondary damage of distal spinal cord. Therefore, MUSE-DTI could be a reliable biomarker for clinical auxiliary diagnosis of spinal cord injury severity in cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Shao
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiufeng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Azzam Saeed
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoxu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Qiya Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuting Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiling Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kesler K, Glassman SD, Gum JL, Djurasovic M, Campbell MJ, Schmidt GO, Carreon LY. Quantitative Romberg on a Force Plate: Objective Assessment Before and After Surgery for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2024; 49:1098-1102. [PMID: 37644738 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal observational cohort. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of Quantitative Romberg measurements as pre-op and post-op balance outcome measures. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is characterized by balance deficiencies produced by impaired proprioception. Evaluation is subjective, and binary physical exam findings lack the precision to assess postoperative outcome improvement. METHODS CSM patients were prospectively enrolled to undergo preoperative and postoperative Quantitative Romberg tests on a force plate to record center of pressure (COP) motion for 30 seconds with eyes open followed by eyes closed. Revision cases were excluded. Kinematics of COP movement parameters were compared between preoperative and postoperative state for each patient. RESULTS Twenty-seven CSM patients were enrolled and completed both pre/post-testing. The mean age was 60.0 years, with 13 (48%) males and 9 (33%) smokers. Mean number of surgical levels was 2.48. The minimum mean follow-up was six months. There was a statistically significant improvement in eyes closed after surgery compared with preoperative for total COP motion (523.44 vs. 387.00 cm, P <0.001), average sway speed (17.41 vs. 13.00 cm/s, P <0.001), and total lateral COP motion (253.44 vs. 186.70 cm, P <0.001). There was no statistically significant improvement in the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (13.29 vs. 14.29, P =0.28). CONCLUSIONS CSM balance findings on Quantitative Romberg testing significantly improve postoperatively in patients with CSM. These findings support this testing as representative of proprioceptive balance deficiencies seen in CSM. Quantitative Romberg may be used as an objective measure of clinical outcome and assist in stratification of surgical interventions, surgery timing, and technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Kesler
- Norton Leatherman Spine Center, Louisville, KY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thompson K, Travers H, Ngan A, Reed T, Shahsavarani S, Verma RB. Updates in current concepts in degenerative cervical myelopathy: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY (HONG KONG) 2024; 10:313-326. [PMID: 38974484 PMCID: PMC11224794 DOI: 10.21037/jss-23-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Background The incidence of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) has increased over the years due to an increasing aging population, yet there is a dearth of recent comprehensive data evaluating the multiple facets of this degenerative condition. Recent publications have highlighted the biochemistry and biomechanics of DCM, which are paramount to understanding the degenerative nature of the condition and selecting the most optimal treatment options for improved patient outcomes. In addition, there have been recent studies establishing the superiority of surgical to non-surgical treatments for DCM, which until now was a poorly substantiated claim that has permeated the medical field for decades. The authors of this systematic review sought to collect and assess available high quality peer reviewed data to analyze the nature of DCM and gain a better understanding for its treatment choices. Methods PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched on January 19, 2023 with date restrictions of 2015-2023 imposed. For initial data collection, five independent searches were completed using the following keywords: pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of DCM; cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and DCM recent developments; management and treatment for CSM and DCM; diagnosis and management of DCM; and pathophysiology of DCM. The results were screened for their application to DCM; any study that did not directly address DCM were identified and removed through abstract assessment, such studies included those pertaining to alternative fields including cardiology and psychiatry. Studies found relevant through full-text assessment and those published in English were included in this study and unpublished studies and studies found irrelevant based on titles and keywords were excluded from this study. The 115 articles that met criteria were critically appraised independently by the 2 reviewers and the principles of Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) were applied to assess the quality of evidence from each study. Results A total of 352 studies resulted from the original search. There were 71 duplicate articles that were removed and a total of 281 articles were screened. 166 articles were then removed based on the exclusion/inclusion criteria, title, and abstract. Of the 138 articles that remained, a final list of 115 articles was created based on the reporting measures. Conclusions DCM is a multifactorial disease that has the potential to impair neurological function and cause significant paralysis. Although the multiple facets of this disease have not been fully elucidated, there have been significant breakthroughs in understanding the mechanisms involved in this disease process. The use of complex imaging modalities, genetic sequencing, biomarkers, and pharmacological agents has provided insight into the factors involved in the progression of DCM, which has consequently cultivated more refined approaches for diagnosis and treatment of DCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Thompson
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Travers
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Alex Ngan
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Tim Reed
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery at Huntington Hospital, Huntington, NY, USA
| | - Shaya Shahsavarani
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Rohit B. Verma
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alimohammadi E, Fatahi E, Abdi A, Reza Bagheri S. Assessing the predictive capability of machine learning models in determining clinical outcomes for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated with laminectomy and posterior spinal fusion. Patient Saf Surg 2024; 18:21. [PMID: 38844999 PMCID: PMC11155139 DOI: 10.1186/s13037-024-00403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a prevalent degenerative condition resulting from spinal cord compression and injury. Laminectomy with posterior spinal fusion (LPSF) is a commonly employed treatment approach for CSM patients. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of machine learning models (MLMs) in predicting clinical outcomes in CSM patients undergoing LPSF. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 329 CSM patients who underwent LPSF at our institution from Jul 2017 to Jul 2023. Neurological outcomes were evaluated using the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Patients were categorized into two groups based on clinical outcomes: the favorable group (recovery rates ≥ 52.8%) and the unfavorable group (recovery rates < 52.8%). Potential predictors for poor clinical outcomes were compared between the groups. Four MLMs-random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighborhood (k-NN)-were utilized to predict clinical outcome. RF model was also employed to identify factors associated with poor clinical outcome. RESULTS Out of the 329 patients, 185 were male (56.2%) and 144 were female (43.4%), with an average follow-up period of 17.86 ± 1.74 months. Among them, 267 patients (81.2%) had favorable clinical outcomes, while 62 patients (18.8%) did not achieve favorable results. Analysis using binary logistic regression indicated that age, preoperative mJOA scale, and symptom duration (p < 0.05) were independent predictors of unfavorable clinical outcomes. All models performed satisfactorily, with RF achieving the highest accuracy of 0.922. RF also displayed superior sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity = 0.851, specificity = 0.944). The Area under the Curve (AUC) values for RF, Logistic LR, SVM, and k-NN were 0.905, 0.827, 0.851, and 0.883, respectively. The RF model identified preoperative mJOA scale, age, symptom duration, and MRI signal changes as the most significant variables associated with poor clinical outcomes in descending order. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the effectiveness of machine learning models in predicting the clinical outcomes of CSM patients undergoing LPSF. These models have the potential to forecast clinical outcomes in this patient population, providing valuable prognostic insights for preoperative counseling and postoperative management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Alimohammadi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza hospital, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Elnaz Fatahi
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdi
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Bagheri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Shawwa A, Ost K, Anderson D, Cho N, Evaniew N, Jacobs WB, Martin AR, Gaekwad R, Tripathy S, Bouchard J, Casha S, Cho R, duPlessis S, Lewkonia P, Nicholls F, Salo PT, Soroceanu A, Swamy G, Thomas KC, Yang MMH, Cohen-Adad J, Cadotte DW. Advanced MRI metrics improve the prediction of baseline disease severity for individuals with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Spine J 2024:S1529-9430(24)00193-1. [PMID: 38679077 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2024.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common form of atraumatic spinal cord injury globally. Degeneration of spinal discs, bony osteophyte growth and ligament pathology results in physical compression of the spinal cord contributing to damage of white matter tracts and grey matter cellular populations. This results in an insidious neurological and functional decline in patients which can lead to paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirms the diagnosis of DCM and is a prerequisite to surgical intervention, the only known treatment for this disorder. Unfortunately, there is a weak correlation between features of current commonly acquired MRI scans ("community MRI, cMRI") and the degree of disability experienced by a patient. PURPOSE This study examines the predictive ability of current MRI sequences relative to "advanced MRI" (aMRI) metrics designed to detect evidence of spinal cord injury secondary to degenerative myelopathy. We hypothesize that the utilization of higher fidelity aMRI scans will increase the effectiveness of machine learning models predicting DCM severity and may ultimately lead to a more efficient protocol for identifying patients in need of surgical intervention. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Single institution analysis of imaging registry of patients with DCM. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 296 patients in the cMRI group and 228 patients in the aMRI group. OUTCOME MEASURES Physiologic measures: accuracy of machine learning algorithms to detect severity of DCM assessed clinically based on the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) scale. METHODS Patients enrolled in the Canadian Spine Outcomes Research Network registry with DCM were screened and 296 cervical spine MRIs acquired in cMRI were compared with 228 aMRI acquisitions. aMRI acquisitions consisted of diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer, T2-weighted, and T2*-weighted images. The cMRI group consisted of only T2-weighted MRI scans. Various machine learning models were applied to both MRI groups to assess accuracy of prediction of baseline disease severity assessed clinically using the mJOA scale for cervical myelopathy. RESULTS Through the utilization of Random Forest Classifiers, disease severity was predicted with 41.8% accuracy in cMRI scans and 73.3% in the aMRI scans. Across different predictive model variations tested, the aMRI scans consistently produced higher prediction accuracies compared to the cMRI counterparts. CONCLUSIONS aMRI metrics perform better in machine learning models at predicting disease severity of patients with DCM. Continued work is needed to refine these models and address DCM severity class imbalance concerns, ultimately improving model confidence for clinical implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Al-Shawwa
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Kalum Ost
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - David Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB 231, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Newton Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto,149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T1P5, Canada
| | - Nathan Evaniew
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, T2N2T9, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - W Bradley Jacobs
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Allan R Martin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California - Davis, 3301 C Street, Suite 1500, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Ranjeet Gaekwad
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Saswati Tripathy
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Jacques Bouchard
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, T2N2T9, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Steve Casha
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Roger Cho
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, T2N2T9, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Stephen duPlessis
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Peter Lewkonia
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, T2N2T9, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Fred Nicholls
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, T2N2T9, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Paul T Salo
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, T2N2T9, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Alex Soroceanu
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, T2N2T9, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Ganesh Swamy
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, T2N2T9, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Thomas
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, T2N2T9, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Michael M H Yang
- Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Pavillon Lassonde 2700 Ch de la Tour, Montreal, Quebec, H3T1N8, Canada; Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, 4565 Queen Mary Rd, Montreal, Quebec, H3W1W5, Canada; Mila - Quebec AI Institute, 6666 Saint-Urbain Street, #200, Montreal, Quebec, H2S3H1, Canada
| | - David W Cadotte
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N1, Canada; Combined Orthopedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, University of Calgary, 1409 29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N2T9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Şerifoğlu L, Etli MU. Prospective Investigation of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Disc Complex after Posterior Stabilization and Decompression Surgery in Patients With Non-OPLL (Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament) Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. World Neurosurg 2024; 184:e384-e389. [PMID: 38302004 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a prevalent cause of spinal cord dysfunction in adults, primarily from degenerative changes. The efficacy of treatment strategies, especially surgical approaches, remains debated. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the long-term impact of posterior fusion laminectomy on the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) thickness, disc complex, and myelomalacia signal changes in CSM patients. METHODS A single-centre, prospective study from January 2020 to December 2021 included CSM patients without ossified posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from baseline, 6, and 12 months postoperatively were collected. Measurements on the MRI were performed using the Osirix MD software, focusing on the PLL width, myelopathic foci dimensions, and canal diameter. RESULTS Out of the 82 initially enrolled patients, 64 were considered for analysis. Postoperatively, a significant reduction in PLL width and myelopathic foci dimensions was observed, alongside a considerable increase in the canal diameter. Clinical outcomes based on the Modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale also showcased marked improvements post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS Posterior fusion laminectomy effectively reduces anterior pressure in CSM patients. This treatment may represent an optimal surgical approach for selected CSM cases. Furthermore, more extensive studies with extended follow-up are advocated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luay Şerifoğlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Umut Etli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alan N, Zenkin S, Lavadi RS, Legarreta AD, Hudson JS, Fields DP, Agarwal N, Mamindla P, Ak M, Peddagangireddy V, Puccio L, Buell TJ, Hamilton DK, Kanter AS, Okonkwo DO, Zinn PO, Colen RR. Associating T1-Weighted and T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Radiomic Signatures With Preoperative Symptom Severity in Patients With Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. World Neurosurg 2024; 184:e137-e143. [PMID: 38253177 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative symptom severity in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) can be variable. Radiomic signatures could provide an imaging biomarker for symptom severity in CSM. This study utilizes radiomic signatures of T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging images to correlate with preoperative symptom severity based on modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scores for patients with CSM. METHODS Sixty-two patients with CSM were identified. Preoperative T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging images for each patient were segmented from C2-C7. A total of 205 texture features were extracted from each volume of interest. After feature normalization, each second-order feature was further subdivided to yield a total of 400 features from each volume of interest for analysis. Supervised machine learning was used to build radiomic models. RESULTS The patient cohort had a median mJOA preoperative score of 13; of which, 30 patients had a score of >13 (low severity) and 32 patients had a score of ≤13 (high severity). Radiomic analysis of T2-weighted imaging resulted in 4 radiomic signatures that correlated with preoperative mJOA with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 78%, 89%, and 83%, respectively (P < 0.004). The area under the curve value for the ROC curves were 0.69, 0.70, and 0.77 for models generated by independent T1 texture features, T1 and T2 texture features in combination, and independent T2 texture features, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Radiomic models correlate with preoperative mJOA scores using T2 texture features in patients with CSM. This may serve as a surrogate, objective imaging biomarker to measure the preoperative functional status of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Alan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Serafettin Zenkin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raj Swaroop Lavadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew D Legarreta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph S Hudson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daryl P Fields
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Priyadarshini Mamindla
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Murat Ak
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vishal Peddagangireddy
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Puccio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas J Buell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - D Kojo Hamilton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam S Kanter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hoag Neurosciences Institute, Newport Beach, California
| | - David O Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascal O Zinn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rivka R Colen
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Opara J, Odzimek M. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy-Diagnostics and Clinimetrics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:556. [PMID: 38473028 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical myelopathy is referred to in many ways in the English literature, for example, as cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), spondylotic radiculomyelopathy (SRM) or degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). In addition, more frequent occurrences are noted in older adults and to a greater extent in men. The causes of the effects of cervical myelopathy may be the appearance of lesions on the spinal cord, ischemia due to compression of the vertebral artery and repeated micro-injuries during maximal movements-hyperflexion or hyperextension. It is well known that lesions on the spinal cord may occur in a quarter of the population, and this problem is clearly noted in people over 60 years old. The symptoms of SCM develop insidiously, and their severity and side (unilateral or bilateral) are associated with the location and extent of spinal cord compression. Neurological examination most often diagnoses problems in the upper limbs (most often paresis with developing hand muscle atrophy), pyramidal paralysis in one or both lower limbs and disorders in the urinary system. To make a diagnosis of CSM, it is necessary to perform MRI and neurophysiological tests (such as EMG or sensory and/or motor-evoked potentials). The use of appropriately selected scales and specific tests in diagnostics is also crucial. This narrative review article describes the latest knowledge on the diagnosis and clinimetrics of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in adults and provides future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Józef Opara
- Department of Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Martyna Odzimek
- Doctoral School, The Jan Kochanowski University, Żeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
- Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University, al. IX Wieków Kielce 19A, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hesni S, Baxter D, Saifuddin A. The imaging of cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy. Skeletal Radiol 2023; 52:2341-2365. [PMID: 37071191 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-023-04329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a detailed description of the imaging features of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and radiculopathy, with a focus on MRI. Where relevant, we will outline grading systems of vertebral central canal and foraminal stenosis. Whilst post-operative appearances of the cervical spine are outside the scope of this paper, we will touch on imaging features recognised as predictors of clinical outcome and neurological recovery. This paper will serve as a reference for both radiologists and clinicians involved in the care of patients with cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hesni
- Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Stanmore, UK.
| | - David Baxter
- Department of Surgery, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Stanmore, UK
| | - Asif Saifuddin
- Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Stanmore, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yao M, Li G, Zhou LY, Zheng Z, Sun YL, Liu SF, Wang YJ, Cui XJ. Shikonin inhibits neuronal apoptosis via regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in the rat model of double-level chronic cervical cord compression. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:907-928. [PMID: 35028790 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a clinically symptomatic entity arising from the spinal cord compression by degenerative diseases. Although endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been commonly observed in several neurodegenerative diseases, the relationship between ER stress and CSM remains unknown. Shikonin is known to protect PC12 by inhibiting apoptosis in vitro. This study hypothesised that ER stress was vital in neuronal apoptosis in CSM. Shikonin might inhibit such responses by regulating ER stress through the protein kinase-like ER kinase-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α-subunit-C/EBP homologous protein (PERK-eIF2α-CHOP) signalling pathway. Thus, the aim of this study was evaluating the neuroprotective effect of shikonin in rats with double-level chronic cervical cord compression, as well as primary rat cortical neurons with glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. The result showed that ER stress-related upregulation of PERK-eIF2α-CHOP resulted in rat neuronal apoptosis after chronic cervical cord compression; then, shikonin promoted motor recovery and inhibited neuronal apoptosis by attenuating PERK-eIF2α-CHOP and prevented Bax translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondrion induced by CHOP of neurons in rats with chronic compression. Also, it was found that shikonin could protect rat primary cortical neuron against glutamate toxicity by regulating ER stress through the PERK-eIF2α-CHOP pathway in vitro. In conclusion, shikonin might inhibit neuronal apoptosis by regulating ER stress through attenuating the activation of PERK-eIF2α-CHOP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gan Li
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Long-Yun Zhou
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue-Li Sun
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu-Fen Liu
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jawad ZY, Hamdan FB, Nema IS. Neurophysiologic evaluation of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by repetitive spinal cord damage that has resulted in significant clinical morbidity. The clinical evaluation of signs and symptoms, as well as neuroimaging and several neurophysiological tests, are used to make the diagnosis.
Objectives
To investigate changes in the cutaneous silent period (CuSP), cortical silent period (CoSP), and H-reflex in CSM patients, and to correlate these tests with the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score and Nurick’s grading, as well as to determine the diagnostic value of each of them.
Methods
Twenty patients (14 males and 6 females) with CSM were clinically diagnosed and documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and they were paired with another 20 healthy volunteers (13 males and 7 females) as a control group. CuSP, CoSP, and H-reflex tests were performed on both groups.
Results
In CSM patients, CuSP latency and duration are substantially longer and shorter in CSM patients, respectively. The degree of changes in CuSP latency is well correlated with the severity of the disease. Further, CoSP duration is significantly shortened. The H-reflex parameters did not differ significantly between the patient and control groups.
Conclusion
The shortened CoSP’s duration and the prolonged CuSP's latency suggest malfunction of the inhibitory and excitatory circuits in the spinal cord. The CuSP is more sensitive and specific than the CoSP in the diagnosis of a patient with CSM.
Collapse
|
13
|
Park WT, Min WK, Shin JH, Ko SB, Son ES, Kim J, Jang J, Lee GW. High reliability and accuracy of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cervical Spondylotic myelopathy: a multicenter study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:1107. [PMID: 36536358 PMCID: PMC9764552 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-06097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a critical condition that results in significant neurologic deterioration. An accurate diagnosis is essential for determining its outcome and prognosis. The pathology is strongly associated with dynamic factors; therefore, dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) image could be crucial to accurately detect CSM. However, very few studies have evaluated the reliability and accuracy of dynamic MR in CSM. In this study, we aimed to compare intra- and interobserver reliabilities and accuracy of dynamic MR in detecting CSM using sagittal MR scans of the neck in the flexed, neutral, and extended position. METHODS Out of 131 patients who underwent surgical treatments for CSM, 107 were enrolled in this study. The patient underwent three-types of sagittal MR scans that were obtained separately in different neck positions (neutral, flexion, and extension postures). The MR scans of the cervical spine were evaluated independently by three spine professionals, on the basis of tabled questionnaires. For accuracy, we performed a receiver operator characteristic analysis, and the overall discriminating ability of each method was measured by calculating the area under the ROC curve. The Cohen's kappa coefficient and the Fleiss-generalized kappa coefficient was used to the inter- and intra-observer reliabilities. RESULTS The intraobserver reliability (using the Cohen's kappa coefficient) and interobserver reliability (using the Fless kappa coefficient) were respectively 0.64 and 0.52 for the neutral sagittal MR. The accuracy of neutral sagittal MR in detecting CSM was 0.735 (95% CI, 0.720 to 0.741) while that of extension sagittal MRI was 0.932 (96% CI, 0.921 to 0.948). CONCLUSIONS Dynamic MR significantly showed better diagnostic reliability and accuracy in detecting CSM compared to conventional MR. In particular, extension MR scans could provide a more accurate diagnosis than other images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Tae Park
- grid.413040.20000 0004 0570 1914Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu, 42415 South Korea
| | - Woo-Kie Min
- grid.258803.40000 0001 0661 1556Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National Univeristy, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pohang Semyeng Christianity Hospital, 94-5 Daedo-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeonsangbuk-do 37816 South Korea
| | - Sang-Bong Ko
- grid.253755.30000 0000 9370 7312Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Daemyeong-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42472 South Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Son
- grid.414067.00000 0004 0647 8419Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keimyung University, Dongsan Medical Center, 1035 Dalgubeol-daero, Sindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601 South Korea
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- grid.411145.40000 0004 0647 1110Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kosin University, Gospel Hospital, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49267 South Korea
| | - Jihoon Jang
- grid.411145.40000 0004 0647 1110Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kosin University, Gospel Hospital, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49267 South Korea
| | - Gun Woo Lee
- grid.413040.20000 0004 0570 1914Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu, 42415 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patient satisfaction three months after elective spine surgery for degenerative spine disease, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A one-year prospective study. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2022.101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
15
|
Jayasekera D, Zhang JK, Blum J, Jakes R, Sun P, Javeed S, Greenberg JK, Song SK, Ray WZ. Analysis of combined clinical and diffusion basis spectrum imaging metrics to predict the outcome of chronic cervical spondylotic myelopathy following cervical decompression surgery. J Neurosurg Spine 2022; 37:588-598. [PMID: 35523255 PMCID: PMC10629375 DOI: 10.3171/2022.3.spine2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of chronic spinal cord injury, a significant public health problem. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a neuroimaging technique widely used to assess CNS tissue pathology and is increasingly used in CSM. However, DTI lacks the needed accuracy, precision, and recall to image pathologies of spinal cord injury as the disease progresses. Thus, the authors used diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI) to delineate white matter injury more accurately in the setting of spinal cord compression. It was hypothesized that the profiles of multiple DBSI metrics can serve as imaging outcome predictors to accurately predict a patient's response to therapy and his or her long-term prognosis. This hypothesis was tested by using DBSI metrics as input features in a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. METHODS Fifty patients with CSM and 20 healthy controls were recruited to receive diffusion-weighted MRI examinations. All spinal cord white matter was identified as the region of interest (ROI). DBSI and DTI metrics were extracted from all voxels in the ROI and the median value of each patient was used in analyses. An SVM with optimized hyperparameters was trained using clinical and imaging metrics separately and collectively to predict patient outcomes. Patient outcomes were determined by calculating changes between pre- and postoperative modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale scores. RESULTS Accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were reported for each SVM iteration. The highest performance was observed when a combination of clinical and DBSI metrics was used to train an SVM. When assessing patient outcomes using mJOA scale scores, the SVM trained with clinical and DBSI metrics achieved accuracy and an area under the curve of 88.1% and 0.95, compared with 66.7% and 0.65, respectively, when clinical and DTI metrics were used together. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy and efficacy of the SVM incorporating clinical and DBSI metrics show promise for clinical applications in predicting patient outcomes. These results suggest that DBSI metrics, along with the clinical presentation, could serve as a surrogate in prognosticating outcomes of patients with CSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinal Jayasekera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis
| | - Justin K. Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
| | - Jacob Blum
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rachel Jakes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Saad Javeed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
| | - Jacob K. Greenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
| | - Sheng-Kwei Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Wilson Z. Ray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis McKelvey School of Engineering, St. Louis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lwin MMH, Puntumetakul R, Sae-Jung S, Tapanya W, Chatchawan U, Chatprem T. Physical Performance Tests in Adult Neck Pain Patients with and without Clinical Myelopathic Signs: A Matched Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10331. [PMID: 36011967 PMCID: PMC9408684 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Patients with neck pain may experience cervical myelopathy, this may be detected by clinical myelopathic signs, although they did not have any symptom of myelopathy, except having neck pain. Decreasing physical performance is one symptom of cervical myelopathy that can lead to reduced quality of life in the elderly, however, in adult neck pain with clinical myelopathic signs have not been evaluated. Therefore, this research aimed to compare physical performance in two groups of adult patients with neck pain: those with and without clinical myelopathic signs. A total of 52 participants, gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) matched were allocated into 2 groups of 26 subjects with neck pain, those with, and without, clinical myelopathic signs. The grip and release test, nine-hole peg test, ten second step test and foot-tapping test were evaluated. The group of neck pain participants with clinical myelopathic signs exhibited greater impairment in all the tests than the group without clinical myelopathic signs (p < 0.001). Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were grip and release test: 2.031, nine-hole peg test: 1.143, ten second step test: 1.329, and foot-tapping test: 0.798. Neck pain participants with clinical myelopathic signs demonstrated reduced physical performance. Physical performance tests may need to assessed in adult patients with neck pain who had clinical myelopathic signs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mon Mon Hnin Lwin
- Human Movement Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rungthip Puntumetakul
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Surachai Sae-Jung
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Weerasak Tapanya
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Uraiwan Chatchawan
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thiwaphon Chatprem
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo S, Lin T, Wu R, Wang Z, Chen G, Liu W. The Pre-Operative Duration of Symptoms: The Most Important Predictor of Post-Operative Efficacy in Patients with Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081088. [PMID: 36009151 PMCID: PMC9405785 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To explore the most important predictors of post-operative efficacy in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). Methods. From January 2013 to January 2019, 284 patients with DCM were enrolled. They were categorized based on the different surgical methods used: single anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) (n = 80), double ACDF (n = 56), three ACDF (n = 13), anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) (n = 63), anterior cervical hybrid decompression and fusion (ACHDF) (n = 25), laminoplasty (n = 38) and laminectomy and fusion (n = 9). The follow-up time was 2 years. The patients were divided into two groups based on the mJOA recovery rate at the last follow-up: Group A (the excellent improvement group, mJOA recovery rate >50%, n = 213) and Group B (the poor improvement group, mJOA recovery rate ≤50%, n = 71). The evaluated data included age, gender, BMI, duration of symptoms (months), smoking, drinking, number of lesion segments, surgical methods, surgical time, blood loss, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), CCI classification, imaging parameters (CL, T1S, C2-7SVA, CL (F), T1S (F), C2-7SVA (F), CL (E), T1S (E), C2-7SVA (E), CL (ROM), T1S (ROM) and C2-7SVA (ROM)), maximum spinal cord compression (MSCC), maximum canal compromise (MCC), Transverse area (TA), Transverse area ratio (TAR), compression ratio (CR) and the Coefficient compression ratio (CCR). The visual analog score (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) and mJOA recovery rate were used to assess cervical spinal function and quality of life. Results. We found that there was no significant difference in the baseline data among the different surgical groups and that there were only significant differences in the number of lesion segments, C2−7SVA, T1S (F), T1S (ROM), TA, CR, surgical time and blood loss. Therefore, there was comparability of the post-operative recovery among the different surgical groups, and we found that there were significant differences in age, the duration of symptoms, CL and pre-mJOA between Group A and Group B. A binary logistic regression analysis showed that the duration of the symptoms was an independent risk factor for post-operative efficacy in patients with DCM. Meanwhile, when the duration of symptoms was ≥6.5 months, the prognosis of patients was more likely to be poor, and the probability of a poor prognosis increased by 0.196 times for each additional month of symptom duration (p < 0.001, OR = 1.196). Conclusion. For patients with DCM (regardless of the number of lesion segments and the proposed surgical methods), the duration of symptoms was an independent risk factor for the post-operative efficacy. When the duration of symptoms was ≥6.5 months, the prognosis of patients was more likely to be poor, and the probability of a poor prognosis increased by 0.196 times for each additional month of symptom duration (p < 0.001, OR = 1.196).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenge Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0591-833-578-96
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alkosha HM, El Adalany MA, Elsobky H, Zidan AS, Sabry A, Awad BI. Flexion/Extension Cervical MR imaging: A potentially useful Tool for Decision-Making in Patients with Symptomatic Degenerative Cervical Spine. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:e1078-e1086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Luo CA, Lim AS, Lu ML, Chiu PY, Lai PL, Niu CC. The surgical outcome of multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in myelopathic elderly and younger patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4495. [PMID: 35296700 PMCID: PMC8927471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly population has an increased risk of degenerative cervical myelopathy due to multilevel disease, causing motor and sensory dysfunctions and a poor quality of life. Multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is an alternative surgical treatment option, but has a perceived higher risk of complications. The goal of this study is to report the outcome. We retrospectively reviewed patients from 2006 to 2019 undergoing multilevel ACDF for degenerative cervical myelopathy and compared outcomes and complications between elder patients (aged 70 and above) and younger patients (below 70). The patients' comorbidities, and postoperative complications, radiographic parameters such as C2-C7 Cobb angle, C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis, inter-body height of surgical levels and fusion rate were recorded. Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and modified Odom's score were collected. Included were 18 elderly (mean age 74, range 70-87) and 45 young patients (mean age 56, range 43-65) with a follow-up of 43.8 and 55.5 months respectively. Three-level ACDF was the most common. The ratios of ASA class III patients were 94.4% and 48.9% (p < 0.001). The Charlson comorbidity indexes were 4.3 ± 1.03 and 2.1 ± 1.11 (p < 0.001). The average lengths of hospital stays were 4.9 and 4.6 days. Eleven patients (61.1%) in the elderly group experienced at least one short-term complication, compared with 16 patients (35.6%) in the younger group (p < 0.05). The middle-term complications were comparable (22.2% and 20.0%). The JOA score, recovery rate and modified Odom score showed comparable result between groups. Despite its extensiveness, multilevel ACDF is feasible for the elder patients with good clinical outcome and fusion rate. When compared to younger cohort, there is a trend of lower preoperative JOA score and recovery rate. The short-term complication rate is higher in the elderly group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-An Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Division, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital (Built and Operated By Chang Gung Medical Foundation), No. 6, Sec. 2, Jincheng Rd., Tucheng Dist., New Taipei City, 236, Taiwan, ROC.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Austin Samuel Lim
- Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopedics, Orthopedic and Spine Surgery, Metropolitan Medical Center, No.1357, Masangkay St, Santa Cruz, 1012, Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines.,Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopedics, Orthopedic and Spine Surgery, Chinese General Hospital, No.286, Blumentritt Rd, Sampaloc, Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Meng-Ling Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Division, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Yeh Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Division, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan, ROC.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Liang Lai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Division, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan, ROC.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chien Niu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Division, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan, ROC. .,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gharooni AA, Kwon BK, Fehlings MG, Boerger TF, Rodrigues-Pinto R, Koljonen PA, Kurpad SN, Harrop JS, Aarabi B, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Wilson JR, Davies BM, Kotter MRN, Guest JD. Developing Novel Therapies for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy [AO Spine RECODE-DCM Research Priority Number 7]: Opportunities From Restorative Neurobiology. Global Spine J 2022; 12:109S-121S. [PMID: 35174725 PMCID: PMC8859698 DOI: 10.1177/21925682211052920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Narrative review. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of contemporary therapies for the James Lind Alliance priority setting partnership for degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) question: 'Can novel therapies, including stem-cell, gene, pharmacological and neuroprotective therapies, be identified to improve the health and wellbeing of people living with DCM and slow down disease progression?' METHODS A review of the literature was conducted to outline the pathophysiology of DCM and present contemporary therapies that may hold therapeutic value in 3 broad categories of neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and neuromodulation. RESULTS Chronic spinal cord compression leads to ischaemia, neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss. Surgical intervention may halt progression and improve symptoms, though the majority do not make a full recovery leading to lifelong disability. Neuroprotective agents disrupt deleterious secondary injury pathways, and one agent, Riluzole, has undergone Phase-III investigation in DCM. Although it did not show efficacy on the primary outcome modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale, it showed promising results in pain reduction. Regenerative approaches are in the early stage, with one agent, Ibudilast, currently in a phase-III investigation. Neuromodulation approaches aim to therapeutically alter the state of spinal cord excitation by electrical stimulation with a variety of approaches. Case studies using electrical neuromuscular and spinal cord stimulation have shown positive therapeutic utility. CONCLUSION There is limited research into interventions in the 3 broad areas of neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and neuromodulation for DCM. Contemporary and novel therapies for DCM are now a top 10 priority, and whilst research in these areas is limited in DCM, it is hoped that this review will encourage research into this priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aref-Ali Gharooni
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian K. Kwon
- Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Department of Orthopedics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy F. Boerger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
| | - Ricardo Rodrigues-Pinto
- Spinal Unit (UVM), Department of Orthopaedics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Aarne Koljonen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shekar N. Kurpad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
| | - James S. Harrop
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bizhan Aarabi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jefferson R. Wilson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin M. Davies
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R. N. Kotter
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - James D. Guest
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao R, Guo X, Wang Y, Song Y, Su Q, Sun H, Liang M, Xue Y. Functional MRI evidence for primary motor cortex plasticity contributes to the disease's severity and prognosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:3693-3704. [PMID: 35029735 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the brain mechanism of non-correspondence between diseases severity and compression degree of the spinal cord in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients and to test the utility of brain imaging biomarkers for predicting prognosis of CSM. METHODS We calculated voxel-wise zALFF from 54 CSM patients and 50 healthy controls using resting-state fMRI data. In analysis 1, we identified the brain regions exhibited significant differences of zALFF between CSM patients and healthy controls. In analyses 2 through 3, we investigated the zALFF differences between light-symptom CSM patients and severe-symptom CSM patients while carefully matching the degree of compression between these two groups. In analysis 4, we tested the utility of zALFF within the primary motor cortex (M1) for predicting the prognosis of CSM. RESULTS We found that (1) compared with the healthy controls, CSM patients exhibited higher ALFF within left M1, bilateral superior frontal gyrus, and lower zALFF within right precuneus and calcarine, suggesting altered brain neural activity in CSM patients; (2) after matching the compression degree, the CSM patients with more severe clinical symptoms exhibited higher zALFF within M1, indicating cortical function contributes to disease's severity of CSM; (3) taking the M1 zALFF as features in the prognosis prediction model improves the prediction accuracy, indicating that the M1 zALFF provide additional value for predicting the prognosis of CSM patients following decompression surgery. CONCLUSION The functional state of M1 contributes to the disease's severity of CSM and can provide complementary information for predicting the prognosis of CSM following decompression surgery. KEY POINTS • Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients exhibited increased zALFF within the primary motor cortex (M1), bilateral superior frontal gyrus, and decreased zALFF within the right precuneus and calcarine. • After matching the compression degree, the CSM patients with more severe clinical symptoms exhibited higher zALFF within M1, indicating cortical function contributes to disease severity of CSM. • zALFF within M1 provided additional value for predicting the prognosis of CSM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - YingChao Song
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Qian Su
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for China, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - HaoRan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, 300203, China.
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for China, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Toci G, Canseco J, Karamian B, Chang M, Grasso G, Nicholson K, Pflug E, Russo G, Tarazona D, Kaye ID, Kurd M, Hilibrand A, Woods B, Rihn J, Anderson DG, Radcliff K, Kepler C, Vaccaro A, Schroeder G. The impact of preoperative neurological symptom severity on postoperative outcomes in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. JOURNAL OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION AND SPINE 2022; 13:94-100. [PMID: 35386246 PMCID: PMC8978848 DOI: 10.4103/jcvjs.jcvjs_165_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design: The study design is a retrospective cohort study. Objective: To compare patient-reported outcomes between patients with mild versus moderate-to-severe myelopathy following surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Summary of Background Data: Recent studies have demonstrated that decompression for CSM leads to improved quality of life when measured by patient-reported outcomes. However, it is unknown if preoperative myelopathy classification is predictive of superior postoperative improvements. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of patients treated surgically for CSM at a single institution from 2014 to 2015 was performed. Preoperative myelopathy severity was classified according to the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale as either mild (≥15) or moderate-to-severe (<15). Other outcomes included neck disability index (NDI), 12-item short-form survey (SF-12), and visual analog scale (VAS) for arm and neck pain. Differences in outcomes were tested by linear mixed-effects models followed by pairwise comparisons using least square means. Multiple linear regression determined whether any baseline outcomes or demographics predicted postoperative mJOA. Results: There were 67 patients with mild and 50 patients with moderate-to-severe myelopathy. Preoperatively, patients with moderate-to-severe myelopathy reported significantly worse outcomes compared to the mild group for NDI, Physical Component Score (PCS-12), and VAS arm (P = 0.031). While both groups experienced improvements in NDI, PCS-12, VAS Arm and Neck after surgery, only the moderate-to-severe patients achieved improved mJOA (+3.1 points, P < 0.001). However, mJOA was significantly worse in the moderate-to-severe when compared to the mild group postoperatively (-1.2 points, P = 0.017). Both younger age (P = 0.017, β-coefficient = −0.05) and higher preoperative mJOA (P < 0.001, β-coefficient = 0.37) predicted higher postoperative mJOA. Conclusions: Although patients with moderate-to-severe myelopathy improved for all outcomes, they did not achieve normal absolute neurological function, indicating potential irreversible spinal cord changes. Early surgical intervention should be considered in patients with mild myelopathy if they seek to prevent progressive neurological decline over time.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abdalla OY, Al-Shami H, Maghraby HM, Enayet A. The value of cervical MRI in surgical lumbar canal stenosis patients. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-020-00249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The prevalence of cervical canal stenosis alone is estimated to be present in 4.9% of the adult population. Co-existence of dual pathology may complicate clinical presentation and necessitates a wise and individually based decision process.
Objectives
To estimate the co-existence of cervical canal stenosis in surgical lumbar canal stenosis patients and its reflection on decision-making regarding surgery.
Methods
It is a prospective study that was conducted on 70 cases with symptomatic lumbar canal stenosis by investigating them for cervical canal stenosis clinically and radiologically.
Results
The co-existence of cervical and lumbar canal stenoses was seen in 62 cases (88.57%); cases with relative cervical stenosis were 25 (35.714%) and absolute cervical stenosis was 37 (52.857%). Cases with no cervical stenosis were 8 (11.428%) and cases with relative lumbar stenosis were 22 (31.428%), while cases with absolute lumbar stenosis were 48 (68.571%). Cases with symptomatic cervical canal stenosis were 30 (42.857%). Cases with asymptomtic cervical canal stenosis were 32 (45.71%).
Conclusion
Tandem spinal stenosis (TSS) is not uncommon and MRI cervical spine should be done for every lumbar canal stenosis patient especially if indicated by history or clinical examination.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zakaria Mohamad Z, Sharifudin MA, Din H, Abd Aziz A, Karupiah RK. Correlation Study Between Clinical Special Tests for Myelopathy and Static MRI Parameters in Patients of Malaysian Population Treated for Cervical Dysfunction. Cureus 2021; 13:e18826. [PMID: 34804683 PMCID: PMC8592785 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the imaging modality of choice, but its findings are not completely specific for clinically significant CSM. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the pathoanatomy of CSM in patients and analyze the correlations between clinical key symptoms, myelopathic signs, and MRI findings. Methods: Patients with CSM aged 30 to 80 years old with no previous cervical spine disease or injuries were recruited. Clinical parameters include myelopathic hand signs and other clinical-specific tests. The MRI findings were analyzed for level of compression, underlying degenerative pathology, and parameters for cord compression. Results: Thirty patients were recruited. The most common myelopathic signs observed were positive Hoffmann’s sign and the presence of reverse brachioradialis reflex. All patients had either degenerative or prolapse disc changes on MRI. There was a positive correlation between the clinical key features with MRI parameters for canal and cord diameter. The transverse cord diameter, cord compression ratio, and approximate cord area were the only independent variables related to almost all the positive clinical specific tests. All three have a moderate to strong correlation with the clinical findings. Conclusion: The MRI parameters such as canal and cord size of the cervical spine are an objective reflection of compression on the spinal cord. Correlations observed indicate cord compression that plays a major role in the pathophysiology of CSM. These measurements are sensitive indicators of canal stenosis and play a significant role in predicting the severity and outcome of CSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zamzuri Zakaria Mohamad
- Orthopaedics, Traumatology & Rehabilitation, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, MYS
| | - Mohd Ariff Sharifudin
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, MYS
| | - Hishamudin Din
- Orthopaedics, Traumatology & Rehabilitation, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, MYS
| | - Azian Abd Aziz
- Radiology, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, MYS
| | - Rajandra Kumar Karupiah
- Orthopaedics, Traumatology & Rehabilitation, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, MYS
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu YH, Lin HH, Chen HY, Chou PH, Wang ST, Liu CL, Chang MC. Multilevel calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition in cervical ligamentum flavum: clinical characteristics and imaging features. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:929. [PMID: 34736450 PMCID: PMC8569994 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involvement in cervical ligamentum flavum is a rare manifestation of the calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. Only few cases of this condition have been reported. We revealed eighteen cases of CPPD in cervical ligamentum flavum that diagnosed at a single medical center. In our case series, clinical characteristics and magnetic resonance imaging findings of patients are described. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts and imaging studies of the eighteen patients with pseudogout attack of the cervical ligamentum flavum. In addition, we discussed the differences between this disease and ossification of ligamentum flavum in image manifestations. RESULTS There were fourteen men and four women aged between 59 and 87 years. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were the most common comorbidities. Myelopathy and neck pain were presented in most patients. C4-5 and C5-6 were attacked most frequently, and multiple- rather than single-level involvement could be observed in our series. "Acute on chronic phenomenon" was a specific magnetic resonance image finding in patients whose symptom durations were between 2 to 5 months. Compared to ossification of ligamentum flavum, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition had different image signs, including morphology, side of the involved ligament, no continuity with the lamina, acute on chronic phenomenon, and presence of retro-odontoid mass. CONCLUSIONS Nodular calcifications in cervical ligamentum flavum raise highly suspicion for calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition and must be diagnosed by histological examination and polarized light microscopy. This disease is different from ossification of ligamentum flavum, and it could be recognized by specific image features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsiu Lu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135, Nanxiao St., Changhua County, Changhua, 500054, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145 Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist, Taipei City, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Hsuan-Ying Chen
- Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 235 Shi-Guan Rd., Changhua County, Changhua, 50006, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Hsin Chou
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist, Taipei City, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Tien Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist, Taipei City, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Lin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist, Taipei City, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chau Chang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist, Taipei City, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Khan O, Badhiwala JH, Witiw CD, Wilson JR, Fehlings MG. Machine learning algorithms for prediction of health-related quality-of-life after surgery for mild degenerative cervical myelopathy. Spine J 2021; 21:1659-1669. [PMID: 32045708 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction worldwide. Current guidelines recommend management based on the severity of myelopathy, measured by the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score. Patients with moderate to severe myelopathy, defined by an mJOA below 15, are recommended to undergo surgery. However, the management for mild myelopathy (mJOA between 15 and 17) is controversial since the response to surgery is more heterogeneous. PURPOSE To develop machine learning algorithms predicting phenotypes of mild myelopathy patients that would benefit most from surgery. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective subgroup analysis of prospectively collected data. PATIENT SAMPLES Data were obtained from 193 mild DCM patients who underwent surgical decompression and were enrolled in the multicenter AOSpine CSM clinical trials. OUTCOME MEASURES The mJOA score, an assessment of functional status, was used to isolate patients with mild DCM. The primary outcome measures were change from baseline for the Short Form-36 (SF-36) mental component summary (MCS) and physical component summary (PCS) at 1-year postsurgery. These changes were dichotomized according to whether they exceeded the minimal clinically important difference. METHODS The data were split into training (75%) and testing (25%) sets. Model predictors included baseline demographic variables and clinical presentation. Seven machine learning algorithms and a logistic regression model were trained and optimized using the training set, and their performances were evaluated using the testing set. For each outcome (improvement in MCS or PCS), the machine learning algorithm with the greatest area under the curve (AUC) on the training set was selected for further analysis. RESULTS The generalized boosted model (GBM) and earth models performed well in the prediction of significant improvement in MCS and PCS respectively, with AUCs of 0.72 to 0.78 on the training set. This performance was replicated on the testing set, in which the GBM and earth models showed AUCs of 0.77 and 0.78, respectively, as well as fair to good calibration across the predicted range of probabilities. Female patients with a low initial MCS were less likely to experience significant improvement in MCS than males. The presence of certain signs and symptoms (eg, lower limb spasticity, clumsy hands) were also predictive of worse outcome. CONCLUSIONS Machine learning models showed good predictive power and provided information about the phenotypes of mild DCM patients most likely to benefit from surgical intervention. Overall, machine learning may be a useful tool for management of mild DCM, though external validation and prospective analysis should be performed to better solidify its role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Khan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jetan H Badhiwala
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher D Witiw
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jefferson R Wilson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ibrahim S, Mousa A, Riawan W. Expression of AIF and Caspase-3 in New Zealand rabbit with Cervical Spondylosis Myelopathy model. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 69:102604. [PMID: 34429943 PMCID: PMC8368771 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cervical spondylosis myelopathy (CSM) is a clinical syndrome of motoric or sensoric, caused by degenerative process chronically causing narrowing of cervical canal and compressing the spinal cord. The narrowing of canalis spinalis causing chronic compression and disrupting vascular patency in spinal cord. This is worsened on repetitive trauma on flexion, extension and rotation. CSM has an incidence of 4.04 in 100.000 cases per year and the total patients undergoing treatment operative or nonoperatively in year increasing for 7 times. Apoptosis plays a critical role in important biological processes such as morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and immunity; furthermore, its aberrant activation or impairment may contribute to a number of diseases. The understanding of CSM pathophysiology from apoptotic pathway is an essential topic to discussed and the treatment of this case in future. Method This study uses experimental study with Post test Only Control Group, using New Zealand rabbits. The rabbits given the compression on cervical as high as C5 to induce CSM. The tissue was taken from spinal cord on compression area and histopathology examination was done to calculate apoptotic factor expression such as AIF and caspase-3. Result Chronic compression on spinal cord causing myelopathy clinically on animal study, resulted in weakness of all extremities. Based on this study, the expression of AIF and caspase-3 is increasing in compression group in day 14 to day 21. Conclusion Chronic compression in spinal cord causing increase in AIF and caspase-3 in day 14 and day 21, and this may be caused by increasing of apoptotic expression on animal study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Ibrahim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Abdurrahman Mousa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Wibi Riawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao R, Song Y, Guo X, Yang X, Sun H, Chen X, Liang M, Xue Y. Enhanced Information Flow From Cerebellum to Secondary Visual Cortices Leads to Better Surgery Outcome in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy Patients: A Stochastic Dynamic Causal Modeling Study With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:632829. [PMID: 34248520 PMCID: PMC8261284 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.632829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) damages the spinal cord, resulting in long-term neurological impairment including motor and visual deficits. Given that visual feedback is crucial in guiding movements, the visual disorder may be a cause of motor deficits in patients with DCM. It has been shown that increased functional connectivity between secondary visual cortices and cerebellum, which are functionally related to the visually guided movements, was correlated with motor function in patients with DCM. One possible explanation is that the information integration between these regions was increased to compensate for impaired visual acuity in patients with DCM and resulted in better visual feedback during motor function. However, direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. To test this hypothesis and explore in more detail the information flow within the "visual-cerebellum" system, we measured the effective connectivity (EC) among the "visual-cerebellum" system via dynamic causal modeling and then tested the relationship between the EC and visual ability in patients with DCM. Furthermore, the multivariate pattern analysis was performed to detect the relationship between the pattern of EC and motor function in patients with DCM. We found (1) significant increases of the bidirectional connections between bilateral secondary visual cortices and cerebellum were observed in patients with DCM; (2) the increased self-connection of the cerebellum was positively correlated with the impaired visual acuity in patients; (3) the amplitude of effectivity from the cerebellum to secondary visual cortices was positively correlated with better visual recovery following spinal cord decompression surgery; and (4) the pattern of EC among the visual-cerebellum system could be used to predict the pre-operative motor function. In conclusion, this study provided direct evidence that the increased information integration within the "visual-cerebellum" system compensated for visual impairments, which might have importance for sustaining better motor function in patients with DCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingchao Song
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Yang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xukang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pessini Ferreira LM, Auger C, Kortazar Zubizarreta I, Gonzalez Chinchon G, Herrera I, Pla A, de Barros A, Tortajada C, Rovira A. MRI findings in cervical spondylotic myelopathy with gadolinium enhancement: Review of seven cases. BJR Case Rep 2021; 7:20200133. [PMID: 33841903 PMCID: PMC8008469 DOI: 10.1259/bjrcr.20200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a clinical syndrome secondary to a spinal cord compression due to cervical spondylosis. In some cases, conventional MRI typically shows an intramedullary hyperintense signal on T2W imaging and contrast enhancement on post-gadolinium T1W imaging. We report a series of seven patients with CSM who had typical clinical presentation and imaging findings on T2W and contrast-enhanced T1W sequences. The imaging findings included degenerative changes of the cervical spine, intramedullary T2-signal hyperintensity, and an intramedullary enhancement on post-gadolinium T1W images. Our results support the statement that the presence of an intramedullary gadolinium-enhancement with a flat transverse pancake-like pattern (on sagittal images) and a circumferential pattern (on axial images), located within a T2-signal abnormality, in patients with cervical spondylosis and clinical myelopathy is indicative of spondylosis as the cause of the myelopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Herrera
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Pla
- Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Alex Rovira
- Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tu J, Vargas Castillo J, Das A, Diwan AD. Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Insights into Its Pathobiology and Molecular Mechanisms. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061214. [PMID: 33804008 PMCID: PMC8001572 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), earlier referred to as cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), is the most common and serious neurological disorder in the elderly population caused by chronic progressive compression or irritation of the spinal cord in the neck. The clinical features of DCM include localised neck pain and functional impairment of motor function in the arms, fingers and hands. If left untreated, this can lead to significant and permanent nerve damage including paralysis and death. Despite recent advancements in understanding the DCM pathology, prognosis remains poor and little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis. Moreover, there is scant evidence for the best treatment suitable for DCM patients. Decompressive surgery remains the most effective long-term treatment for this pathology, although the decision of when to perform such a procedure remains challenging. Given the fact that the aged population in the world is continuously increasing, DCM is posing a formidable challenge that needs urgent attention. Here, in this comprehensive review, we discuss the current knowledge of DCM pathology, including epidemiology, diagnosis, natural history, pathophysiology, risk factors, molecular features and treatment options. In addition to describing different scoring and classification systems used by clinicians in diagnosing DCM, we also highlight how advanced imaging techniques are being used to study the disease process. Last but not the least, we discuss several molecular underpinnings of DCM aetiology, including the cells involved and the pathways and molecules that are hallmarks of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tu
- Spine Labs, St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; (J.T.); (A.D.D.)
| | | | - Abhirup Das
- Spine Labs, St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; (J.T.); (A.D.D.)
- Spine Service, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashish D. Diwan
- Spine Labs, St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; (J.T.); (A.D.D.)
- Spine Service, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang C, Wang QZ, Gao JH, Zhang L, Zhang L, Chen BH. Clinical Comparison of Selective versus Nonselective Decompression for Symptomatic Tandem Stenosis of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Orthop Surg 2021; 13:537-545. [PMID: 33619891 PMCID: PMC7957417 DOI: 10.1111/os.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present paper was to reveal the clinical differences between selective and nonselective decompression for symptomatic tandem stenosis of the cervical and thoracic spine (TSCTS). METHODS A total of 34 patients were eligible and included in the study. Among them, 8 patients underwent selective cervical decompression (CD), 15 patients underwent selective thoracic decompression (TD), and 11 patients underwent combined CD and TD (CTD) surgery. Age, sex, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, inpatient expenditure, preoperative upper Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) rate, canal occupation rate, high-intensity T2-weighted image (T2WI) of the spinal cord, and preoperative and postoperative JOA scores were compared among the three groups. RESULTS The CD group had shorter operative time (138.8 ± 36.1 vs 229.7 ± 95.8 vs 328.6 ± 94.8, min, P < 0.001), less intraoperative blood loss (141.3 ± 116.7 vs 496.7 ± 361.8 vs 654.6 ± 320.5, mL, P = 0.004), and shorter postoperative hospital stay (4.6 ± 1.6 vs 9.0 ± 3.5 vs 10.3 ± 6.6, days, P = 0.008), as well as lower preoperative upper JOA rate (34.1 ± 5.6 vs 53.9 ± 8.4 vs 48.2 ± 15.2, %, P = 0.001) than the TD and CTD groups. The CTD group had higher inpatient expenditure than the CD and TD groups (87,850 ± 18,379 vs 55,100 ± 12,890 vs 55,772 ± 15,715, CNY, P < 0.001). The cervical canal occupation rates were similar among different groups (P > 0.05); however, the TD group showed a higher thoracic canal occupation rate than the CD group (58.3 ± 14.7 vs 43.3 ± 12.3, %, P = 0.035). All positive levels in high-intensity T2WI of the spinal cord were decompressed. The preoperative JOA scores as well as the postoperative JOA scores at 6 months and at last follow-up were comparable among the three groups (P > 0.05). Similarly, the JOA recovery rate showed no significant difference among the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Selective CD or TD alone demonstrated similar clinical effectiveness to nonselective and combined CTD for TSCTS. Individualized surgical decision should be made after meticulous assessments of clinical and radiological manifestations, general patient condition, and socioeconomic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi-Zun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Hao Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo-Hua Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luo CA, Lu ML, Kaliya-Perumal AK, Chen LH, Chen WJ, Niu CC. Degenerative cervical myelopathy presenting as subjective lower limb weakness could be a trap towards misdiagnosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21188. [PMID: 33273536 PMCID: PMC7712653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When patients presenting with subjective lower limb weakness (SLLW) are encountered, it is natural to suspect a lumbar pathology and proceed with related clinical examination, investigations and management. However, SLLW could be a sign of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) due to an evolving cord compression. In such circumstances, if symptoms are not correlated to myelopathy at the earliest, there could be potential complications over time. In this study, we intend to analyse the outcomes after surgical management of the cervical or thoracic cord compression in patients with SLLW. Retrospectively, patients who presented to our center during the years 2010–2016 with sole complaint of bilateral SLLW but radiologically diagnosed to have a solitary cervical or thoracic stenosis, or tandem spinal stenosis and underwent surgical decompression procedures were selected. Their clinical presentation was categorised into three types, myelopathy was graded using Nurick’s grading and JOA scoring; in addition, their lower limb functional status was assessed using the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS). Functional recovery following surgery was assessed at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, one year, and two years. Selected patients (n = 24; Age, 56.4 ± 10.1 years; range 32–78 years) had SLLW for a period of 6.4 ± 3.2 months (range 2–13 months). Their preoperative JOA score was 11.3 ± 1.8 (range 7–15), and LEFS was 34.4 ± 7.7 (range 20–46). Radiological evidence of a solitary cervical lesion and tandem spinal stenosis was found in 6 and 18 patients respectively. Patients gradually recovered after surgical decompression with LEFS 59.8 ± 2.7 (range 56–65) at 1 year and JOA score 13.6 ± 2.7 (range − 17 to 100) at 2 years. The recovery rate at final follow up was 47.5%. Our results indicate the importance of clinically suspecting SLLW as an early non-specific sign of DCM to avoid misdiagnosis, especially in patients without conventional upper motor neuron signs. In such cases, surgical management of the cord compression resulted in significant functional recovery and halted the progression towards permanent disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-An Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei, 236, Taiwan, ROC.,Bone and Joint Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Ling Lu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Division, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Arun-Kumar Kaliya-Perumal
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, 5, Fuxing Street, Taoyuan, Guishan, 333, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, 603319, India
| | - Lih-Huei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, 5, Fuxing Street, Taoyuan, Guishan, 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Jer Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chung Shan Hospital, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chien Niu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spine Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, 5, Fuxing Street, Taoyuan, Guishan, 333, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee JJ, Lee N, Oh SH, Shin DA, Yi S, Kim KN, Yoon DH, Shin HC, Ha Y. Clinical and radiological outcomes of multilevel cervical laminoplasty versus three-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:2112-2124. [PMID: 33139991 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is one of the most common causes of spinal cord impairment in elderly patients. However, a consensus has yet to be reached on the ideal method of surgical intervention. In this study, we investigated serial changes of radiological findings after three-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and multilevel laminoplasty and attempted to identify the radiological parameters affecting long-term clinical outcomes in CSM. Methods Of the 152 patients with multilevel CSM treated with three-level ACDF and multilevel laminoplasty, 42 had complete radiological parameters both before and 2 years after surgery (three-level ACDF, 22 patients; multilevel laminoplasty, 20 patients). Radiological parameters included spinal cord signal intensity (SI) changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Clinical outcomes including the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, neck disability index (NDI), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey score were measured. Results The ACDF group showed significant restoration of segmental lordosis postoperatively (preoperatively: 2.21°, 6 months: 8.37°, P=0.026), and segmental and cervical range of motion (ROM) was markedly reduced and well maintained until the final follow-up (preoperatively: 25.48°, 24 months: 4.35°, P<0.001; preoperatively: 41.71°, 24 months: 20.18°, P<0.001). The recovery rates of the JOA score were 42.85% and 57.40% in the ACDF and laminoplasty groups, respectively, although this difference was not statistically significant. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that signal change on MRI significantly affected the recovery rate (P=0.003). The visual analog scale (VAS) score and NDI decreased considerably only in the laminoplasty group, and device complications were confirmed only in the ACDF group (incidence rate =36.5%). Conclusions Multilevel laminoplasty showed better radiological and similar clinical outcomes. ACDF had more surgical complications. Spinal cord SI change on preoperative MRI was the independent risk factor for poor clinical outcomes. We recommend laminoplasty instead of three-level ACDF to treat multilevel CSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Joo Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nam Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei Cheok Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung Han Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Dong Ah Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine, and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine, and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keung Nyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine, and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Heum Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine, and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine, and Spinal Cord Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shrestha D, Jun M, Jidong Z, Qiang BJ. Effect of Titanium Miniplate Fixation on Hinge Fracture and Hinge Fracture Displacement Following Cervical Open-Door Laminoplasty. Int J Spine Surg 2020; 14:462-475. [PMID: 32986565 DOI: 10.14444/7061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is a neuromotor disorder responsible for functional limitations and decreased daily activities. Expansive open-door laminoplasty is the widely accepted procedure for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Among the various fixation procedures to secure the open lamina, miniplate fixation provides better clinical and radiological outcomes. However, the immediate effects on hinge fracture and hinge fracture displacement following miniplate fixation have not been proven until now. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the impact of cervical open-door angle on the status of spinal cord expansion and hinge fracture, hinge fracture displacement, and the role of implants used during surgery. METHODS For this retrospective study, 122 patients who had undergone surgery from September 2016 to November 2017 with preoperative and postoperative radiographs were enrolled. Clinical and radiological outcomes were assessed before and after surgery. RESULTS There were no significant differences in demographics, surgery time, blood loss, medical comorbidities, or perioperative and postoperative complications between 2 groups. The recovery rate and Nurick score before and at the follow-up show no statistical significance between the 2 groups, P value > .05 (P = .672) and P > .05 (P = .553), respectively. The statistical analysis shows that the mean hinge fracture in the miniplate group with a cervical open angle >30° was 2.42 ± 1.68 and with a <30° open angle, 0.05 ± 0.23; whereas, in the anchor group the mean hinge fracture in >30° cervical open angle was 2.227 ± 2.50 and in <30° was 0.409 ± 0.503. The results revealed statistical significance between 2 implant groups, P = .024 in the aspect of hinge fracture displacement and implant used. CONCLUSION Laminoplasty by titanium miniplate fixation holds the laminae securely, prevents hinge fracture displacement, and promotes spinal cord expansion better than suture anchor fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Shrestha
- Nepal Orthopedic Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Spine-2 Department, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin China
| | - Miao Jun
- Spine-2 Department, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin China
| | - Zhang Jidong
- Spine-2 Department, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin China
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Alam I, Sharma R, Borkar SA, Goda R, Katiyar V, Kale SS. Factors predicting loss of cervical lordosis following cervical laminoplasty: A critical review. JOURNAL OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION AND SPINE 2020; 11:163-168. [PMID: 33100764 PMCID: PMC7546055 DOI: 10.4103/jcvjs.jcvjs_70_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Laminoplasty is a method of posterior cervical decompression which indirectly decompresses the spinal column. Unfortunately, many patients undergoing laminoplasty develops postoperative loss of cervical lordosis (LCL) or kyphotic alignment of cervical spine even though they have sufficient preoperative lordosis which results in poor surgical outcome. Objective: We would like to highlight the relationship between various radiological parameters of cervical alignment and postoperative LCL in patients undergoing laminoplasty. Methods: We performed extensive literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for relevant articles that report factors affecting cervical alignment following laminoplasty. Results: On reviewing the literature, patients with high T1 slope have more lordotic alignment of cervical spine preoperatively. They also have more chances of LCL following laminoplasty. C2–C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA) has no role in predicting LCL following laminoplasty though patients with low T1 slope (≤20°) and high C2–C7 SVA (>22 mm) had correction of kyphotic deformity following laminoplasty. C2–C7 lordosis, Neck Tilt, cervical range of motion, and thoracic kyphosis has no predictive value for LCL. Lower value of T1 slope (T1S-CL) and CL/T1S has more incidence of developing LCL following laminoplasty. The role of C2–C3 disc angle has not yet been evaluated in patients undergoing laminoplasty. Dynamic extension reserve determines the contraction reserve of SPMLC and lower dynamic extension reserve is associated with higher chances of LCL following laminoplasty. Conclusions: Cervical lordotic alignment is important in maintaining cervical sagittal balance which ultimately is responsible for global spinal sagittal balance and horizontal gaze. Among various radiological parameters, T1 Slope has been reported to be the most important factor affecting cervical alignment following laminoplasty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Intekhab Alam
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin A Borkar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Revanth Goda
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Varidh Katiyar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashank S Kale
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Safaee MM, Dalle Ore CL, Corso KA, Ruppenkamp JW, Lau D, Ames CP. Trends in Posterior Cervical Fusion for Deformity in the United States from 2000 to 2017. NEUROSURGERY OPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuopn/okaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND
Posterior cervical decompression and fusion (PCF) is a common treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Treatment paradigms are shifting from simple decompression and fusion to correcting cervical deformities.
OBJECTIVE
To identify trends in PCF with an emphasis on cervical deformity and surgical complexity.
METHODS
Adults who underwent PCF from 2000 to 2017 were retrospectively identified in the Premier Healthcare Database (PHD) using International Classification of Disease Codes (ICD) 9 and 10. Patients were dichotomized into those with or without deformity diagnosis. PCF complexity was defined by adjunct surgical codes, including anterior cervical fusion, extension to thoracic levels, and osteotomy. Patient characteristics, including demographics, functional comorbidity index (FCI), and hospital characteristics, were extracted and annual procedures were projected to the US population.
RESULTS
A total of 68 415 discharges for PCF were identified. Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of PCF from 2000 to 2017 for nondeformity cases was 9.7% and 16.5% for deformity. The demographics with the greatest growth were deformity patients aged 65 to 74 yr (15.1%). The CAGR of anterior cervical fusion and extension to thoracic levels was higher for deformity patients compared to nondeformity patients, 13.6% versus 3.9% and 20.4% versus 16.6%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Rates of PCF for deformity are increasing at a greater rate than nondeformity PCF. The most growth was seen among deformity patients aged 65 to 74 yr. Surgical complexity is also changing with increasing use of anterior cervical fusion and extension of PCF to include thoracic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Safaee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cecilia L Dalle Ore
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Katherine A Corso
- Medical Device Epidemiology and Real World Data Sciences, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jill W Ruppenkamp
- Medical Device Epidemiology and Real World Data Sciences, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Darryl Lau
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher P Ames
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
How common is repeat surgery and multi-level treatment in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy? Findings from a patient perspective survey. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 77:181-184. [PMID: 32360164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy (DCM) is a common condition which causes significant disability and reduces health-related quality of life. The only evidence-based treatment and current management guidance is surgery to decompress the spinal cord and stop further damage in moderate to severe cases. However, this guidance is mainly informed by studies that only include first time surgery and/or single level disease, but DCM can reoccur after primary surgery and affect multiple levels of the spine. It is unclear whether patients in these subgroups; repeat surgery and multi-level DCM, differ significantly in their baseline and disease characteristics from those with single-level, single-operation disease. To investigate this, we conducted an online survey of people with DCM looking at key demographic, disease (e.g. mJOA) and treatment characteristics. We received a total of 778 respondents, of which 159 (20%) had undergone surgery for DCM. Around 75% of these respondents had a single operation and 65% at a single level. We found no statistically significant difference in key participant and disease characteristics between respondents with single-level or single-operation and those with multi-level DCM or multiple operations. These data support generalisability of research to these subgroups but also warrants further investigations as these subgroups are underrepresented in current research.
Collapse
|
38
|
Akter F, Yu X, Qin X, Yao S, Nikrouz P, Syed YA, Kotter M. The Pathophysiology of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy and the Physiology of Recovery Following Decompression. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:138. [PMID: 32425740 PMCID: PMC7203415 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), also known as cervical spondylotic myelopathy is the leading cause of spinal cord compression in adults. The mainstay of treatment is surgical decompression, which leads to partial recovery of symptoms, however, long term prognosis of the condition remains poor. Despite advances in treatment methods, the underlying pathobiology is not well-known. A better understanding of the disease is therefore required for the development of treatments to improve outcomes following surgery. Objective: To systematically evaluate the pathophysiology of DCM and the mechanism underlying recovery following decompression. Methods: A total of 13,808 published articles were identified in our systematic search of electronic databases (PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE). A total of 51 studies investigating the secondary injury mechanisms of DCM or physiology of recovery in animal models of disease underwent comprehensive review. Results: Forty-seven studies addressed the pathophysiology of DCM. Majority of the studies demonstrated evidence of neuronal loss following spinal cord compression. A number of studies provided further details of structural changes in neurons such as myelin damage and axon degeneration. The mechanisms of injury to cells included direct apoptosis and increased inflammation. Only four papers investigated the pathobiological changes that occur in spinal cords following decompression. One study demonstrated evidence of axonal plasticity following decompressive surgery. Another study demonstrated ischaemic-reperfusion injury following decompression, however this phenomenon was worse when decompression was delayed. Conclusions: In preclinical studies, the pathophysiology of DCM has been poorly studied and a number of questions remain unanswered. The physiological changes seen in the decompressed spinal cord has not been widely investigated and it is paramount that researchers investigate the decompressed spinal cord further to enable the development of therapeutic tools, to enhance recovery following surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Akter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xinming Yu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xingping Qin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Parisa Nikrouz
- Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells Trust, Maidstone, United Kingdom
| | - Yasir Ahmed Syed
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cathays, United Kingdom.,School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Kotter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Goyal DKC, Murphy HA, Hollern DA, Divi SN, Nicholson K, Stawicki C, Kaye ID, Schroeder GD, Woods BI, Kurd MF, Rihn JA, Anderson DG, Kepler CK, Hilibrand AS, Vaccaro AR, Radcliff KE. Is the Neck Disability Index an Appropriate Measure for Changes in Physical Function After Surgery for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy? Int J Spine Surg 2020; 14:53-58. [PMID: 32128303 DOI: 10.14444/7007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is a 10-item questionnaire about symptoms relevant to cervical spine pathology, originally validated in the physical therapy literature. It is unclear if all of the items apply to spine surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine if improvements in the composite NDI score or specific NDI domains are appropriate measures for tracking changes in physical function after surgical intervention for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Methods A retrospective cohort review of patients treated at a major academic medical center was undertaken. Baseline and postoperative standardized outcome measurement scores, including composite NDI, NDI subdomain, and SF-12 physical component score (PCS), were collected. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine whether patients exhibited improvement in each of the outcome measures included. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine whether change in NDI composite or subdomain scores predicted change in physical function after surgery for CSM-compared with the well-validated PCS score-controlling for factors such as age, sex, etc. Results Baseline data were collected on 118 patients. All outcome measures exhibited significant improvement after surgery based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. On linear regression, work (β = -2.419 [-3.831, -1.006]; P = .001) and recreation (β = -1.354 [-2.640, -0.068]; P = .039), as well as the NDI composite score (β = -0.223 [-0.319, -0.127]; P < .001), were significant predictors of change in physical function over time. Conclusions Although the NDI composite score did predict change in PCS over time, only 2 of the 10 NDI subdomains were found to be associated with change in physical function over time. Based on these results, the item bank and composite scoring of the NDI are inappropriate for evaluating quality of life in studies of surgically treated cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients. Clinical Relevance NDI may not be a valid tool in the determination of physical function changes after surgery for CSM. Level of Evidence III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv K C Goyal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hamadi A Murphy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas A Hollern
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Srikanth N Divi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen Nicholson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christie Stawicki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - I David Kaye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory D Schroeder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Barrett I Woods
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark F Kurd
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey A Rihn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - D Greg Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher K Kepler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan S Hilibrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen E Radcliff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shao F, Bai H, Tang M, Xue Y, Dai Y, Zhang J. Tissue discrimination by bioelectrical impedance during PLL resection in anterior decompression surgery for treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:341. [PMID: 31694719 PMCID: PMC6836645 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The electrical properties of biological tissues differ depending on their physical properties. This study aimed to explore if bioelectrical impedance (modulus and phase) would discriminate tissues relevant to resection of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) in anterior cervical decompression surgery. Methods PLL resection via an anterior approach was performed on the C4/5 segments in six mini-pigs. The bioelectrical impedance measurements were performed for two tissue groups (annulus fibrosus, endplate cartilage, sub-endplate cortical bone, and PLL; PLL, dura mater, spinal cord, and nerve root) using a novel probe and a precision inductance-capacitance-resistance meter. For each group, impedance was analyzed in terms of modulus and phase along a broad spectrum of frequencies (200–3000 kHz) using a nonparametric statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis). Results The analysis showed a clear difference among the tissues. The modulus and phase show the same changing trend with frequency and present lower values at higher frequencies. Among annulus fibrosus, endplate cartilage, sub-endplate cortical bone, and PLL, it was possible to discriminate each tissue at every frequency point, considering the phase (p < 0.05), while this was not always the case (i.e., annulus fibrosus vs PLL at frequency of 200 kHz, 400 kHz, and 3000 kHz, p > 0.05) for modulus. Among PLL, dura mater, spinal cord, and nerve root, for every comparison, a statistically significant difference was reported in the modulus, phase, or both (p < 0.05). Conclusions The results indicated the potential of bioelectrical impedance to provide real-time tissue differentiation and enhance safe PLL resection in anterior cervical decompression surgery, particularly in robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Shao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, 300052, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - He Bai
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Inner Mongolia Cancer Hospital & Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 42 Zhao wuda Road, Hohhot, 010020, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Muyao Tang
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, 300052, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Dai
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300071, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianxun Zhang
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300071, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Assessing hand dysfunction in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223009. [PMID: 31658276 PMCID: PMC6816552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS Twenty patients with CSM and 17 controls were recruited. Clinical scores of modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) and Nurick were collected. MRI based compression grades such as cord distortion were assessed. Hand dysfunction was tested using a custom motorized apparatus. Subject's forearm was placed in a cast and positioned such that their metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint was vertically aligned with the motor shaft. Surface electromyographic sensors were placed on flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and extensor digitorum communis muscles. Hyperreflexia was measured as the FDS muscle activation during reflex when the MCP joint was moved from flexion to extension at 300°/sec. Proprioception was quantified as the angle of detection in absence of visual or auditory cues (subjects were blindfolded and given noise-cancelling headphones). Strength was measured as the maximum isometric force at the MCP joint. 2-sample t-test (p<0.05) were performed to assess significant differences in reflexes, proprioception and strength among patients and controls (SPSS software version 24). RESULTS Patients reported higher Nurick (1.90±1.0 vs 0±0, p<0.001) and lower mJOA scores (14.3±1.9 vs 18.0±0, p<0.001) as compared to controls. Similarly, patients with CSM had increased reflexes (peak FDS EMG) (0.073±0.096 vs. 0.014±0.010, p = 0.019). Patient proprioception was significantly worse; mean angle of detection was greater than twice as high in patients (9.6± 9.43°) compared to controls (4.0± 2.3°), p = 0.022. MRI based compression ratio (CR) was a significant predictor of hyperreflexia, CR<0.44 resulted in steep increase in reflex activity. Fifteen of the 20 patients who completed follow up testing at 6 months after surgery show substantial clinical improvement in reflexes and proprioceptive angle, while repeated testing in controls were unchanged. CONCLUSION In conclusion, hyperreflexia and decline in proprioception are the main drivers of hand disability in patients with CSM. Of multiple scales, only a select few MRI scales (such as compression ratio) were predictive of increased reflexes. The study describes a pre-clinical testing apparatus to quantitatively and objectively assess primary presenting symptoms in CSM. This pilot apparatus has the potential to evaluate treatment efficacy through repeated testing. Objective testing of hand dysfunction can help inform the design of clinically feasible devices, guide MRI biomarker analysis, and improve our understanding of the progression of neurological injury in this patient population.
Collapse
|
42
|
Zileli M, Borkar SA, Sinha S, Reinas R, Alves ÓL, Kim SH, Pawar S, Murali B, Parthiban J. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Natural Course and the Value of Diagnostic Techniques -WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations. Neurospine 2019; 16:386-402. [PMID: 31607071 PMCID: PMC6790728 DOI: 10.14245/ns.1938240.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study presents the results of a systematic literature review conducted to determine most up-to-date information on the natural outcome of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and the most reliable diagnostic techniques.
Methods A literature search was performed for articles published during the last 10 years.
Results The natural course of patients with cervical stenosis and signs of myelopathy is quite variable. In patients with no symptoms, but significant stenosis, the risk of developing myelopathy with cervical stenosis is approximately 3% per year. Myelopathic signs are useful for the clinical diagnosis of CSM. However, they are not highly sensitive and may be absent in approximately one-fifth of patients with myelopathy. The electrophysiological tests to be used in CSM patients are motor evoked potential (MEP), spinal cord evoked potential, somatosensory evoked potential, and electromyography (EMG). The differential diagnosis of CSM from other neurological conditions can be accomplished by those tests. MEP and EMG monitoring are useful to reduce C5 root palsy during CSM surgery. Notable spinal cord T2 hyperintensity on cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is correlated with a worse outcome, whereas lighter signal changes may predict better outcomes. T1 hypointensity should be considered a sign of more advanced disease.
Conclusion The natural course of CSM is quite variable. Signal changes on MRI and some electrophysiological tests are valuable adjuncts to diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Zileli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sachin A Borkar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Sinha
- Neurosurgery and Spine Services, Paras Hospitals, Gurugram, India
| | - Rui Reinas
- Neurosurgical Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Hospital Lusíadas, Porto, Portugal
| | - Óscar L Alves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Lusíadas, Porto, Portugal
| | - Se-Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Bala Murali
- Kauvery Advanced Spine Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Jutty Parthiban
- Department Neurosurgery and Spine Unit, Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Tamilnadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Milligan J, Ryan K, Fehlings M, Bauman C. [Not Available]. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2019; 65:e379-e385. [PMID: 31515323 PMCID: PMC6741798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectif Sensibiliser les médecins de famille à la myélopathie cervicale dégénérative (MCD) afin de les aider à dépister, à diagnostiquer et à traiter la maladie de façon plus efficace. Sources de l’information Une recherche d’articles publiés entre 1970 et octobre 2017 a été effectuée sur PubMed à l’aide des mots-clés anglais cervical myelopathy et degenerative spinal cord injury avec family medicine ou primary care. Message principal Le diagnostic de MCD reste souvent omis ou retardé en première ligne en raison du peu de connaissances sur la maladie, de même que de la grande variabilité de ses manifestations. L’évolution naturelle de la MCD accuse un déclin par paliers, les symptômes allant d’une faiblesse musculaire à la paralysie complète. Toutes les personnes qui présentent des signes et des symptômes doivent être recommandées en chirurgie de la colonne vertébrale aux fins d’évaluation; les personnes dont le cas est léger peuvent recevoir un traitement prudent, mais doivent quand même recevoir une évaluation et une opinion chirurgicales. Les patients asymptomatiques qui présentent des signes de compression de la moelle épinière à l’imagerie par résonance magnétique devraient être recommandés aux fins d’évaluation; mais la chirurgie leur est déconseillée. Il est essentiel de surveiller de près les personnes asymptomatiques ou celles atteintes d’un cas léger de MCD afin de détecter toute détérioration neurologique. Conclusion La myélopathie cervicale dégénérative est la cause la plus fréquente de dysfonctionnement de la moelle épinière chez les adultes. Cette révision aide à clarifier le diagnostic en première ligne, ce qui améliore les chances de poser un diagnostic précoce et de prévenir tout déclin neurologique supplémentaire chez les patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Milligan
- Médecin de famille; il pratique au Centre for Family Medicine à Kitchener, en Ontario.
| | - Kayla Ryan
- Conseillère en recherche au Centre for Family Medicine
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Dirige le programme des lésions médullaires à l'Hôpital Toronto Western et est vice-président, recherche, et professeur de neurochirurgie au Département de chirurgie de l'Université de Toronto, en Ontario
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Milligan J, Ryan K, Fehlings M, Bauman C. Degenerative cervical myelopathy: Diagnosis and management in primary care. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2019; 65:619-624. [PMID: 31515310 PMCID: PMC6741789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To raise awareness about degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and to help family physicians identify, diagnose, and manage DCM more effectively. SOURCES OF INFORMATION A PubMed search was conducted for articles published between 1970 and October 2017, using the terms cervical myelopathy and degenerative spinal cord injury with family medicine or primary care. MAIN MESSAGE Owing to limited knowledge of DCM in primary care, along with the large variability of the disease, the diagnosis of DCM is often missed or delayed. The natural course of DCM presents as a stepwise decline, with symptoms ranging from muscle weakness to complete paralysis. All individuals with signs and symptoms should be referred to a spine surgeon for consideration of surgery; those with mild DCM might be offered conservative treatment but should receive a surgical evaluation and opinion nonetheless. Asymptomatic patients with evidence of cord compression on magnetic resonance imaging might need to be referred for assessment; however, surgery is not advised. It is critical to closely monitor asymptomatic individuals or those with mild DCM for neurologic deterioration. CONCLUSION Degenerative cervical myelopathy is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in adults. This review helps streamline its diagnosis in primary care, allowing for improved chances of early diagnosis and prevention of further neurologic decline among patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Milligan
- Family physician practising at the Centre for Family Medicine in Kitchener, Ont.
| | - Kayla Ryan
- Research consultant at the Centre for Family Medicine
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Heads the Spinal Program at Toronto Western Hospital and is Vice Chair, Research and Professor of Neurosurgery in the Department of Surgery at the University of Toronto in Ontario
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shatri J, Kukaj V. Role of MRI in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy with Other Pathological Findings: Case Report and Literature Review. Acta Inform Med 2019; 27:139-142. [PMID: 31452574 PMCID: PMC6688289 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2019.27.139-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a neck condition that arises when the spinal cord becomes compressed due to the wear-and-tear changes that occur in the spine as we age. Case report The patient was a 52-year-old male, who complains of neck pain, paranesthesia in upper extremities, lower back pain and bilateral calf pain, muscle weakness in the lower and upper extremities, fatigue and general body pain that started four weeks ago associated with other clinical manifestation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine revealed canal stenosis and increased T2 signal within the spinal cord. CSM is a rare condition there are very few or no cases described in literature when CSM in C3/C4 is associated with a lack of B12 and other pathologies such as and hypoplasia of the mastoid air-cell with system maxillary sinus aplasia. Conclusion The case described in the present study suggested that the incidence of CSM may be correlated with VB12 deficiency, particularly for cases in which the clinical manifestations and the imaging do not fully match.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeton Shatri
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic Center, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina. Kosovo.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina. Kosovo
| | - Vera Kukaj
- Department of Neurology, Diagnostic Center, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina. Kosovo
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang S, Lu J, Fu D, Shang D, Zhou F, Liu J, Cao M. Effect of microscopically assisted decompression with micro-hook scalpel in the surgical treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:5120-5129. [PMID: 31426689 PMCID: PMC6833369 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519862464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to investigate the effect of microscopically assisted decompression using a micro-hook scalpel on ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Methods Sixty-one patients with OPLL were divided into Group A (posterior surgery with laminectomy of the responsible segment and lateral mass screw fixation) and Group B (anterior cervical corpectomy with intervertebral titanium cage fusion). Neurological function was assessed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and recovery rate. The fixation status and the result of spinal canal decompression were radiographically assessed. Results In Groups A and B, the JOA score was significantly higher and the VAS score was significantly lower at 1 week postoperatively and at the final follow-up than during the preoperative period. The mean recovery rate in Group A and B was 59.92% ± 13.46% and 62.28% ± 14.00%, respectively. Postoperative radiographs showed good positioning and no damage to the internal fixation materials. The spinal canal was also fully decompressed. Conclusions Microscopically assisted decompression with a micro-hook scalpel in both anterior and posterior surgeries achieved good clinical effects in patients with OPLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Depeng Shang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Meng Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Aljuboori Z, Boakye M. The Natural History of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy and Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: A Review Article. Cureus 2019; 11:e5074. [PMID: 31516784 PMCID: PMC6721920 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the chronic and slow deterioration of cervical spinal cord function. The pathophysiology of this condition is multifactorial, including compression, repetitive trauma, and vascular compromise of the spinal cord. Clinically, it presents as a progressive decline in patients' appendicular neurological function. The natural history of this disease varies but, it is well-known that the duration and degree of compression correlate negatively with prognosis. A mild degree of CSM tends to stabilize with potential improvement over time while more severe CSM tends to progress. Surgical intervention has shown to positively alter the natural history of the disease by halting the progression with some restoration of function. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a chronic disease that results in progressive ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. It commonly affects the cervical spine. The etiology is multifactorial in nature, including genetic and environmental factors. The progressive nature of this condition and the resultant cervical spinal stenosis make it one of the main causes of cervical myelopathy (CM). There is no medical therapy for this disease, and surgery is reserved for patients with CM caused by spinal cord compression. In this article, we review the different aspects of the natural history of both CSM and OPLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Aljuboori
- Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| | - Maxwell Boakye
- Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yerneni K, Nichols N, Burke JF, Traynelis VC, Tan LA. Surgical management of patients with coexistent multiple sclerosis and cervical stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 65:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
49
|
Madedor OJ, Lee S, Levey R. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Presenting as Ischemic Stroke: A Case Report. Cureus 2019; 11:e4291. [PMID: 31183272 PMCID: PMC6538236 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a condition seen in individuals greater than 50 years of age and is often asymptomatic. In patients who are symptomatic, the symptoms include cases where patients may present with paresis, neck stiffness, and gait abnormalities. We present a 63-year-old male who complained of a four-week-long "tingling and numbness" in his right upper and lower extremities. The sensation worsened over the next couple of days to the point where it affected his gait and led to a subsequent visit to the emergency room. Initial presentation prompted a stroke workup, but further investigation revealed findings suggestive of CSM. This case report highlights the symptomology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in adults greater than 50 years of age and emphasizes the importance of recognizing the essential markers of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ogenetega J Madedor
- Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Academic Affiliate of the Icahn School of Medicine, Clinical Affiliate of the Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Scott Lee
- Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Academic Affiliate of the Icahn School of Medicine, Clinical Affiliate of the Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Robert Levey
- Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Academic Affiliate of the Icahn School of Medicine, Clinical Affiliate of the Mount Sinai Hospital, Brooklyn, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Peng J, Zhan YL, Liu YJ, Zong Y, Xu JG. Plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels predict surgical outcome in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 35:102-110. [PMID: 30848027 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study intends to investigate the predictive values of plasma Vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and glutathione (GSH) levels in the outcome of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) surgery. Surgery outcomes of 236 CSM patients were determined. Recovery rate was calculated according to Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores during follow-up. CSM patients with a recovery rate >50% were assigned with good prognosis and the rest were with fair prognosis. Preoperative and postoperative neurologic function scores were compared among groups. Plasma VDBP and 25(OH)D levels, as well as GSH levels were measured by ELISA and glutathione reductase recycling assay, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed to analyze the correlation among plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to evaluate the predictive value of plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels for surgical outcome. Logistic regression model was used to analyze risk factors for surgical outcome. Compared with those with fair prognosis, CSM patients with good prognosis group exhibited higher postoperative neurologic function scores, plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels, and better improvements in spinal cord compression and motions of the cervical vertebra. Plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels were favorable prognostic factors for CSM surgical outcome. The sensitivity and specificity of plasma VDBP, plasma 25(OH)D, and plasma GSH were 89.8% and 91.7%, 85.8% and 84.4%, and 79.5% and 91.7%, respectively. Our study provides evidence that higher plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels may predict better surgical outcome in CSM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Jie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Guang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|