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Macknik SL, Alexander RG, Caballero O, Chanovas J, Nielsen KJ, Nishimura N, Schaffer CB, Slovin H, Babayoff A, Barak R, Tang S, Ju N, Yazdan-Shahmorad A, Alonso JM, Malinskiy E, Martinez-Conde S. Advanced Circuit and Cellular Imaging Methods in Nonhuman Primates. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8267-8274. [PMID: 31619496 PMCID: PMC6794937 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1168-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel genetically encoded tools and advanced microscopy methods have revolutionized neural circuit analyses in insects and rodents over the last two decades. Whereas numerous technical hurdles originally barred these methodologies from success in nonhuman primates (NHPs), current research has started to overcome those barriers. In some cases, methodological advances developed with NHPs have even surpassed their precursors. One such advance includes new ultra-large imaging windows on NHP cortex, which are larger than the entire rodent brain and allow analysis unprecedented ultra-large-scale circuits. NHP imaging chambers now remain patent for periods longer than a mouse's lifespan, allowing for long-term all-optical interrogation of identified circuits and neurons over timeframes that are relevant to human cognitive development. Here we present some recent imaging advances brought forth by research teams using macaques and marmosets. These include technical developments in optogenetics; voltage-, calcium- and glutamate-sensitive dye imaging; two-photon and wide-field optical imaging; viral delivery; and genetic expression of indicators and light-activated proteins that result in the visualization of tens of thousands of identified cortical neurons in NHPs. We describe a subset of the many recent advances in circuit and cellular imaging tools in NHPs focusing here primarily on the research presented during the corresponding mini-symposium at the 2019 Society for Neuroscience annual meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Macknik
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203,
| | - Robert G Alexander
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Olivya Caballero
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Jordi Chanovas
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Kristina J Nielsen
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Hamutal Slovin
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Amit Babayoff
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Ravid Barak
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Shiming Tang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, and Peking University-International Data Group-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Niansheng Ju
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, and Peking University-International Data Group-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jose-Manuel Alonso
- State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, New York 10036, and
| | | | - Susana Martinez-Conde
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203
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Coors ME, Glover JJ, Juengst ET, Sikela JM. The ethics of using transgenic non-human primates to study what makes us human. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 11:658-62. [PMID: 20717156 PMCID: PMC2995325 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A flood of comparative genomic data is resulting in the identification of human lineage-specific (HLS) sequences. As apes are our closest evolutionary relatives, transgenic introduction of HLS sequences into these species has the greatest potential to produce 'humanized' phenotypes and also to illuminate the functions of these sequences. We argue that such transgenic apes would also be more likely than other species to experience harm from such research, which renders such studies ethically unacceptable in apes and justifies regulatory barriers between these species and other non-human primates for HLS transgenic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Coors
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Bioethics and Humanities, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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