1
|
Diezma-Díaz C, Álvarez-García G, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Miró G, Villanueva-Saz S, Dolores Pérez M, Verde MT, Galán-Malo P, Brun A, Moreno S, Checa R, Montoya A, Van Voorhis WC, Ortega-Mora LM. A comparative study of eight serological methods shows that spike protein-based ELISAs are the most accurate tests for serodiagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections in cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1121935. [PMID: 36777670 PMCID: PMC9909348 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Monitoring the infection in pets is recommended for human disease surveillance, prevention, and control since the virus can spread from people to animals during close contact. Several diagnostic tests have been adapted from humans to animals, but limited data on the validation process are available. Methods Herein, the first comparative study of six "in house" and two commercial serological tests developed to monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets was performed with a well-coded panel of sera (61 cat sera and 74 dog sera) with a conservative criterion (viral seroneutralisation and/or RT-qPCR results) as a reference. Four "in house" tests based on either the RBD fragment of the spike protein (RBD-S) or the N-terminal fragment of the nucleoprotein (N) were developed for the first time. The analytical specificity (ASp) of those tests that showed the best diagnostic performance was assessed. The validation included the analysis of a panel of sera obtained pre-pandemic from cats and dogs infected with other coronaviruses to determine the analytical Sp (17 cat sera and 41 dog sera). Results and discussion ELISAS based on the S protein are recommended in serosurveillance studies for cats (RBD-S SALUVET ELISA, ELISA COVID UNIZAR and INgezim® COVID 19 S VET) and dogs (INgezim® COVID 19 S VET and RBD-S SALUVET ELISA). These tests showed higher diagnostic sensitivity (Se) and DSp in cats (>90%) than in dogs. When sera obtained prior to the pandemic and from animals infected with other coronaviruses were analyzed by RBD-S and N SALUVET ELISAs and INgezim® COVID 19 S VET, a few cross reactors or no cross reactions were detected when dog and cat sera were analyzed by tests based on the S protein, respectively. In contrast, the number of cross reactions increased when the test was based on the N protein. Thus, the use of tests based on the N protein was discarded for serodiagnosis purposes. The results obtained revealed the most accurate serological tests for each species. Further studies should attempt to improve the diagnostic performance of serological tests developed for dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diezma-Díaz
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
- SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- PetParasiteLab, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza University and Agro-food Research and Technology Centre of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez
- Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, AgriFood Institute of Aragón (IA2) Zaragoza University and Agro-food Research and Technology Centre of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza University and Agro-food Research and Technology Centre of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Brun
- Animal Health Research Centre, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology/Spanish National Research Council (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Animal Health Research Centre, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology/Spanish National Research Council (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Checa
- PetParasiteLab, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- PetParasiteLab, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Could veterinarians be immune to contracting SARS-CoV-2? Cent Eur J Immunol 2022; 47:275-279. [PMID: 36817264 PMCID: PMC9896990 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2022.119893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to assess the epidemic situation among veterinarians of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, in relation to the control group. Material and methods The research was divided into 3 stages. Stage I involved the selection of subjects. In stage II, flow cytometry for immunophenotyping was performed and the percentage of the sub-population of CD4 cells and CD8 cells was assessed. Stage III involved collection of nasopharyngeal swab samples in order to determine the canine coronavirus CR-CoV mRNA with the rT-PCR method. Results The percentage of the CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte subpopulation in relation to the total lymphocyte population in veterinarians did not differ statistically from the percentage in the control group. The CD4/CD8 ratio in the group of veterinarians was on average 1.93, and 2.04 in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups, p = 0.591. Canine CR-CoV mRNA was not detected in any of the veterinarians or in the control group. Conclusions None of the veterinarians had a significant increase in T lymphocytes, which could be an effective defense against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang G, Li B, Yoo D, Qin T, Zhang X, Jia Y, Cui S. Animal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1097-1110. [PMID: 32799433 PMCID: PMC7461065 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has rapidly spread to 216 countries and territories since first outbreak in December of 2019, posing a substantial economic losses and extraordinary threats to the public health worldwide. Although bats have been suggested as the natural host of SARS-CoV-2, transmission chains of this virus, role of animals during cross-species transmission, and future concerns remain unclear. Diverse animal coronaviruses have extensively been studied since the discovery of avian coronavirus in 1930s. The current article comprehensively reviews and discusses the current understanding about animal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 for their emergence, transmission, zoonotic potential, alteration of tissue/host tropism, evolution, status of vaccines and surveillance. This study aims at providing guidance for control of COVID-19 and preventative strategies for possible future outbreaks of zoonotic coronavirus via cross-species transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tong Qin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and Department of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaxiong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Domańska-Blicharz K, Woźniakowski G, Konopka B, Niemczuk K, Welz M, Rola J, Socha W, Orłowska A, Antas M, Śmietanka K, Cuvelier-Mizak B. Animal Coronaviruses in the Light of COVID-19. J Vet Res 2020; 64:333-345. [PMID: 32984621 PMCID: PMC7497757 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are extremely susceptible to genetic changes due to the characteristic features of the genome structure, life cycle and environmental pressure. Their remarkable variability means that they can infect many different species of animals and cause different disease symptoms. Moreover, in some situations, coronaviruses might be transmitted across species. Although they are commonly found in farm, companion and wild animals, causing clinical and sometimes serious signs resulting in significant economic losses, not all of them have been classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as hazardous and included on the list of notifiable diseases. Currently, only three diseases caused by coronaviruses are on the OIE list of notifiable terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases. However, none of these three entails any administrative measures. The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 infections that have caused the COVID-19 pandemic in humans has proved that the occurrence and variability of coronaviruses is highly underestimated in the animal reservoir and reminded us of the critical importance of the One Health approach. Therefore, domestic and wild animals should be intensively monitored, both to broaden our knowledge of the viruses circulating among them and to understand the mechanisms of the emergence of viruses of relevance to animal and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Director General, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Welz
- General Veterinary Inspectorate, 00-930Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Wojciech Socha
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Marta Antas
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Śmietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Beata Cuvelier-Mizak
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jurgiel J, Filipiak KJ, Szarpak Ł, Jaguszewski M, Smereka J, Dzieciątkowski T. Do pets protect their owners in the COVID-19 era? Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109831. [PMID: 32428810 PMCID: PMC7215164 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jurgiel
- Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; Erasmus+ Exchange Student at Nova Medical University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Łukasz Szarpak
- Lazarski Univeristy, Warsaw, Poland, Polish Society of Disaster Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miłosz Jaguszewski
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Smereka
- Department of Emergency Medical Service, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|