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Asif M, Asad S, Ahmed Z, Emmanuel S. Spirituality, Intolerance and Fear of COVID-19: Psychological Distress Among Older Adults in Pakistan. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024:10.1007/s10943-024-02015-6. [PMID: 38528274 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-024-02015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role of spirituality, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), and fear of COVID-19 as correlates and predictors of psychological distress among older adults in Pakistan and also assess the gender differences among research variables. Using a quantitative correlational survey research design, a sample of 150 (75 = Men, 75 = Women) older adults aged 55 years and above from different cities of Pakistan were approached through a non-probability purposive sampling strategy. Participants completed the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale IUS-12, Fear of COVID-19, and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-K10. Spirituality has a significant negative relationship with psychological distress. Whereas, IU (Inhibitory anxiety and prospective anxiety) and fear of COVID-19 have a significant positive relationship with psychological distress. Results also showed that spirituality, IU dimensions, and fear of COVID-19 emerged as significant predictors of psychological distress among older adults after controlling for the effect of covariates. In addition, elderly females significantly showed more spirituality, less IU, and fear of COVID-19 as compared to elderly males. It is proposed that mental health care plays an important role in treating the psychological needs of older adults in pandemic situations and that further study is needed to develop effective solutions for older persons in stressful situations such as pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheen Asif
- Department of Lahore School of Behavioural Sciences (LSBS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sara Asad
- Department of Applied Psychology, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Ahmed
- Department of Lahore School of Behavioural Sciences (LSBS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shalmee Emmanuel
- Department of Humanities, The COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan
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2
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Yıldırım M, Ashraf F. Fear of COVID-19, Coronavirus Anxiety, COVID-19 Burnout, and Resilience: Examining Psychometric Properties of COVID-19 Burnout Scale in Urdu. JOURNAL OF ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES 2023:00219096231153161. [PMCID: PMC9902781 DOI: 10.1177/00219096231153161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the associations between resilience, fear of COVID-19, coronavirus anxiety and COVID-19 burnout. The study also aimed to validate the COVID-19 Burnout Scale (COVID-19-BS) in Urdu. Participants included 812 Pakistani young adults (55.7% males; mean age 26.4 ± 8.7 years). Results supported a one-factor solution for the COVID-19-BS with high reliability. Mediation analysis showed that resilience mediated the relationships between fear of COVID-19 and coronavirus anxiety with COVID-19 burnout. The study provided preliminary evidence that fear of COVID-19 and coronavirus anxiety might be significant risk factors for burnout among the Pakistani general population, and resilience might mitigate the impacts of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Yıldırım
- Murat Yıldırım, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Erzurum Yolu 4 Km, Merkez, Agri 04100, Turkey. Emails: ;
| | - Farzana Ashraf
- Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
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3
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Staszak S, Maciejowska J, Urjasz W, Misiuro T, Cudo A. The Relationship between the Need for Closure and Coronavirus Fear: The Mediating Effect of Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories about COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14789. [PMID: 36429507 PMCID: PMC9690611 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between fear of the coronavirus, belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories, and dimensions of the need for cognitive closure. As there is evidence of associations between these variables, we hypothesized that the relationship between the need for closure dimensions and coronavirus fear may be mediated by conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19. We analyzed the results from 380 individuals who completed online versions of three scales: the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, a short version of the Need for Closure Scale, and-designed for this study-the Conspiracy Theories about the Coronavirus Scale. The results showed that belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories fully mediated the relationship between the fear of the coronavirus and avoidance of ambiguity, as well as closed-mindedness. The findings provided evidence that beliefs in conspiracy theories may play a significant role in reducing the level of coronavirus fear in people with high levels of these traits. In addition, a partial mediation between the fear of the coronavirus and the need for predictability was found. The limitations and implications of the research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Staszak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Julia Maciejowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Urjasz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Tomasz Misiuro
- Institute of Psychology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cudo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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4
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Al-Dossary RN, AlMahmoud S, Banakhar MA, Alamri M, Albaqawi H, Al Hosis K, Aljohani MS, Alrasheadi B, Falatah R, Almadani N, Aljohani K, Alharbi J, Almazan JU. The relationship between nurses' risk assessment and management, fear perception, and mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:992466. [PMID: 36438216 PMCID: PMC9685659 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.992466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During this pandemic, it is crucial to implement early interventions to help nurses manage their mental wellbeing by providing them with information regarding coping skills, preventive risk assessment approaches (such as hospital preparedness and rapid risk assessment), and the ability to respond. This study evaluated the effect of fear and risk assessment management on nurses' mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. A total of 507 nurses who worked in tertiary public hospitals were asked to take a descriptive design survey. Three survey scales were used to assess the survey: the Risk Assessment Scale, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. Independent t-tests and a one-way ANOVA were used to examine the association between fear of COVID-19 and nurses' demographic characteristics on their mental wellbeing. A multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the predictors associated with mental wellbeing. Findings revealed that almost half of the participants showed moderate positive mental wellbeing, 49.7%, while only 14% had low levels of fear on the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well being Scale. Most of the respondents had low levels of fear on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, 45%, while only 15% had high levels of fear on the scale. Then, some demographic variables, such as "age," "nationality," "total years of experience in the current hospital," and "region you work at" had statistically significant differences with p < 0.5. Meanwhile, risk assessment is also associated with mental wellbeing scores. All items on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale showed no significant difference with a P > 0.05. In conclusion, most nurses providing direct patient care to a patient with COVID-19 emphasized the importance of wearing PPE and performing hand hygiene before and after any clean or aseptic procedure. Meanwhile, although almost all nurses were vaccinated, they were still afraid of a COVID-19 infection. Additionally, the results reported that the older the nurses are, the better their mental wellbeing scores. Non-Saudi nurses had higher perceived mental wellbeing scores than Saudi nurses, and different working environments corresponded to different mental wellbeing scores. Finally, nurses' risk assessment was associated with mental wellbeing scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem N. Al-Dossary
- Nursing Education Department, Nursing College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana AlMahmoud
- Nursing Education Department, Nursing College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Ahmed Banakhar
- Public Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alamri
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khaled Al Hosis
- Department of Nursing Education, Nursing College, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Aljohani
- Medical and Surgical Department, Nursing College, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alrasheadi
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawaih Falatah
- Nursing Administration and Education Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Almadani
- Community Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Aljohani
- Community Health Nursing Department, Nursing College, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jalal Alharbi
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Albatin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph U. Almazan
- Medicine Department, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan,*Correspondence: Joseph U. Almazan ;
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5
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Zivkovic Zaric R, Zaric M, Canovic P, Jankovic S, Stojadinovic M, Zornic N, Nesic J, Spasic M, Jovanovic D, Jug M, Jakovljevic S, Pejcic A. Validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in a central Balkan country - Serbia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:972668. [PMID: 36081473 PMCID: PMC9445217 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.972668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Validation of the fear of introduction High levels of fear of COVID-19 may be associated with increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as decreased resilience and life expectancy. Objective This study aimed to translate and confirm the Serbian version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale as well as to investigate its psychometric properties. Methods The translation and intercultural adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 scale was performed by the leading standard of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research. When the distribution was normal, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. The reliability of the Serbian version of FCV-19S was tested by measuring the internal consistency through the value of Cronbach's alpha. Results The original version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale was tested on a sample of 256 subjects with a mean age of 25.38 ± 12.47. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.864. We divided the scale by the split-half method (Spearman-Brown), and the value of the coefficient for the questionnaire as a whole was 0.882. Divergent criterion validity was tested through the non-parametric correlation between the scores of the Fear of COVID-19 scale and the Fear of Hospitalization scale. A score of the Fear of COVID-19 scale was calculated as the sum of each question for each of the respondents. Convergent criterion validity was tested through the non-parametric correlation between the scores of the Fear of COVID-19 scale and the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire. Conclusion The validated version of the scale in Serbia complements versions available in other cultures and other languages and facilitates global studies related to mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milan Zaric
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,*Correspondence: Milan Zaric
| | - Petar Canovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Jankovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milorad Stojadinovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Zornic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nesic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marko Spasic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dalibor Jovanovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Martina Jug
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Jakovljevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia,Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ana Pejcic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Balázs PG, Mitev A, Brodszky V. Parallel exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Hungarian Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a large general population sample: a psychometric and dimensionality evaluation. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1438. [PMID: 35902834 PMCID: PMC9333073 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to confirm validity and reliability of the Hungarian version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and evaluate its dimensional structure. Methods Cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2021 among Hungarian general population. In addition to classical test theory methods, construct dimensionality of FCV-19S was assessed using EFA with principal axis factoring method and CFA with diagonally-weighted least squares estimation. Fear score was compared in age, gender, educational level, vaccination and infection subgroups. Results Significant differences in FCV-19S mean scores were observed between three subgroups (age, gender, vaccination). Items showed good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.88). EFA identified two latent factors (eig = 4.2 and 1.02), though parallel analysis supports the one-factor model. The two-dimensional structure was confirmed by CFA, items 3,4,6,7 correlated with Factor 1 (physiological fear), items 1,2,5 with Factor 2 (emotional fear). Conclusion The Hungarian version of FCV-19S seems valid and reliable. The EFA identified two-latent factors (emotional and physiological fear), that was confirmed by CFA. The two-factor structure had better model fit, though its’ acceptance is limited. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13789-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter György Balázs
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.,Corvinus University of Budapest, Doctoral School of Business and Management, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ariel Mitev
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Mahmood QK, Sohail MM, Qureshi WA, Zakar R, Wrona KJ, Fischer F. Role of positive mental health in reducing fears related to COVID-19 and general anxiety disorder in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:163. [PMID: 35761390 PMCID: PMC9238220 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has posed multiple challenges to healthcare systems. Evidence suggests that mental well-being is badly affected due to compliance with preventative measures in containing the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to explore the role of positive mental health (subjective sense of wellbeing) to cope with fears related to COVID-19 and general anxiety disorder in the Pashtun community in Pakistan.
Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 501 respondents from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa participating in an online-based study. We performed correlational analysis, hierarchical linear regression and structural equational modeling (SEM) to analyze the role of mental health in reducing fears and general anxiety disorder. Results The results of the SEM show that positive mental health has direct effects in reducing the fear related to COVID-19 (β = − 0.244, p < 0.001) and general anxiety (β = − 0.210, p < 0.001). Fears of COVID-19 has a direct effect on increasing general anxiety (β = 0.480). In addition, positive mental health also has an indirect effect (β = − 0.117, p < 0.001) on general anxiety (R2 = 0.32, p < 0.001) through reducing fear of coronavirus. Conclusion Based on these findings, there is a need to develop community health policies emphasizing on promotive and preventive mental health strategies for people practicing social/physical distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubeena Zakar
- Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kamil J Wrona
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Fischer
- Institute of Public Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Bavarian Research Center for Digital Health and Social Care, Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Kempten, Germany.
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8
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Green ZA, Yıldırım M. Personal growth initiative moderates the mediating effect of COVID-19 preventive behaviors between fear of COVID-19 and satisfaction with life. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09729. [PMID: 35720766 PMCID: PMC9197570 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on a moderated mediation model. First, it determined the mediating effect of COVID-19 preventive behaviors between fear of COVID-19 and satisfaction with life. Next, it examined whether personal growth initiative moderated the mediation effect. The study comprised 461 Pakistani university students (52% men and 48% women) between 18 and 35 years (M = 24.66, SD = 3.51). Results indicated that higher levels of fear of COVID-19 were linked to greater adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviors, which in turn were related to higher levels of satisfaction with life (mediation model). With regard to the hypothesized moderated mediation model, results showed that personal growth initiative moderated the mediating path from fear of COVID-19 to satisfaction with life and from COVID-19 preventive behaviours to satisfaction with life. Further, results suggested that fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 preventive behaviours had stronger effects on satisfaction with life when personal growth initiative was high, but not when it was low or moderate. It was therefore concluded that personal growth initiative may play a protective role in buffering the negative effect of higher levels of fear of COVID-19 on satisfaction with life and an enabling role in strengthening the relationship between COVID-19 preventive behaviors and satisfaction with life. Theoretical contribution and practical implications of the results are discussed as well as the study limitations and future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Asher Green
- Faculty of Business Administration, Preston University, Islamabad Campus, No 85, Street 3, Sector H-8/1, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Contemporary Research Initiative, Preston University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Murat Yıldırım
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Erzurum, Yolu 4 Km 04100, Merkez, Ağrı, Turkey.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavior, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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9
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Alimoradi Z, Ohayon MM, Griffiths MD, Lin CY, Pakpour AH. Fear of COVID-19 and its association with mental health-related factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e73. [PMID: 35307051 PMCID: PMC8943231 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of COVID-19 remains high worldwide. Therefore, millions of individuals are likely to suffer from fear of COVID-19 and related mental health factors. AIMS The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize empirical evidence to understand fear of COVID-19 and its associations with mental health-related problems during this pandemic period. METHOD Relevant studies were searched for on five databases (Scopus, ProQuest, EMBASE, PubMed Central, and ISI Web of Knowledge), using relevant terms (COVID-19-related fear, anxiety, depression, mental health-related factors, mental well-being and sleep problems). All studies were included for analyses irrespective of their methodological quality, and the impact of quality on pooled effect size was examined by subgroup analysis. RESULTS The meta-analysis pooled data from 91 studies comprising 88 320 participants (mean age 38.88 years; 60.66% females) from 36 countries. The pooled estimated mean of fear of COVID-19 was 13.11 (out of 35), using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The associations between fear of COVID-19 and mental health-related factors were mostly moderate (Fisher's z = 0.56 for mental health-related factors; 0.54 for anxiety; 0.42 for stress; 0.40 for depression; 0.29 for sleep problems and -0.24 for mental well-being). Methodological quality did not affect these associations. CONCLUSIONS Fear of COVID-19 has associations with various mental health-related factors. Therefore, programmes for reducing fear of COVID-19 and improving mental health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Alimoradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Maurice M Ohayon
- Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center (SSERC), School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; and Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Iran; and Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden
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10
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Lo Moro G, Cugudda E, Bert F, Raco I, Siliquini R. Vaccine Hesitancy and Fear of COVID-19 Among Italian Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Community Health 2022; 47:475-483. [PMID: 35138490 PMCID: PMC9160103 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-022-01074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medical students are in close contact with patients and should adhere to the same recommendations as healthcare workers. The study aimed to explore medical students' hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccine and evaluate fear of COVID-19 and its relationship with hesitancy. A cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst a sample of medical students attending clinical years (November 2020–February 2021, Italy). Multivariable regressions were performed (p < 0.05 as significant). A total of 929 students participated (58.6% of eligible students). Hesitancy was reported by 6.7%; extreme fear of COVID-19 by 42.0%. Among hesitancy predictors, there were the survey completion before COVID-19 vaccine authorisation (adjOR = 6.43), adverse reactions after a vaccination (adjOR = 3.30), and receiving advice against COVID-19 vaccination from a relative (adjOR = 2.40). Students who received the recommended paediatric vaccinations (adjOR = 0.10), students with higher adherence to preventive measures (adjOR = 0.98), and students with fear of contracting COVID-19 with regard to the health of loved ones (adjOR = 0.17) were less likely to be hesitant. Females (adjOR = 1.85), students with poor health (adjOR = 1.64), students who had a loved one severely affected by COVID-19 (adjOR = 1.68), and students with fear of contracting flu (adjOR = 3.06) had a higher likelihood of reporting extreme fear. Hesitancy was remarkably lower than in similar studies. However, there is room for improvement in university activities that could deepen the competence in vaccines. Our focus on fear should not be overlooked, since the extent of extreme fear that we found might represent a substantial burden, considering the associations between fear and other health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Lo Moro
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cugudda
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Immacolata Raco
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Siliquini
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126, Turin, Italy
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11
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Scoppetta O, Cassiani-Miranda CA, Arismendy-López YA, Tirado-Otálvaro AF. Psychometric Properties of an Instrument to Assess the Fear of COVID-19 in a Sample in Argentina: a Mixed Approach. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 21:1-14. [PMID: 35069043 PMCID: PMC8759603 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The FCV-19S was the first instrument designed to assess the severity of fear related to COVID-19 and has already been validated in many languages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the homogeneity and construct validity of the 5-item version of the FCV19S, using an online questionnaire in 599 people. The participants' age ranged from 18 to 65 years. Age, gender, marital status, educational level, employment status, and socioeconomic status were analyzed. In the evaluation process we assessed interitem correlation, item rest-correlation, confirmatory factor analysis: Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, Comparative Fix Index, Tucker-Lewis Index; internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega), and the Rasch model was assessed for learning more about the psychometric properties of the scale, which allows a detailed knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of a scale. The FCV-5S has adequate psychometric indicators from the perspective of the Classical Theory of Items. The major limitations were using a self-reported measure and having a convenience sample not necessarily representative of the general population of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Arturo Cassiani-Miranda
- Medicine Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Calle 70 N° 55-210, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Yinneth Andrea Arismendy-López
- Medicine Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Calle 70 N° 55-210, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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12
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Chen IH, Chen CY, Zhao KY, Gamble JH, Lin CY, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric evaluation of fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) among Chinese primary and middle schoolteachers, and their students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-17. [PMID: 35002189 PMCID: PMC8727075 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing a large-scale cross-sectional survey, the present study tested the advanced psychometric properties of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in specific populations (i.e., primary and middle schoolteachers, and their students). The present study also examined the association between perceived fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress among home-room teachers (i.e., teachers who teach all their students in one classroom all day) and their students. The results among participants (11,134 teachers and 4,335 students) indicated good internal reliability of FCV-19S and excellent factorial validity with a two-factor structure utilizing these specific populations. Furthermore, the multilevel analysis showed that home-room teachers' psychological distress, but not fear of COVID-19, was positively associated with their students. In sum, the FCV-19S is a useful tool to assess the fear of COVID-19 on potentially vulnerable populations (i.e., primary/middle schoolteachers and their students). Future studies are encouraged to use the present study's findings to investigate possible underlying mechanisms for developing effective coping strategies and interventions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-021-02471-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hua Chen
- Chinese Academy of Education Big Data, Qufu Normal University, Qufu City, Shandong China
| | - Chao-Ying Chen
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333 Taiwan
| | - Ke-Yun Zhao
- School of Communication, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao City, Shandong China
| | - Jeffrey H. Gamble
- Department of Foreign Languages, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, 701 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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Ullah I, Tahir MJ, Ali S, Waseem R, Griffiths MD, Mamun MA, Lin CY, Pakpour AH. COVID-19 Fear Among Pakistanis: Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Using Item Response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1240-1255. [PMID: 34867122 PMCID: PMC8628831 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) assesses the fear of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has been translated and validated into over 20 languages. The present study conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT) analyses on the FCV-19S among a sample of 937 Pakistani adults (mean [SD] age of 25.83 [11.80] years; 537 [57.3%] females). The CFA and IRT confirmed the unidimensionality of the FCV-19S. The Likert-type scale used in the FCV-19S was supported by the proper threshold orderings. Additionally, no DIF contrast had an absolute value larger than 0.5 regarding the participants' characteristics of gender, age, living status, and education in the IRT findings. The FCV-19S was found to be valid and reliable with strong psychometric properties among the Pakistani adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Rabia Waseem
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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Musoke P, Nantaayi B, Kato Ndawula R, Wannyana B, Ssewante N, Wekha G, Olum R, Nakyagaba L, Rhoda Nassozi D, Nabukeera G, Marvin Kanyike A, Ojilong D, Madut Akech G, Kajjimu J, Kiwumulo J, Agira D, Okot J, Bongomin F. Fear of COVID-19 and the Media Influence on Herbal Medication Use in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:3965-3975. [PMID: 34584474 PMCID: PMC8464377 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s332325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created fear in people around the world. This has led to the widespread use of various herbal remedies in its prevention and treatment regardless of the paucity of scientific evidence about their safety and efficacy. This study assessed the fear of COVID-19 and the influence of media on the use of herbal medicine to prevent or treat COVID-19 in Uganda. METHODS In the first 2 weeks of July 2021, a descriptive online cross-sectional study was carried out anonymously in the general population in Uganda. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data on herbal medicine use and the influence of media. Fear of COVID-19 was rated using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). RESULTS We recruited 488 participants, 273 (55.9%) were female, with a median age of 25 (range: 18-73) years. Sixty-seven (57.8%) participants had a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. The mean FCV-19S score was 21.7 SD 5.9 with 53.3% reporting high levels of COVID-19 fear. About 57.4% of participants reported using herbal remedies either to prevent or treat COVID-19-like symptoms. Media was the main source of information, with more than 80% of the participants reporting seeing or accessing information about herbal medication use. Women (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.74, 95% CI: 1.2-2.5, p=0.003) and people with a previously confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis (aOR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.35-7.14, p=0.008) had a statistically significantly higher FCV-19S score. Being unemployed (aOR: 1.0, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3, p=0.008) and a female (aOR: 1.0, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3, p=0.012) were statistically significantly associated with herbal medicine use. Participants who used herbal remedies had a higher median FCV-19S score compared to non-users (23 versus 21, p<0.001). CONCLUSION The use of herbal medicines to treat or prevent COVID-19 is a widespread practice among the general population in Uganda amidst the high levels of fear of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Musoke
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brandy Nantaayi
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rodney Kato Ndawula
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Babrah Wannyana
- School of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Nelson Ssewante
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godfrey Wekha
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ronald Olum
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lourita Nakyagaba
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dianah Rhoda Nassozi
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Daniel Ojilong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | | | - Jonathan Kajjimu
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Drake Agira
- Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Jerom Okot
- Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Felix Bongomin
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
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Nazari N, Safitri S, Usak M, Arabmarkadeh A, Griffiths MD. Psychometric Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Personality Traits Predict the Fear of COVID-19. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1-17. [PMID: 34456653 PMCID: PMC8382103 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health crisis that has generated fear and negative psychological consequences. The present study evaluated the validity and factor structure of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) among a sample from the general Indonesian population. The English version of the FCV-19S was translated and back-translated into Indonesian language, followed by a pilot study. Using convenience sampling method, a total of 728 participants completed an online survey distributed on various social media platforms. The survey included the FCV-19S, personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The Indonesian FCV-19S had very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega) and composite reliability (alpha = 0.88, omega = .86, composite reliability = .87). Maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test construct validity (χ 2/df = 2.51, CFI = .984, SRMR = .028, PCLOSE = .15 > .05, RMSEA = .06, 90% CI [.03, .09]). As for criterion-related validity, the FCV-19S score positively correlated with the score on PHQ-9, GAD-7, negative affect, and neuroticism and negatively correlated with extraversion. Negative affect was identified as the most important predictor of the fear of COVID-19. Personality traits also predicted the fear of COVID-19. The findings provide evidence that the FCV-19S is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing fear generated by COVID-19 among a healthy Indonesian-speaking population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Nazari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Safitri
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammet Usak
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Arman Arabmarkadeh
- Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Alam MD, Lu J, Ni L, Hu S, Xu Y. Psychological Outcomes and Associated Factors Among the International Students Living in China During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:707342. [PMID: 34483997 PMCID: PMC8414650 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created a severe mental health problem for international students living in China. Despite the little information on the psychological impact on international students, we aimed to assess the psychological outcomes and associated factors among international students currently living in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted from May 28, 2020 to June 12, 2020 on 402 full-time international students across 26 provinces in China. The frequency of symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, psychological distress, loneliness, and fear was assessed with the English versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6), University of California, Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), and Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) scales, respectively. Results: The prevalence of symptoms of depression (73.4%), anxiety (76.6%), stress (58.5%), insomnia (77.6%), psychological distress (71.4%), loneliness (62.4%), and fear (73.1%) among international students during the COVID-19 pandemic was shown. The prevalence of moderate to extremely severe symptoms of all psychological outcomes was significantly associated with 26-30-year-old students, students who lived with roommates, and students who stayed in China shorter than 2 years. Participants in the central region reported significantly moderate to extremely severe symptom levels of all the psychological outcomes except fear symptoms. Univariate analysis indicated that a significant association of all psychological outcomes was found among 26-30-year-old students and students who stayed in China shorter than 2 years. Multivariate analysis showed that Engineering, Business, Social Sciences and Law, and Language students were significantly associated with the symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and fear. Participants staying in China for shorter than 2 years were associated with a higher risk of all psychological outcomes except psychological distress and loneliness symptoms. Conclusions: We found a higher prevalence of psychological outcomes and risk factors among international students during the COVID-19 pandemic. We immediately appealed to university authorities, mental health professionals, and government officials to provide mental health interventions and strategies for their international students, particularly young, central region students, living with roommates, different study backgrounds, and short time staying during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Dhedharul Alam
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ni
- Department of Psychiatry, Fuyang Third Peoples Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Mailliez M, Griffiths MD, Carre A. Validation of the French Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and Its Associations with Depression, Anxiety, and Differential Emotions. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:2057-2071. [PMID: 34335119 PMCID: PMC8300066 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis represents a global health concern, including mental health. Regarding the necessity to assess anxiety related to COVID-19, a scale was developed (Ahorsu et al., 2020). The goal of the present study was to validate the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in French (official language in 29 countries), and investigate its relationship with indicators of affective disturbances. The sample comprised 316 participants (271 females) recruited online during the French lockdown. They were from several regions of France. The FCV-19S underwent a forward-backward translation procedure. Its psychometric properties were evaluated with the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The French FCV-19S demonstrated a stable unidimensional structure with robust psychometric properties (strong internal consistency, good convergent and divergent validity, and good test-retest validity). With its robust psychometric properties in assessing the unidimensional construct of the fear of COVID-19, this scale will help to provide a better understanding of the relationship between emotions and psychological or psychiatric disorders during the pandemics in French-speaking countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélody Mailliez
- ISAE-SUPAERO (Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace), University Toulouse (Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées), F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NGI 4FQ UK
| | - Arnaud Carre
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIP/PC2S, Rue Jean-Baptiste Richard, BP1104, F-73000 Chambéry, France
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Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) Among Jordanian Adults. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:3205-3218. [PMID: 34177393 PMCID: PMC8212791 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to assess the impacts of the Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) outbreak on mental health among the general population such as the Fear of COVID-19. The current study aimed to provide further validation of the Arabic version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) for use among Jordanian adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous online survey between 1 and 12 May 2020. The forward-backward translation method was adopted to translate the FCV-19S into Arabic. The study sample included 725 Jordanian adults. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) was 0.91 indicating excellent internal consistency. As for convergent validity, a significant positive correlation was found between the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and the three subscales of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), with the highest correlation being between the FCV-19S and the anxiety subscale (r = 0.54, p < .05), followed by the stress subscale (r = 0.51, p < .05), and lastly, the depression subscale (r = 0.46, p < .05). Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and item response theory (IRT). The unidimensional factor structure of the FCV-19S was confirmed on the study sample. The Arabic version of the FCV-19S is a reliable and valid instrument with good psychometric properties. The use of this scale for assessing the severity of fear related to the COVID-19 pandemic among Arabic-speaking populations is recommended. The findings may guide future COVID-19-related research and further validation testing.
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Mahmood QK, Jafree SR, Mukhtar S, Fischer F. Social Media Use, Self-Efficacy, Perceived Threat, and Preventive Behavior in Times of COVID-19: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan. Front Psychol 2021; 12:562042. [PMID: 34220597 PMCID: PMC8245845 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.562042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of social media in infectious disease outbreaks is receiving increasing attention, little is known about the mechanisms by which social media use affects risk perception and preventive behaviors during such outbreaks. This study aims to determine whether there are any relationships between social media use, preventive behavior, perceived threat of coronavirus, self-efficacy, and socio-demographic characteristics. The data were collected from 310 respondents across Pakistan using an online cross-sectional survey. Reliability analyses were performed for all scales and structural equational modeling was used to identify the relationships between study variables. We found that: (i) social media use predicts self-efficacy (β = 0.25, p < 0.05) and perceived threat of coronavirus (β = 0.54, p < 0.05, R 2 = 0.06), and (ii) preventive behavior is predicted by self-efficacy and perceived threat of coronavirus (R = 0.10, p < 0.05). Therefore, these results indicate the importance of social media's influence on health-related behaviors. These findings are valuable for health administrators, governments, policymakers, and social scientists, specifically for individuals whose situations are similar to those in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Khalid Mahmood
- Department of Sociology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sara Rizvi Jafree
- Department of Sociology, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sahifa Mukhtar
- Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Florian Fischer
- Institute of Public Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
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21
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Gélinas C, Maheu C, Lavoie-Tremblay M, Richard-Lalonde M, Gallani MC, Gosselin É, Hébert M, Tchouaket Nguemeleu E, Côté J. Translation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale into French-Canadian and English-Canadian and Validation in the Nursing Staff of Quebec. SCIENCE OF NURSING AND HEALTH PRACTICES 2021. [DOI: 10.7202/1077985ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Quebec has been one of the most affected provinces in Canada. Rising fear of COVID-19 is inevitable among healthcare workers, and a new scale was developed to measure this type of fear, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Aims: To translate the FCV-19S into French-Canadian and English-Canadian, and to validate both versions in the nursing staff from Quebec. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was sent to approximately 15 000 nursing staff including nurses and licensed practical nurses among those who had consented to their respective Order to be contacted for research. The forward-backward method was used to translate the FCV-19S into French-Canadian and English-Canadian. Both versions along with stress and work-related questionnaires, were used to establish validity. Results: A total of 1708 nursing staff, with a majority of women, completed the survey (1517 and 191 completed the French-Canadian and English-Canadian versions). A unidimensional scale was confirmed for both versions with Cronbach alphas of 0.90 and 0.88. Discriminative values showed higher fear levels in women, and in generation X (40-56 years old). Higher fear levels were also found in nursing staff working in long-term care facilities, provided care to COVID-19 patients who died, and those who felt less prepared to provide safe care. Convergent associations were found between fear levels, stress, work satisfaction, and turnover intention. Discussion and conclusion: A rigorous approach was used to translate the fear of COVID-19 scale into French-Canadian and English-Canadian. Both Canadian versions of the FCV-19S supported a valid unidimensional scale in Quebec nursing staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gélinas
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure titulaire, École des sciences infirmières Ingram, Université McGill, 680, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, 18e étage, suite 1800, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3A 2M7, Chercheuse, Centre de recherche en sciences infirmières et Institut Lady Davis, CIUSSS Centre-Ouest-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital général juif
| | - Christine Maheu
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure agrégée, École des sciences infirmières Ingram, Université McGill, Chercheuse, Centre universitaire de santé de McGill
| | | | - Mélissa Richard-Lalonde
- Inf., M. Sc., Ph. D.(c), École des sciences infirmières Ingram, Université McGill, Coordonnatrice de recherche clinique, Centre de recherche en sciences infirmières, CIUSSS Centre-Ouest-de l’Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital général juif
| | - Maria Cecilia Gallani
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure titulaire, Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université Laval, Chercheuse, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec
| | - Émilie Gosselin
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure adjointe, École des sciences infirmières, Université de Sherbrooke
| | - Maude Hébert
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure agrégée, Département des sciences infirmières, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
| | - Eric Tchouaket Nguemeleu
- Ph. D., Professeur agrégé, Département des sciences infirmières, Université du Québec en Outaouais
| | - José Côté
- Inf., Ph. D., Professeure titulaire, Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal, titulaire de la Chaire de recherche sur les nouvelles pratiques de soins infirmiers, Chercheuse, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal
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Mahmood QK, Jafree SR, Sohail MM, Akram MB. A Cross-Sectional Survey of Pakistani Muslims Coping with Health Anxiety through Religiosity during the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:1462-1474. [PMID: 33709338 PMCID: PMC7950429 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the role of religiosity in coping with health anxiety during the outbreak of COVID-19 assumes significance given the continued onslaught of the pandemic and the importance of religion in many societies of the world. The aim of this study is to test the relationship between religious coping and health anxiety in Pakistani Muslims. The online survey method was used to collect data from 408 respondents. Structural equational modeling was performed, with results indicating that people who are suffering with health anxiety opt for religious coping (β = .54, R2 = .29, p < .001). We conclude that it is important to consider the role of religion and spirituality during pandemic-induced anxiety. There are implications for counselors, physicians and researchers to integrate religious coping methods when planning mental health interventions during pandemics and otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Khalid Mahmood
- International Islamic University Islamabad, Room A213, Faculty Block A, Sector H10, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Babar Akram
- International Islamic University Islamabad, Room A213, Faculty Block A, Sector H10, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Green ZA, Noor U, Ahmed F, Himayat L. Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a Sample of Pakistan's University Students and Future Directions. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:2709-2732. [PMID: 34047221 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211016754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the psychometric validation of the English version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Findings demonstrated robust psychometric properties for the FCV-19S. CFA results showed that the FCV-19S was a good model fit to the data in a sample of 608 university students. The FCV-19S also showed good concurrent validity, as it was significantly and positively related to the Preventive Behaviors related to COVID-19 Scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale as well as significantly and negatively related to the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. The scale also showed good internal consistency reliability. Further, the association of age with FCV-19S indicated that younger students experienced greater fear of COVID-19. The analyses of mean differences revealed that women as compared to men, bachelor's and master's students as compared to post-master's students, and unemployed students as compared to employed students experienced greater fear of the outbreak. Also, those suffering from severe anxiety experienced greater fear of COVID-19 followed by those suffering from moderate, mild, and minimal anxiety. Moreover, knowing someone suffering from the coronavirus, being afraid that someone close might contract the virus, and believing that the current COVID-19 situation adversely affects academic performance were linked to higher levels of fear of the pandemic. Practice implications, limitations, and avenues for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Asher Green
- Faculty of Business Administration, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Contemporary Research Initiative, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Noor
- Contemporary Research Initiative, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Social Sciences, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ahmed
- Contemporary Research Initiative, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lubna Himayat
- Contemporary Research Initiative, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Campo-Arias A, Tirado-Otálvaro AF, Álvarez-Solorza I, Cassiani-Miranda CA. Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Internal Consistency, Gender Differential Item Functioning and Discriminant Validity of the Fear of COVID-5 Scale Amidst Emerging Adult University Students in Mexico. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2021; 87:4-19. [PMID: 34000883 DOI: 10.1177/00302228211016216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to perform confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, gender differential item functioning, and discriminant validity of the Fear of COVID-5 Scale in emerging adult students of a university in Mexico. Confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega), and gender differential item functioning were estimated (Kendall tau b correlation). The Fear of COVID-5 Scale showed a one-dimension structure (RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.96, and SRMR = 0.02), with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.78 and McDonald's omega of 0.81), non-gender differential item functioning (Kendall tau b between 0.07 and 0.10), and significant discriminant validity (Higher scores for fear of COVID-19 were observed in high clinical anxiety levels). In conclusion, the Fear of COVID-5 Scale presents a clear one-dimension structure similar to a previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Álvarez-Solorza
- Facultad de Enfermería y Obstetricia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
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Malik S, Ullah I, Irfan M, Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Rehman IU, Minhas R. Fear of COVID-19 and workplace phobia among Pakistani doctors: A survey study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:833. [PMID: 33931040 PMCID: PMC8086971 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has seriously affected the lives of millions of people across the world. It has also heavily burdened healthcare professionals and the virus poses serious risks for their personal and professional lives. Therefore, the present study examined the associations between fear of COVID-19 and workplace phobia among doctors in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS An online survey was conducted among 421 doctors in Pakistan between April 10 and May 25, 2020. The Workplace Phobia Scale (WPS) and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) were the main psychometric instruments used in this study. RESULTS There was a significant positive relationship between fear of COVID-19 and workplace panic anxiety and workplace avoidance behavior. Significantly higher fear of COVID-19 was found among (i) females compared to males, (ii) doctors with 5 years or less of work experience compared to those with more than 5 years, and (iii) postgraduate trainees compared with other ranks. Two groups (doctors who were above 30 years old and postgraduate trainees) were found to have higher levels of workplace phobia compared to their counterparts. Doctors with severe levels of fear of COVID-19 had significantly higher levels of workplace panic anxiety and workplace avoidance behavior. CONCLUSIONS Fear of COVID-19 was significantly associated with workplace phobia which may negatively affect doctors' performance. Therefore, important steps are needed to protect doctors' health by providing sufficient resources to allay their fears and anxieties which consequently help them in carrying out their frontline duties in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, 25000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Internal Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, RM QT 512 Hong Kong China
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, ShahidBahounar BLV, Qazvin, 3419759811 Iran
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Ibad Ur Rehman
- Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rafia Minhas
- Avicenna Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
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Pilch I, Kurasz Z, Turska-Kawa A. Experiencing fear during the pandemic: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in Polish. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11263. [PMID: 33981502 PMCID: PMC8083179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) is a brief self-report measure developed at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic. The scale evaluates the emotional responses to COVID-19. To date, the FCV-19S has been translated and validated in about 20 languages and has been used in many published research. The current study aimed to validate the Polish version of the FCV-19S. METHOD The FCV-19S was translated into Polish using forward- and back-translation. From May 15th to June 15th 2020, a total of 708 community members (Sample 1: 383 persons, 209 females, Sample 2: 325 persons, 198 females) participated in the online study. The participants were recruited using online advertisements in social media. Participation was anonymous, voluntary, and without compensation. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the one-factor structure of the FCV-19S. Then, measurement invariance was analyzed across samples, gender and age groups. To assess the validity of the scale, correlations between the FCV-19S and the remaining scales were computed. RESULTS Internal consistency of the FCV-19S was good in both samples (Cronbach's alpha 0.89 and 0.85). The CFA showed that the one-factor model fits the data well (RMSEA = 0.067, 90% CI [0.059-0.094], CFI = 0.977, TLI = 0.965, GFI = 0.986). The criteria for configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance were met for all models tested. The FCV-19S scores correlated significantly with age, subjective vulnerability to the disease, neuroticism, self-reported compliance with the pandemic measures, and three kinds of preventive behavior (i.e., social distancing, hand hygiene, and disinfecting things). CONCLUSION The Polish version of the FCV-19S had a unidimensional structure, good reliability, and correlated as predicted with other variables. With the FCV-19S and the obtained results, healthcare professionals, researchers, and the government can gain more valuable information about people who may be at risk for negative psychological outcomes during the pandemic or who are not implementing protective behavior. The tool can be used in hospitals to quickly screen the level of fear in patients and minimize its severe adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pilch
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zofia Kurasz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Jafree SR, Momina A, Muazzam A, Wajid R, Calib G. Factors Affecting Delivery Health Service Satisfaction of Women and Fear of COVID- 19: Implications for Maternal and Child Health in Pakistan. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:881-891. [PMID: 33900516 PMCID: PMC8072320 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective High maternal and neonatal mortality rates in developing regions like Pakistan are linked to low rates of institutional deliveries. One way to improve rates of institutional deliveries is through improving institutional delivery service satisfaction in women. The aim of this research is to identify which factors influence delivery service satisfaction during the period of COVID-19 and which socio-demographic characteristics of women are associated with greater fear of catching COVID-19 during institutional deliveries. Methods A total of 190 women who had given birth between May to June, 2020, were sampled from two private and two public sector hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. A standardized tool was modified for use and a combination of descriptive statistics and multivariate regression was applied. Results The results reveal that a majority of women, at 74.7%, are afraid of contracting COVID-19; specifically, women delivering at public hospitals, those who are illiterate or semi-literate, with more than four children, with low household income, and who are unemployed. Regression models are used to identify factors related to higher satisfaction, including the following: (i) pre-delivery care (explanatory power of R2 = 0.651); (ii) during delivery care (R2 = 0.716); (iii) after delivery care for women (R2 = 0.525); and (iv) after delivery care for newborn (R2 = 0.780). The main areas which influence satisfaction include the following: service quality of staff and administration; maintenance of hygiene and sanitation; involvement in decision-making; provision of necessary information; and advice for breastfeeding, immunization and family planning. Conclusions for Practice Based on our findings, we recommend improved regulation of delivery services in both public and private hospitals and increased protection for disadvantaged women groups to maintain service quality during the pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10995-021-03140-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rizvi Jafree
- Department of Sociology, Forman Christian College University, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Ainul Momina
- Institute of Public Health, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Rabia Wajid
- Lady Willingdon Hospital and King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gloria Calib
- Forman Christian College, Chartered University, Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh
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Sotomayor-Beltran C, Matta-Solis H, Perez-Siguas R, Matta-Solis E, Matta-Zamudio L. Fear of COVID-19 among Peruvian People Living in Disadvantaged Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2021; 17:19-25. [PMID: 34040650 PMCID: PMC8097400 DOI: 10.2174/1745017902117010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 crisis is fuelling a state of fear among the human population at global level. Especially, those living in informal settlements and slums worldwide have been profoundly impacted by this pandemic. Individuals living in these places are already leading underprivileged lives. Thus, the economic and mental health problems caused by the COVID-19 crisis have further exacerbated their living standards, which has resulted, for instance, in tragedies such as suicides. OBJECTIVE In this study, we have sought to identify those individuals most at risk of displaying high levels of fear of COVID-19 in an informal settlement located in the capital city of Peru. METHODS A questionnaire was administered to 449 inhabitants living in the Carmen Alto informal settlement. The questionnaire was made up of two parts: the first one inquired about demographic data and the second part consisted of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. RESULTS The demographic variables of age, gender, marital status, educational level, occupation, whether a relative from the household was infected with COVID-19, and whether one of them died of this showed significant differences. It could be observed as well that the groups of females, stable workers, unemployed and those having completed a workforce education are at higher odds of displaying high levels of fear of COVID-19. As expected, the groups that had either a relative infected with COVID-19 or a relative death by this had the highest levels of fear towards the virus. CONCLUSION The female participants are more likely to display higher levels of fear of COVID-19 due to the terrible effect that unfavorable events have on them. In the cases of the unemployed and stable workers, their proneness to show high levels of fear towards the virus is because they have lost their incomes, due to the loss of their jobs, and because of fear of infection, respectively. Hence, we hope that this work serves Peruvian (and other) health authorities to develop strategies that help individuals living in informal settlements and are in urgent need of mitigating mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hernan Matta-Solis
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Maria Auxiliadora, Lima, Peru
| | - Rosa Perez-Siguas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Maria Auxiliadora, Lima, Peru
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Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Fleites Z, Fernández-Castillo E, Jiménez-Puig E, Vizcaíno-Escobar AE, Ferrer-Lozano DM, Martínez-Rodríguez L, Martín-González R. Anxiety, Health Self-Perception, and Worry About the Resurgence of COVID-19 Predict Fear Reactions Among Genders in the Cuban Population. Front Glob Womens Health 2021; 2:634088. [PMID: 34816192 PMCID: PMC8594045 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.634088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The resurgence of COVID-19 could deepen the psychological impacts of the pandemic which poses new challenges for mental health professionals. Among the actions that should be prioritized is the monitoring of the groups that have shown greater psychological vulnerability during the first stage of the pandemic. The first aim of our study is to explore the fear reactions to COVID-19 between genders during the second wave of the outbreak in Cuba. Second, establish possible predictors of fear of COVID-19 in relation to gender. Specifically, we will evaluate how anxiety related to COVID-19, health self-perception, and worry about the resurgence of COVID-19 predict fear reactions among women and men in the Cuban population. A cross-sectional online study was designed. The research was conducted between August 16 and October 18, 2020. A total of 373 people completed the online survey. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale were used. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the fear, worry, anxiety and self-perceived health scores, between genders. The relationship between those variables and fear of COVID-19, was investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Finally, multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the possible associations (predictors) related to fear of COVID-19. In our study, women, compared to men, presented greater fear reactions, greater concern about resurgence of COVID-19 and poorer self-perceived health. Anxiety reactions in our sample showed no differences between genders. In women, anxiety of COVID-19, worry about resurgence of COVID-19, and self-perceived health are associated with fear reactions to COVID-19. In the case of men, the self-perceived health showed no associations with fear reactions. Our results confirm the results of several related investigations during the first wave of the pandemic where women have shown greater psychological vulnerability compared to men. However, we cannot rule out that the real impact of the pandemic on mental health in men is much greater than that described by the studies conducted to date. Additional studies are needed on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Broche-Pérez
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Zoylen Fernández-Fleites
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Evelyn Fernández-Castillo
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Elizabeth Jiménez-Puig
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | | | - Dunia M. Ferrer-Lozano
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
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Giordani RCF, Giolo SR, Muhl C, Estavela AJ, Mabuie Gove JI. Validation of the FCV-19 Scale and Assessment of Fear of COVID-19 in the Population of Mozambique, East Africa. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:345-354. [PMID: 33776494 PMCID: PMC7989366 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s298948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to validate the Portuguese version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and investigate its association with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables in the population of Mozambique. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional online survey recruited 387 Mozambicans aged 18 to 70 years. The psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the FCV-19S were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis and Rash analysis. Additionally, the association of the FCV-19S with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables was investigated using the two-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and logistic regression. RESULTS The unidimensional factor structure of the Portuguese version of the FCV-19S was confirmed, and the scale showed good internal consistency reliability. The FCV-19S properties tested from the Rasch analysis were satisfactory. Women and those with lower education levels had higher scores of fear. Moreover, significantly higher levels of fear were observed among those being in an at-risk group for COVID-19, having family members or friends diagnosed or with death confirmed by COVID-19, and not being confident that they would receive adequate care from the public health services in case of COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSION The Portuguese version of FCV-19S has strong psychometric properties and can be used to assess the fear of COVID-19 in the Portuguese-speaking population of Mozambique. As the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health represents a challenge to clinical psychiatry, and information on mental health in African countries is still scarce, our findings may assist in the planning of public mental health policies, aimed mainly at specific segments of the population, such as women and people in extreme poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suely Ruiz Giolo
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Camila Muhl
- Department of Psychology, FAE University, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Midorikawa H, Aiba M, Lebowitz A, Taguchi T, Shiratori Y, Ogawa T, Takahashi A, Takahashi S, Nemoto K, Arai T, Tachikawa H. Confirming validity of The Fear of COVID-19 Scale in Japanese with a nationwide large-scale sample. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246840. [PMID: 33566868 PMCID: PMC7875410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing fear and anxiety regarding COVID-19 viral infection is essential for investigating mental health during this epidemic. We have developed and validated a Japanese-language version of The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) based on a large, nationwide residential sample (n = 6,750) recruited through news and social media responding to an online version of the questionnaire. Data was collected from August 4-25, 2020. Results correlated with K6, GAD-7 and IES-R psychological scales, and T-tests and analysis of variance identified associated factors. All indices indicated the two-factor model emotional fear reactions and symptomatic expressions of fear a better fit for our data than a single-factor model in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (χ2 = 164.16, p<0.001, CFI 0.991, TLI = 0.985, RMSEA = 0.043). Socio-demographic factors identified as disaster vulnerabilities such as female sex, sexual minority, elderly, unemployment, and present psychiatric history associated with higher scores. However, respondent or family member experience of infection risk, or work/school interference from confinement, had greatest impact. Results suggest necessity of mental health support during this pandemic similar to other disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Midorikawa
- Majors of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miyuki Aiba
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Toyo Gakuen University, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Adam Lebowitz
- General Studies Department, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takaya Taguchi
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiratori
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsukuba University Health Center, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ogawa
- Majors of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Asumi Takahashi
- Majors of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sho Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nemoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Arai
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tachikawa
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Pak H, Süsen Y, Denizci Nazlıgül M, Griffiths M. The Mediating Effects of Fear of COVID-19 and Depression on the Association Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotional Eating During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:1882-1896. [PMID: 33564278 PMCID: PMC7860995 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected the mental health of individuals due to severe changes in their normal life routines. These changes might give rise to stress-induced factors and result in developing maladaptive behaviors. Therefore, the present study tested an explorative sequential mediation model regarding the COVID-19 pandemic as a global natural experiment and hypothesized that fear and depression would be serial mediators of the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and emotional eating. An online cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling was adopted. A total of 362 participants were recruited from Turkey, and each completed a battery of demographic questions and psychometric scales. The standardized instruments used to test the model’s constructs were the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21. The model was tested using a bootstrapping method utilizing IBM AMOS 24 software. Results showed that emotional eating was positively associated with intolerance of uncertainty, fear of COVID-19, and depression. Moreover, fear of COVID-19 had positive correlation with intolerance of uncertainty and depression. Significant negative association was also found between age and intolerance of uncertainty. In addition, females significantly reported higher levels of emotional eating and fear of COVID-19 than males. The study’s hypothesized sequential mediation model was further supported. It is concluded that depression most likely developed by fear was triggered by intolerance of uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic and leading to emotional eating. The study is significant because it advances theories of emotional eating with an investigation examining some of its underlying mechanisms. Also, it is one of a few research studies highlighting to what extent the COVID-19 pandemic-related cognitions and emotions are associated with maladaptive behaviors in the case of emotional eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Pak
- Vocational School, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yankı Süsen
- Department of Psychology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Denizci Nazlıgül
- Department of Psychology, Yeditepe University, İnönü Mah. Kayışdağı Cad. 26 Ağustos Yerleşimi Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mark Griffiths
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Giordani RCF, Zanoni da Silva M, Muhl C, Giolo SR. Fear of COVID-19 scale: Assessing fear of the coronavirus pandemic in Brazil. J Health Psychol 2020; 27:901-912. [PMID: 33327789 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320982035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the fear of COVID-19 in the Brazilian population, validate the FCV-19S and examine the association of its scores with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables. A total of 7430 participants were recruited in an online survey. From the factor analysis results, FCV-19S proved to be suitable, indicating a higher level of fear for women and also for those aged 18-29 years. Besides, belonging to a high-risk group and having relatives diagnosed or deceased by COVID-19 showed a positive association with fear. These findings pointed out the most vulnerable groups, which can assist in planning mental health actions.
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Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Castillo E, Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Vizcaíno-Escobar A, Ferrer-Lozano D, Martínez-Rodríguez L, Martín-González R. Adaptation of the Cuban version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. DEATH STUDIES 2020; 46:603-607. [PMID: 33276708 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1855610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the psychometric properties of the Cuban version of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). The sample comprised 376 Cuban participants. Concurrent validity and reliability were examined. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The CAS showed excellent psychometric characteristics. The internal consistency was very good (α = 0.88). There was a positive correlation between the CAS and the FCV-19S and an inverse association between anxiety and self-perceived quality of health. The results confirmed the presence of a single factor. The CAS is a valid and reliable instrument to explore the experience of anxiety in the Cuban population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Broche-Pérez
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Evelyn Fernández-Castillo
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Zoylen Fernández-Fleites
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Elizabeth Jiménez-Puig
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Annia Vizcaíno-Escobar
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Dunia Ferrer-Lozano
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
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35
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Qureshi WA, Saud M, Mahmood QK. Dataset on the fear, preventive behaviour and anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data Brief 2020; 33:106579. [PMID: 33257917 PMCID: PMC7683953 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has raised numerous challenges to the present world. Due to the rapid spread of coronavirus, the high death toll, and enforcement of lock-down, people around the globe have faced fearful situations. Researches have also shown that a massive increase in psychological and mental health disorders is reported during the ongoing pandemic. The present cross-sectional data reflects the condition of the coronavirus fear, mental health, preventive behaviour, and anxiety disorder among the people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. At the time of data collection, the condition of lockdown and mobility restrictions were imposed by the provincial government due to which manual/physical collection of data was not possible. An online survey was designed using Google form facility to gather data from the respondents. After getting confirmation from pilot testing, the survey link was distributed through various online platforms including social media. Besides utilizing personal contact points in the KPK, social applications like Facebook, WhatsApp, and LinkedIn were also used for the dissemination of the survey. A total number of 501 respondents have furnished their responses and the survey was completed in a short period of time and the data were analyzed using SPSS. This data may be of great interest to researchers, policymakers, research organizations, social and mental health practitioners who wish to explore other dimensions of fear and anxiety among the masses caused by an ongoing pandemic (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Ahmad Qureshi
- Department of Sociology, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir, Turkey.,Department of Sociology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saud
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia.,Department of Sociology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Nikopoulou VA, Holeva V, Parlapani E, Karamouzi P, Voitsidis P, Porfyri GN, Blekas A, Papigkioti K, Patsiala S, Diakogiannis I. Mental Health Screening for COVID-19: a Proposed Cutoff Score for the Greek Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 20:907-920. [PMID: 33199975 PMCID: PMC7654349 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic elicited fear. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) is a newly developed self-reported measure, originally developed in Persian to assess COVID-19-related fear. To date, the scale has been translated and validated in 19 other languages, among which Greek. This study, conducted through an online survey, aimed to further explore the validity of the Greek FCV-19S version, as well as to identify appropriate cutoff scores. A total of 538 respondents completed the sociodemographic data sheet, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, the Short Health Anxiety Inventory, and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-8 inventory. According to the results, a cutoff point score of 16.5 or higher revealed a significant predictive power for anxiety, health anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Altogether, although the cutoff scores of the Greek FCV-19S version were explored to further evaluate the scale’s validity, they may facilitate discrimination of adults with extreme COVID-19-related fear from those with normal fear reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Nikopoulou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V. Holeva
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Parlapani
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P. Karamouzi
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P. Voitsidis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G. N. Porfyri
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A. Blekas
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K. Papigkioti
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S. Patsiala
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I. Diakogiannis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “Papageorgiou”, Ring Road Thessaloniki, N. Efkarpia, 54603 Thessaloniki, Greece
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