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Rodriguez M, Owens F, Perry M, Stone N, Soler Y, Almohtadi R, Zhao Y, Batrakova EV, El-Hage N. Implication of the Autophagy-Related Protein Beclin1 in the Regulation of EcoHIV Replication and Inflammatory Responses. Viruses 2023; 15:1923. [PMID: 37766329 PMCID: PMC10537636 DOI: 10.3390/v15091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein Beclin1 (BECN1, a mammalian homologue of ATG6 in yeast) plays an important role in the initiation and the normal process of autophagy in cells. Moreover, we and others have shown that Beclin1 plays an important role in viral replication and the innate immune signaling pathways. We previously used the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI) conjugated to mannose (Man) as a non-viral tool for the delivery of a small interfering (si) Beclin1-PEI-Man nanoplex, which specifically targets mannose receptor-expressing glia (microglia and astrocytes) in the brain when administered intranasally to conventional mice. To expand our previous reports, first we used C57BL/6J mice infected with EcoHIV and exposed them to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). We show that EcoHIV enters the mouse brain, while intranasal delivery of the nanocomplex significantly reduces the secretion of HIV-induced inflammatory molecules and downregulates the expression of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kB. Since a spectrum of neurocognitive and motor problems can develop in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy, we subsequently measured the role of Beclin1 in locomotor activities using EcoHIV-infected BECN1 knockout mice exposed to cART. Viral replication and cytokine secretion were reduced in the postmortem brains recovered from EcoHIV-infected Becn1+/- mice when compared to EcoHIV-infected Becn1+/+ mice, although the impairment in locomotor activities based on muscle strength were comparable. This further highlights the importance of Beclin1 in the regulation of HIV replication and in viral-induced cytokine secretion but not in HIV-induced locomotor impairments. Moreover, the cause of HIV-induced locomotor impairments remains speculative, as we show that this may not be entirely due to viral load and/or HIV-induced inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Florida Owens
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Marissa Perry
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Nicole Stone
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Yemmy Soler
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Rianna Almohtadi
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Y.Z.); (E.V.B.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Y.Z.); (E.V.B.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
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Hernando S, Nikolakopoulou P, Voulgaris D, Hernandez RM, Igartua M, Herland A. Dual effect of TAT functionalized DHAH lipid nanoparticles with neurotrophic factors in human BBB and microglia cultures. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:22. [PMID: 35300705 PMCID: PMC8928663 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are an accelerating global health problem. Nevertheless, the stronghold of the brain- the blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents drug penetrance and dwindles effective treatments. Therefore, it is crucial to identify Trojan horse-like drug carriers that can effectively cross the blood–brain barrier and reach the brain tissue. We have previously developed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-based nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), namely DHAH-NLC. These carriers are modulated with BBB-permeating compounds such as chitosan (CS) and trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT) from HIV-1 that can entrap neurotrophic factors (NTF) serving as nanocarriers for NDs treatment. Moreover, microglia are suggested as a key causative factor of the undergoing neuroinflammation of NDs. In this work, we used in vitro models to investigate whether DHAH-NLCs can enter the brain via the BBB and investigate the therapeutic effect of NTF-containing DHAH-NLC and DHAH-NLC itself on lipopolysaccharide-challenged microglia. Methods We employed human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) to capitalize on the in vivo-like TEER of this BBB model and quantitatively assessed the permeability of DHAH-NLCs. We also used the HMC3 microglia cell line to assess the therapeutic effect of NTF-containing DHAH-NLC upon LPS challenge. Results TAT-functionalized DHAH-NLCs successfully crossed the in vitro BBB model, which exhibited high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values (≈3000 Ω*cm2). Specifically, the TAT-functionalized DHAH-NLCs showed a permeability of up to 0.4% of the dose. Furthermore, using human microglia (HMC3), we demonstrate that DHAH-NLCs successfully counteracted the inflammatory response in our cultures after LPS challenge. Moreover, the encapsulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GNDF)-containing DHAH-NLCs (DHAH-NLC-GNDF) activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, suggesting the triggering of the endogenous anti-oxidative system present in microglia. Conclusions Overall, this work shows that the TAT-functionalized DHAH-NLCs can cross the BBB, modulate immune responses, and serve as cargo carriers for growth factors; thus, constituting an attractive and promising novel drug delivery approach for the transport of therapeutics through the BBB into the brain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00315-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hernando
- Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences (AIMES), Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Polyxeni Nikolakopoulou
- Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences (AIMES), Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Voulgaris
- Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences (AIMES), Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.,Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Anna Herland
- Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences (AIMES), Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.
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Wound Dressing Model of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Alginates Complex Promotes Skin Wound Healing by Paracrine Signaling. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:3269267. [PMID: 26880953 PMCID: PMC4736208 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3269267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To probe growth characteristics of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) cultured with alginate gel scaffolds, and to explore feasibility of wound dressing model of hUCMSCs-alginates compound. Methods. hUCMSCs were isolated, cultured, and identified in vitro. Then cells were cultivated in 100 mM calcium alginate gel, and the capacity of proliferation and migration and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) were investigated regularly. Wound dressing model of hUCMSCs-alginate gel mix was transplanted into Balb/c mice skin defects. Wound healing rate and immunohistochemistry were examined. Results. hUCMSCs grew well but with little migration ability in the alginate gel. Compared with control group, a significantly larger cell number and more VEGF expression were shown in the gel group after culturing for 3–6 days (P < 0.05). In addition, a faster skin wound healing rate with more neovascularization was observed in the hUCMSCs-alginate gel group than in control groups at 15th day after surgery (P < 0.05). Conclusion. hUCMSCs can proliferate well and express massive VEGF in calcium alginate gel porous scaffolds. Wound dressing model of hUCMSCs-alginate gel mix can promote wound healing through paracrine signaling.
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Chen L, Li W, Qiu W, Ren W, Li Q, Han B, Zhou L, Cheng L, Zhang H, Ye Q. RSRC1 SUMOylation enhances SUMOylation and inhibits transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor β. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1476-84. [PMID: 25937118 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor estrogen receptor β (ERβ) plays roles in the central nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems. ERβ can be SUMOylated. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that RSRC1/SRrp53 interacts with ERβ and SUMOylation of RSRC1 is required for regulation of PIAS1-mediated ERβ SUMOylation. RSRC1 promotes ERβ SUMOylation through enhanced interaction between ERβ and PIAS1. RSRC1 represses ERβ transcriptional activity through regulation of ERβ SUMOylation. By establishing RSRC1 as a novel cofactor for SUMOylation, our data provide insight into regulation of ERβ SUMOylation and indicate that SUMOylation of one protein can regulate another protein SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Chen
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Weini Li
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Weiyi Qiu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Wen Ren
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Qincao Li
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Baiyu Han
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China; Cardiovascular Drug Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China.
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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Gerena Y, Menéndez-Delmestre R, Skolasky RL, Hechavarria RM, Pérez S, Hilera C, González C, Nath A, Wojna V. Soluble insulin receptor as a source of insulin resistance and cognitive impairment in HIV-seropositive women. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:113-9. [PMID: 25604495 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance occurs in HIV-infected individuals and is associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, the mechanisms involved are not well understood. Previously, we showed a correlation between soluble insulin receptor (sIR) and HAND. Here, we investigated if binding of free insulin to sIR and soluble insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (sIGF1-R) levels are associated with sIR in HAND. Thirty-four (34) HIV-seropositive women stratified by cognitive status and five HIV-seronegative women were evaluated. In a subgroup of 20 HIV positive and 5 donors, binding of plasma insulin to sIR was determined by ELISA assay of residual insulin levels in plasma immuno-depleted with anti-IR-monoclonal antibody-Sepharose beads. sIR and sIGF1-R levels were determined by ELISA. Nonparametric statistics were used. Higher percentages of insulin bound to sIR significantly correlated with sIR levels and were associated with HAND status. Higher levels of plasma sIGF1-R had a positive correlation with sIR levels (p = 0.011) and were associated with HAND (p = 0.006). No correlations were observed with age, viral-immune profile, antiretroviral therapy, or TNF. This study suggests that changes in sIGF1-R levels and insulin binding to sIR may contribute to HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamil Gerena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and NeuroAIDS Program, Specialized Neuroscience Research Program (SNRP), University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR, 00936-5067, USA
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