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Bian Y, Qiao N, Han S, Gao J, Lv X, Yuan L, Zhang L, Wei Z. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effect of Ombuin from Rhamnus erythroxylon Pall. Leaves in LPS-Induced BV-2 Microglia by Targeting Src and Suppressing the PI3K-AKT/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8789. [PMID: 39201475 PMCID: PMC11354356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Rhamnus erythroxylon Pall. are widely used as tea substitutes in northwest China for their fragrant aroma, anti-irritability, and digestion-enhancing properties. Ombuin, a main flavonoid compound found in the leaves, exhibited notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, its potential role in treating neuroinflammatory-related diseases remains unexplored. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of ombuin and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. According to our findings, ombuin dramatically reduced the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Further analysis, including transcriptomics, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cellular heat transfer assays, revealed that Src was a direct target of ombuin. Western blot analysis showed that ombuin effectively suppressed Src phosphorylation and inhibited the downstream expressions of p-PI3K p85, p-AKT1, p-IKKα/β, p-IκBα, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Meanwhile, the repression of Src significantly reversed the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of ombuin. Our results identified Src as a direct target of ombuin and implied that ombuin exerted an anti-neuroinflammatory effect by inhibiting Src phosphorylation and suppressing the activation of the PI3K-AKT and NF-κB pathways, which might provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linjing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zuofu Wei
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Shin J, Choi S, Park AY, Ju S, Kweon B, Kim DU, Bae GS, Han D, Kwon E, Hong J, Kim S. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antidepressant-like Effects of Cannabis sativa L. Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1619. [PMID: 38931051 PMCID: PMC11207413 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. has been widely used by humans for centuries for various purposes, such as industrial, ceremonial, medicinal, and food. The bioactive components of Cannabis sativa L. can be classified into two main groups: cannabinoids and terpenes. These bioactive components of Cannabis sativa L. leaf and inflorescence extracts were analyzed. Mice were systemically administered 30 mg/kg of Cannabis sativa L. leaf extract 1 h before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, and behavioral tests were performed. We conducted an investigation into the oxygen saturation, oxygen tension, and degranulation of mast cells (MCs) in the deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Cannabis sativa L. extracts in BV2 microglial cells, we assessed nitrite production and the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The main bioactive components of the Cannabis sativa L. extracts were THCA (a cannabinoid) and β-caryophyllene (a terpene). Cannabis sativa L. leaf extract reduced the immobility time in the forced swimming test and increased sucrose preference in the LPS model, without affecting the total distance and time in the center in the open field test. Additionally, Cannabis sativa L. leaf extract improved oxygen levels and inhibited the degranulation of MCs in DCLNs. The Cannabis sativa L. extracts inhibited IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, nitrite, iNOS, and COX-2 expression in BV2 microglia cells. The efficacy of Cannabis sativa L. extracts was suggested to be due to the entourage effect of various bioactive phytochemicals. Our findings indicate that these extracts have the potential to be used as effective treatments for a variety of diseases associated with acute inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyoung Shin
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
| | - Sangheon Choi
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
| | - A Yeong Park
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
| | - Suk Ju
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
| | - Bitna Kweon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (B.K.); (D.-U.K.); (G.-S.B.)
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (B.K.); (D.-U.K.); (G.-S.B.)
| | - Gi-Sang Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (B.K.); (D.-U.K.); (G.-S.B.)
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoon Han
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
- Department of Global Health and Development, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjeong Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (E.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (E.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Sungchul Kim
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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Bodke S, Joshi N, Alavala RR, Suares D. In silico exploration of CB2 receptor agonist in the management of neuroinflammatory conditions by pharmacophore modeling. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108049. [PMID: 38507844 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system plays a pivotal role in controlling neuroinflammation, and modulating this system may not only aid in managing symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, Epilepsy, Central and Peripheral neuropathic pain, but also, have the potential to target these diseases at an early-stage. In the present study, six different pharmacophore hypotheses were generated from Cannabidiol (CBD)-Cannabinoid Receptor subtype-2 (CB2) and then Zinc database was screened for identification of hit molecules. Identified 215 hit molecules were subjected to preliminary screening with ADMET and drug likeness properties, and about 48 molecules were found with no violations and toxicity properties. In molecular docking studies, six compounds showed better binding energy than CBD and β-caryophyllene (known inhibitor of CB2). These six molecules were designated as leads and subjected to re-docking with glide tool and Lead1 (ZINC000078815430) showed docking score of -9.877 kcal/mol, whereas CBD and β-caryophyllene showed score of -9.664 and -8.499 kcal/mol, respectively. Lead1 and CBD were evaluated for stability studies with Desmond tool by molecular dynamic simulation studies. Lead1 showed better stability than CBD in all studied parameters such as RMSD, RMSF, SSE, Rg, SASA, etc. In MM-GBSA free energy calculations, ΔGbinding energy of CB2-CBD complex and CB2-Lead1 were found to be -103.13±11.19 and -107.94±5.42 kcal/mol, respectively. Six lead molecules stated in the study hold promise with respect to CBD agonistic activity for treating and/or managing chronic conditions and can be explored as an alternative for early-stage cure, which has not yet been experimentally explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlok Bodke
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Nachiket Joshi
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Alavala
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India.
| | - Divya Suares
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India.
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Antidepressants as a potential candidate to reduce microglia activation in neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Zhu H, Bai Y, Wang G, Su Y, Tao Y, Wang L, Yang L, Wu H, Huang F, Shi H, Wu X. Hyodeoxycholic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia inflammatory responses through regulating TGR5/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:849-859. [PMID: 35475391 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221089041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) is a natural secondary bile acid with enormous pharmacological effects, such as modulating inflammation in neuron. However, whether HDCA could suppress microglial inflammation has not been elucidated yet. AIMS To determine the anti-microglial inflammatory effect of HDCA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) models and its mechanisms. METHODS The effect of HDCA was evaluated in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells in vitro and the cortex of LPS-treated mice in vivo. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to visualize the localization of nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (Iba-1), respectively. The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines was measured by RT-qPCR. The protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), takeda G-coupled protein receptor 5 (TGR5), and the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), NF-κB, and inhibitor of NF-κB protein α (IκBα) was examined by Western blot. RESULTS HDCA inhibited the inflammatory responses in LPS-treated BV2 cells and in the cortex of LPS-treated mice, evidenced by decreased production of inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. Further study demonstrated that HDCA repressed the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of NF-κB and inhibited the activation of AKT in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. Meanwhile, addition of TGR5 inhibitor, triamterene, abolished the effects of HDCA on TGR5, AKT, and NF-κB. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that HDCA prevents LPS-induced microglial inflammation in vitro and in vivo, the action of which is via regulating TGR5/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Bai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaorui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousong Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlin Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lupeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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β-Arrestin2 Is Critically Involved in the Differential Regulation of Phosphosignaling Pathways by Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Taltirelin. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091473. [PMID: 35563779 PMCID: PMC9103620 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its analogs, including taltirelin (TAL), have demonstrated a range of effects on the central nervous system that represent potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of various neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of their actions remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated phosphosignaling dynamics in pituitary GH1 cells affected by TRH and TAL and the putative role of β-arrestin2 in mediating these effects. Our results revealed widespread alterations in many phosphosignaling pathways involving signal transduction via small GTPases, MAP kinases, Ser/Thr- and Tyr-protein kinases, Wnt/β-catenin, and members of the Hippo pathway. The differential TRH- or TAL-induced phosphorylation of numerous proteins suggests that these ligands exhibit some degree of biased agonism at the TRH receptor. The different phosphorylation patterns induced by TRH or TAL in β-arrestin2-deficient cells suggest that the β-arrestin2 scaffold is a key factor determining phosphorylation events after TRH receptor activation. Our results suggest that compounds that modulate kinase and phosphatase activity can be considered as additional adjuvants to enhance the potential therapeutic value of TRH or TAL.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that microglial activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. In fact, neuroinflammation is associated with a phenotypic change of microglia, consisting of morphological differences, increased release of cytokines and oxidative stress products, which may contribute to the development and maintenance of depression. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, have been shown to act on the immune and oxidative stress mechanisms commonly found to be disrupted in depression. Thus, the inhibition of microglial activation may be one of the mechanisms through which they exert an antidepressant action. AIM This is the first review summarising in vitro and ex vivo studies investigating the effects of different classes of antidepressants on microglia activation, by examining cellular changes and/or via measuring the production of immune and/or oxidative stress signalling molecules, in microglia models of neuroinflammation with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines. A total of 23 studies were identified, 18 using LPS stimulation and 5 using cytokines stimulation. RESULTS Overall, the studies show that antidepressants, such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants prevented microglial activation, including reduced microglial reactivity and decreased immune and oxidative stress products, in both models. However, specific antidepressants, such as bupropion and agomelatine did not prevent interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced microglial activation; and for other antidepressants, including phenelzine, venlafaxine and sertraline, the results of different studies were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Overall, results summarised in this review support the hypothesis that the action of at least certain classes of antidepressants may involve regulation of microglial activation, especially when in presence of increased levels of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mariani
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Everson
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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García-García ML, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Villar-Soto M, Juárez-Rojop IE, González-Castro TB, Genis-Mendoza AD, Ramos-Méndez MÁ, López-Nárvaez ML, Saucedo-Osti AS, Ruiz-Quiñones JA, Martinez-Magaña JJ. Fluoxetine modulates the pro-inflammatory process of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels in individuals with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2022; 307:114317. [PMID: 34864233 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that inflammation is a key factor to understand the causes of depressive symptoms. Fluoxetine is one of the main first-line medications used for depression, and it is hypothesized that it participates in the decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hence, our aim was to perform a meta-analysis and systematic review to understand the interaction of fluoxetine in the IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α inflammatory process. Studies identified in PubMed and Scopus databases were used to perform a meta-analysis via the Comprehensive software. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was used as a summary statistic. The analysis included a total of 292 individuals with major depressive disorder who received fluoxetine for a period longer than 6 weeks; additionally, IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α levels were measured at the end of the antidepressant treatment. The findings were significant revealed decreased levels of the cytokines studied. In conclusion, the pooled data suggest that fluoxetine treatment improved depressive symptomatology by the modulation of pro-inflammatory process such as IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Villar-Soto
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Salud Mental. Tabasco, México.
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Tabasco, México.
| | | | | | - Miguel Ángel Ramos-Méndez
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Tabasco, México.
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Wen Q, Li Y, Han Z, Liu H, Zhang S, Chen Y, He J, Du X, Fu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Zhou X, Zhou C, Hu S, Ma L. β-Arrestin 2 Regulates Inflammatory Responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection through ERK1/2 Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2623-2637. [PMID: 34001657 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes tuberculosis, exhibits complex host-pathogen interactions. Pattern recognition receptors and their downstream signaling pathways play crucial roles in determining the outcome of infection. In particular, the scaffold protein β-arrestin 2 mediates downstream signaling of G protein-coupled receptors. However, the role of β-arrestin 2 in conferring immunity against M. tuberculosis has not yet been explored. We found that β-arrestin 2 was upregulated in the lesioned regions of lung tissues in patients with tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis infection upregulated β-arrestin 2 expression in human macrophages, and silencing of β-arrestin 2 significantly enhanced bactericidal activity by enhancing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. β-Arrestin 2 was shown to inhibit the activation of the TLR2/ERK1/2 pathway and its transcriptional regulation activity upon M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, β-arrestin 2 transcriptionally regulates TNF-α by binding to CREB1. These observations revealed that the upregulation of β-arrestin 2 is critical for M. tuberculosis to escape immune surveillance through an unknown mechanism. Our research offers a novel interference modality to enhance the immune response against tuberculosis by targeting β-arrestin 2 to modulate the TLR2-β-arrestin 2-ERK1/2-CREB1-TNF-α regulatory axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Han
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoxin Chen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchun He
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xialin Du
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Fu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Rezk AM, Ibrahim IAAEH, Mahmoud MF, Mahmoud AAA. Quercetin and lithium chloride potentiate the protective effects of carvedilol against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in high-fructose, high-fat diet-fed Swiss albino mice independent of renal lipid signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 333:109307. [PMID: 33159969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (R-IRI) is the main cause of acute renal failure. Carvedilol has been shown to protect against R-IRI. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not completely clarified. This study aimed to investigate the role of lipid signaling in mediating carvedilol protective effects against R-IRI in insulin-resistant mice by using two different lipid signaling modulators, quercetin and lithium chloride (LiCl). Mice were fed high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFrHFD) for 16 weeks to induce insulin resistance. At the end of feeding period, mice were randomly distributed into five groups; Sham, R-IRI, Carvedilol (20 mg/kg, i.p.), Carvedilol + Quercetin (10 mg/kg, i.p.), Carvedilol + LiCl (200 mg/kg, i.p.). R-IRI was performed by applying 30 min of unilateral renal ischemia followed by one hour of reperfusion. Quercetin and LiCl were administered 30 min before carvedilol administration and carvedilol was administered 30 min before ischemia. Changes in kidney function tests, histopathology, fibrosis area, lipid signaling, inflammatory, apoptosis and oxidative stress markers in the kidney were measured. Results showed that R-IRI decreased kidney function, impaired renal tissue integrity, modulated lipid signaling and increased renal inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Carvedilol treatment decreased the detrimental effects induced by R-IRI. In addition, pre-injection of both quercetin and LiCl potentiated the reno-protective effects of carvedilol against R-IRI independent of changes in lipid mediators like phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) and diacylglycerol (DAG). In conclusion, quercetin and LiCl potentiate the protective effects of carvedilol against R-IRI in HFrHFD-fed mice by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress independent of lipid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Rezk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt; Department of Pharmacies, Benha University Hospitals, Benha, Egypt
| | - Islam A A E-H Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Amr A A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Zhao F, Zhang T, Shen Q, Yin K, Wang Y, Zhang G. Tak1 in the astrocytes of mediobasal hypothalamus regulates anxiety-like behavior in mice. Glia 2020; 69:609-618. [PMID: 32979244 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, and avoidance of perceived threats in internal to oneself or the environment, however, the underlying mechanisms are less well understood. Here, we show that transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (Tak1) expressed in the astrocytes of mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) plays a crucial role in anxiety-like behavior in mice. Our data demonstrate that deficiency of Tak1 in astrocytes increased anxiety level, but did not impact locomotor activity in mice. Astrocytic activation of Tak1 in the MBH mitigated the anxiety-like behavior, whereas suppression of Tak1 in MBH astrocytes promoted the anxiety-like behavior in mice. Collectively, these data suggest that Tak1 expressed in the MBH astrocytes could modulate the anxiety-like behavior in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kaili Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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12
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Hong Q, Yang Y, Wang Z, Xu L, Yan Z. Longxuetongluo capsule alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation by regulating multiple signaling pathways in BV2 microglia cells. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:255-265. [PMID: 32134862 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longxuetongluo capsule (LTC), derived from the total phenolic compounds of Chinese dragon's blood, is now used in the treatment of ischemic stroke in convalescence. The aim of this study is to explore the neuroprotective effect of LTC from the perspective of neuroinflammation. METHODS Cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) and LDH assay kit. Proinflammatory mediators and cytokines production including Nitric Oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2, (PGE2), interleukin (IL-β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. In addition, western blot was used to detect the expression of inflammatory proteins associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of tranions (JAK/STAT), nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB), and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related actor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling pathways. Moreover, immunofluorescence assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were performed to determine the Nrf2 translocation and the binding-DNA activity of NF-κB, respectively. RESULTS LTC at 0.5 to 2 μg/mL significantly increased cell viability and decreased LDH, NO, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglia cells. Meanwhile, LTC not only decreased the protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) but also down-regulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38, and up-regulated HO-1 expression via nuclear translocation of Nrf2. LTC can significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of JAK1/STAT3 and reduce the translocation of NF-κB from cytosol to nucleus as well as the binding-DNA activity. PC12 cell pretreated with LTC-condition medium (CM) significantly alleviated LPS-induced neurotoxicity and increased PC12 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The present study showed that LTC exhibited a strong antineuroinflammatory activity and neuroprotective effects on LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hong
- The 71st Group Army Hospital of CPLA Army (Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, China
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13
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The effect of fluoxetine on astrocyte autophagy flux and injured mitochondria clearance in a mouse model of depression. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:577. [PMID: 31371719 PMCID: PMC6675792 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple hypotheses had been proposed to clarify the causes of depression, the accurate pathogenesis and effective treatment of depression still need to be solved. Pathological change of astrocytes has been recognized to play a pivotal role in depression. Fluoxetine is the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, however, the underlying mechanisms of fluoxetine are incompletely excavated. Emerging evidence shows that fluoxetine promotes autophagic processes in tumor cells. However, whether astrocytic autophagy gets involved in the cytoprotection of fluoxetine on astrocytes in depression treatment remains unexplored. Here we prepared chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced mouse model and treated mice with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) for 4 weeks to determine the correlation between proautophagic effect of fluoxetine and astrocyte protection in depression. Primary hippocampal astrocytes were cultured to investigate the potential mechanism of fluoxetine in regulating astrocyte autophagy. We found that fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) treatment promoted autophagosome formation and increased clearance of injured mitochondria, consequently protected astrocytes in CMS model mice. Fluoxetine (10 μM) could also promote the autophagic flux unblocked via enhancing fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes in primary astrocytes. Moreover, fluoxetine promoted mitophagy by increased colocalization of autophagosomes and mitochondria, eliminating damaged mitochondria in corticosterone-treated astrocytes. Further in vitro study showed that p53 presence is required for fluoxetine activated autophagy flux and fluoxetine promotes astrocytic autophagy in a p53-dependent mechanism. Collectively, this work gives us insights into a novel approach to treat depression depending on astrocytes, and provides a promising molecular target for the development of antidepressant drugs besides regulating neurotransmitters.
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14
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Lu Y, Xu X, Jiang T, Jin L, Zhao XD, Cheng JH, Jin XJ, Ma J, Piao HN, Piao LX. Sertraline ameliorates inflammation in CUMS mice and inhibits TNF-α-induced inflammation in microglia cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 67:119-128. [PMID: 30544065 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that inflammation plays a crucial role in depression. Therefore, new antidepressants might be identified by screening drugs for their anti-inflammatory actions. Sertraline hydrochloride (SERT), a widely used antidepressant, has anti-inflammatory effects in clinical studies, but the mechanism involved is unclear. In this study, we used cell and molecular biology to determine the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of SERT in vivo and in vitro. Experimental data from the in vivo study showed that mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) had significantly higher levels of major inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) in peripheral and central tissues compared with the control group. Treatment of CUMS mice with SERT significantly reduced the levels of these inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκB-α). Moreover, SERT reduced serum levels of transaminase in CUMS mice. Our in vitro study revealed that SERT suppressed TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner. SERT also inhibited the TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB by inhibiting IκB-α phosphorylation. Furthermore, SERT inhibited TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia cells. SERT directly bound to TNF-α and TNF-α receptor 1 (TNFR1) to potently block TNF-α/TNFR1-triggered signaling. These results indicate that SERT might treat depression by inhibiting the activation of microglia via the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides a basis for the research and development of antidepressants that act to reduce inflammation and the expression of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Jia-Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Xue-Jun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Hu-Nan Piao
- Department of Neurology, Affliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, Jilin, China.
| | - Lian-Xun Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China.
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15
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Kim KW, Quang TH, Ko W, Kim DC, Yoon CS, Oh H, Kim YC. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of cudraflavanone A isolated from the chloroform fraction of Cudrania tricuspidata root bark. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:192-200. [PMID: 29521141 PMCID: PMC6130620 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1447972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) is an important source of traditional Korean and Chinese medicines used to treat neuritis and inflammation. OBJECTIVE The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of cudraflavanone A isolated from a chloroform fraction of C. tricuspidata were investigated in LPS-induced BV2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cudraflavanone A was isolated from the root of C. tricuspidata, and its structure was determined by MS and NMR data. Cytotoxicity of the compound was examined by MTT assay, indicating no cytotoxicity at 5-40 μM of cudraflavanone A. NO concentration was measured by the Griess reaction, and the levels of PGE2, cytokines and COX-2 enzyme activity were measured by each ELISA kit. The mRNA levels of cytokines were analysed by quantitative-PCR. The expression of iNOS, COX-2, HO-1, NF-κB, MAPKs and Nrf2 was detected by Western blot. RESULTS Cudraflavanone A had no major effect on cell viability at 40 μM indicating 91.5% viability. It reduced the production of NO (IC50 = 22.2 μM), PGE2 (IC50 = 20.6 μM), IL-1β (IC50 = 24.7 μM) and TNF-α (IC50 = 33.0 μM) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. It also suppressed iNOS protein, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression. These effects were associated with the inactivation of NF-κB, JNK and p38 MAPK pathways. This compound mediated its anti-neuroinflammatory effects by inducing HO-1 protein expression via increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests a potent effect of cudraflavanone A to prevent neuroinflammatory diseases. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate specific molecular mechanism of cudraflavanone A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Hong Quang
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Wonmin Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Su Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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16
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van Gastel J, Hendrickx JO, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Luttrell LM, Martin B, Maudsley S. β-Arrestin Based Receptor Signaling Paradigms: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Complex Age-Related Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1369. [PMID: 30546309 PMCID: PMC6280185 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) were first characterized as signal transducers that elicit downstream effects through modulation of guanine (G) nucleotide-binding proteins. The pharmacotherapeutic exploitation of this signaling paradigm has created a drug-based field covering nearly 50% of the current pharmacopeia. Since the groundbreaking discoveries of the late 1990s to the present day, it is now clear however that GPCRs can also generate productive signaling cascades through the modulation of β-arrestin functionality. β-Arrestins were first thought to only regulate receptor desensitization and internalization - exemplified by the action of visual arrestin with respect to rhodopsin desensitization. Nearly 20 years ago, it was found that rather than controlling GPCR signal termination, productive β-arrestin dependent GPCR signaling paradigms were highly dependent on multi-protein complex formation and generated long-lasting cellular effects, in contrast to G protein signaling which is transient and functions through soluble second messenger systems. β-Arrestin signaling was then first shown to activate mitogen activated protein kinase signaling in a G protein-independent manner and eventually initiate protein transcription - thus controlling expression patterns of downstream proteins. While the possibility of developing β-arrestin biased or functionally selective ligands is now being investigated, no additional research has been performed on its possible contextual specificity in treating age-related disorders. The ability of β-arrestin-dependent signaling to control complex and multidimensional protein expression patterns makes this therapeutic strategy feasible, as treating complex age-related disorders will likely require therapeutics that can exert network-level efficacy profiles. It is our understanding that therapeutically targeting G protein-independent effectors such as β-arrestin will aid in the development of precision medicines with tailored efficacy profiles for disease/age-specific contextualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurobiology Group, Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jhana O Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurobiology Group, Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurobiology Group, Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louis M Luttrell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurobiology Group, Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
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17
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Sharma M, Flood PM. β-arrestin2 regulates the anti-inflammatory effects of Salmeterol in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 325:10-19. [PMID: 30352316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation contributes to chronic inflammation and neuronal loss in progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, treatments suppressing microglial activation may have therapeutic benefits to prevent neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Our previous findings show that Salmeterol, a long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonist, is neuroprotective in two distinct animal models of PD, including where lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli was used to initiate chronic neurodegeneration. Salmeterol was found to be a potent inhibitor of dopaminergic neurodegeneration by regulating the production of pro-inflammatory mediators from activated microglial cells. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis of the anti-inflammatory effects of Salmeterol on LPS-activated murine microglial BV2 cells. BV2 cells were pretreated with Salmeterol and followed by stimulation with LPS. Salmeterol inhibited LPS-induced release of the pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide from BV2 cells. Additionally, Salmeterol suppressed nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 by inhibiting the IκB-α degradation and TAK1 (transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase1) phosphorylation. We have also found that Salmeterol increases the expression of β-arrestin2 and enhances the interaction between β-arrestin2 and TAB1 (TAK1-binding protein), reduced TAK1/TAB1 mediated activation of NFκB and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Furthermore, silencing of β-arrestin2 abrogates the anti-inflammatory effects of Salmeterol in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of Salmeterol is β-arrestin2 dependent and also offers novel therapeutics targeting inflammatory pathways to prevent microglial cell activation and neuronal loss in neuroinflammatory diseases like PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Patrick M Flood
- Departments of Dentistry and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Abstract
As the largest receptor gene family in the human genome, with >800 members, the signal-transducing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in nearly all conceivable physiological processes, ranging from the sensing of photons and odorants to metabolic homeostasis and migration of leukocytes. Unfortunately, an exhaustive review of the several hundred GPCRs expressed by myeloid cells/macrophages (P.J. Groot-Kormelink, L .Fawcett, P.D. Wright, M. Gosling, and T.C. Kent, BMC Immunol 12:57, 2012, doi:10.1186/1471-2172-13-57) is beyond the scope of this chapter; however, we will endeavor to cover the GPCRs that contribute to the major facets of macrophage biology, i.e., those whose expression is restricted to macrophages and the GPCRs involved in macrophage differentiation/polarization, microbial elimination, inflammation and resolution, and macrophage-mediated pathology. The chemokine receptors, a major group of myeloid GPCRs, will not be extensively covered as they are comprehensively reviewed elsewhere.
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Hesperidin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice by Promoting the miRNA-132 Pathway. Inflammation 2017; 39:1681-9. [PMID: 27378528 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside from citrus fruits, produces antidepressant-like effects in both mice and rats. However, whether these effects are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines remains unknown. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the effects of hesperidin on the depressive-like behavior; the serum corticosterone concentrations; and the interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like mice. In particular, we evaluated the miRNA-132 expression after LPS and hesperidin treatment. We found that LPS injection not only decreased the sucrose preference and increased the serum corticosterone levels but also elevated IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the prefrontal cortex. More importantly, LPS down-regulated the expression of miRNA-132. Pre-treatment with hesperidin (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) for 7 days prevented these abnormalities induced by LPS injection. In contrast, this effect of hesperidin was abolished by a miRNA-132 antagomir. Taken together, these results suggest that the antidepressant-like mechanisms of hesperidin are at least partially related to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels via the miRNA-132 pathway in the brain.
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20
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Guo C, Yang L, Wan CX, Xia YZ, Zhang C, Chen MH, Wang ZD, Li ZR, Li XM, Geng YD, Kong LY. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of Sophoraflavanone G from Sophora alopecuroides in LPS-activated BV2 microglia by MAPK, JAK/STAT and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1629-1637. [PMID: 27823627 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions. Sophora alopecuroides is widely used in traditional Uighur's medicine for the treatment of inflammation. Sophoraflavanone G (SG), a major flavonoid found in the S. alopecuroides, has also been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo. However, the effect of S. alopecuroides and SG on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has not been investigated. PURPOSE The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of S. alopecuroides and SG against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglial cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We measured the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and analyzed relevant mRNA and protein expressions by qRT-PCR and Western Blot. RESULTS S. alopecuroides extract (SAE) and SG inhibited the LPS-induced release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Additionally, SG reduced gene expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and further decreased the protein expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Mechanism studies found that SG down-regulated phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and up-regulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression via nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In addition, SG inhibited the cytotoxicity of conditioned medium prepared by LPS-activated BV2 microglia to neuronal PC12 cells and improved cell viability. CONCLUSION S. alopecuroides and SG displayed anti-neuroinflammatory activity in LPS-activated BV2 microglia. SG was able to inhibit the neuroinflammation by MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways and might act as a natural therapeutic agent to be further developed for the treatment of various neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chuan-Xing Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng-Han Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhong-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ya-Di Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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21
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Du RH, Tan J, Sun XY, Lu M, Ding JH, Hu G. Fluoxetine Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation: Implication in Depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw037. [PMID: 27207922 PMCID: PMC5043644 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates that NLRP3 inflammasome-induced inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of depression. Thus, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation may offer a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of depression. Fluoxetine, a widely used antidepressant, has been shown to have potential antiinflammatory activity, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. METHODS We used a chronic mild stress model and cultured primary macrophage/microglia to investigate the effects of fluoxetine on NLRP3 inflammasome and its underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We demonstrated that fluoxetine significantly suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, subsequent caspase-1 cleavage, and interleukin-1β secretion in both peripheral macrophages and central microglia. We further found that fluoxetine reduced reactive oxygen species production, attenuated the phosphorylation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, and inhibited the association of protein kinase with NLRP3. These data indicate that fluoxetine inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via downregulating reactive oxygen species-protein kinase-NLRP3 signaling pathway. Correspondingly, in vivo data showed that fluoxetine also suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hippocampus and macrophages of chronic mild stress mice and alleviated chronic mild stress-induced depression-like behavior. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that fluoxetine confers an antidepressant effect partly through inhibition of peripheral and central NLRP3 inflammasome activation and suggest the potential clinical use of fluoxetine in NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammatory diseases such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Hong Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurogeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Drs Du, Tan, Sun, Lu, Ding, and Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Dr Hu)
| | - Jun Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurogeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Drs Du, Tan, Sun, Lu, Ding, and Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Dr Hu)
| | - Xi-Yang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurogeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Drs Du, Tan, Sun, Lu, Ding, and Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Dr Hu)
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurogeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Drs Du, Tan, Sun, Lu, Ding, and Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Dr Hu)
| | - Jian-Hua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurogeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Drs Du, Tan, Sun, Lu, Ding, and Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Dr Hu)
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurogeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Drs Du, Tan, Sun, Lu, Ding, and Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China (Dr Hu).
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22
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Li S, Guan J, Ge M, Huang P, Lin Y, Gan X. Intestinal mucosal injury induced by tryptase-activated protease-activated receptor 2 requires β-arrestin-2 in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7181-7. [PMID: 26398586 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptase exacerbates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, however, the direct role of tryptase in intestinal mucosal injury and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR‑2), commonly activated by tryptase, interacts with various adaptor proteins, including β‑arrestin‑2. The present study aimed to determine whether tryptase is capable of inducing intestinal mucosal cell injury via PAR‑2 activation and to define the role of β‑arrestin‑2 in the process of injury. The IEC‑6 rat intestinal epithelial cell line was challenged by tryptase stimulation. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and apoptosis were analyzed to determine the severity of cell injury. Injury was also evaluated following treatments with specific PAR‑2 and extracellular signal‑related kinases (ERK) inhibitors, and knockdown of β‑arrestin‑2. PAR‑2, ERK and β‑arrestin‑2 protein expression levels were evaluated. Tryptase treatment (100 and 1,000 ng/ml) resulted in IEC‑6 cell injury, as demonstrated by significant reductions in cell viability, accompanied by concomitant increases in LDH activity and levels of cleaved caspase‑3 protein expression. Furthermore, tryptase treatment led to a marked increase in PAR‑2 and phosphorylated‑ERK expression, and exposure to specific PAR‑2 and ERK inhibitors eliminated the changes induced by tryptase. Knockdown of β‑arrestin‑2 blocked tryptase‑mediated cell injury, whereas tryptase exerted no influence on β‑arrestin‑2 expression in IEC‑6 cells. These data indicate that tryptase may directly damage IEC‑6 cells via PAR-2 and the downstream activation of ERK, and demonstrate that the signaling pathway requires β-arrestin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Mian Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Pinjie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yiquan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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23
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Su F, Yi H, Xu L, Zhang Z. Fluoxetine and S-citalopram inhibit M1 activation and promote M2 activation of microglia in vitro. Neuroscience 2015; 294:60-8. [PMID: 25711936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that microglia dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. Both classical activation (M1 activation) and alternative activation (M2 activation) may be involved in the process. M1-activated microglia secrete various pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators, which may contribute to the development of depression, while M2-activated microglia promote tissue reconstruction by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines involved in the process of depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first-line treatments for depression, and their effects on immune system modulation have recently gained attention. Several studies have suggested that SSRIs affect the M1 activation of microglia, but results have varied. In addition, little is known about the effect of SSRIs on M2 activation in depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fluoxetine and S-citalopram, two widely used SSRIs in clinical, on both the M1 and M2 activation of microglia (the murine BV2 cell line and mouse primary microglia cell). The indexes of activation were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. The present results showed that both fluoxetine and S-citalopram significantly down-regulated the indexes of M1 activation and up-regulated the M2 activation indexes on mRNA and protein levels either in cell line or primary cells. Taken together, the results suggested that fluoxetine and S-citalopram modulated the immune system by inhibiting M1 activation and by improving M2 activation of microglia and that the immune system modulation may partially mediate the therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs-SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Su
- The Department of Neurology of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, The Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Yi
- The Department of Neurology of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, The Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Xu
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Z Zhang
- The Department of Neurology of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, The Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Fonseka TM, McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Kennedy SH. Novel investigational drugs targeting IL-6 signaling for the treatment of depression. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:459-75. [PMID: 25585966 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.998334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated levels of IL-6 have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Convergent evidence suggests that IL-6 primarily mediates proinflammatory functions via the soluble IL-6 receptor/trans-signaling, and anti-inflammatory functions via a transmembrane receptor (IL-6R). A targeted approach to selectively inhibit IL-6 trans-signaling may offer putative antidepressant effects. AREAS COVERED This review addresses three primary domains. The first focuses on the biological role of IL-6 within inflammation and its signal transduction pathways. The second addresses the potential contributions of IL-6 to the pathophysiology of MDD, and the mechanisms that may mediate these effects. Finally, the article outlines the therapeutic benefits of incorporating anti-inflammatory properties into the pharmacological treatment of MDD, and proposes inhibition of IL-6 signaling as a viable treatment strategy. EXPERT OPINION To improve drug development for the treatment of MDD, there is a critical need to identify promising targets. Target identification will require guidance from a strategic framework such as The Research Domain Criteria, and convincing evidence relating known targets to brain function under both physiological and pathological conditions. Although current evidence provides rationale for administering anti-IL-6 treatments in MDD, further studies confirming safety, target affinity and therapeutic benefits are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trehani M Fonseka
- University of Toronto, University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry , 200 Elizabeth Street, 8-EN-238, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON , Canada +1 416 340 3888 ; +1 416 340 4198 ;
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