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Zhao J, Zhu R, He F, Wu M, Wu Y, Meng X, Liu X. Neuroprotective effects of galectin‑1 on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating oxidative stress. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:154. [PMID: 38476925 PMCID: PMC10928996 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the pathology of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Galectin-1 has shown an anti-oxidative stress effect. The present study investigated whether this anti-oxidative stress effect can account for the neuroprotective actions of galectin-1 induced by cerebral I/R injury. A cerebral I/R injury model was created in C57Bl/6 mice by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, after which the mice were treated with galectin-1 for 3 days. Infarct volumes were measured. A rotarod test and neurological deficit score assessment was performed to evaluate the neurological deficits. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA), while the anti-oxidative stress status was assessed by measuring molecules such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidation enzyme (GSH-Px) in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere of mice. The inflammatory cytokines, including Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured, and the expression of microglia was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere of mice. Galectin-1 treatment ameliorated neurological deficits and reduced infarct volumes in the mice model with cerebral I/R injury. Moreover, it was demonstrated that galectin-1 can significantly alleviate cerebral I/R injury in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere by decreasing the production of ROS and MDA, but increasing the production of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px. Galectin-1 treatment decreased microglia expression, and IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere of mice. Galectin-1 could improve the outcome of cerebral I/R injury by alleviating oxidative stress. Moreover, the neuroprotective effect of galectin-1 in cerebral ischemia could be related to its anti-oxidative stress effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Feifei He
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Miao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Yufu Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Department of Neurology, Liaoyuan City Central Hospital, Liaoyuan, Jilin 136200, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, P.R. China
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2
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Chen X, Wei J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang T. Crosstalk between gut microbiome and neuroinflammation in pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Neurol Sci 2024; 457:122889. [PMID: 38262196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.122889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) has become a chronic neurodegenerative disease affecting the quality of life in people living with HIV (PLWH). Despite an established association between HAND and neuroinflammation induced by HIV proteins (gp120, Tat, Rev., Nef, and Vpr), the pathogenesis of HAND remains to be fully elucidated. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that the gut microbiome is emerging as a critical regulator of various neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease), suggesting that the crosstalk between the gut microbiome and neuroinflammation may contribute to the development of these diseases, for example, gut dysbiosis and microbiota-derived metabolites can trigger inflammation in the brain. However, the potential role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of HAND remains largely unexplored. In this review, we aim to discuss and elucidate the HAND pathogenesis correlated with gut microbiome and neuroinflammation, and intend to explore the probable intervention strategies for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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3
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Dos Santos BL, Dos Santos CC, Soares JRP, da Silva KC, de Oliveira JVR, Pereira GS, de Araújo FM, Costa MDFD, David JM, da Silva VDA, Butt AM, Costa SL. The Flavonoid Agathisflavone Directs Brain Microglia/Macrophages to a Neuroprotective Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant State via Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051410. [PMID: 37242652 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Agathisflavone, purified from Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) has been shown to be neuroprotective in in vitro models of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and inflammatory damage. However, the potential role of microglial regulation by agathisflavone in these neuroprotective effects is unclear. Here we investigated the effects of agathisflavone in microglia submitted to inflammatory stimulus in view of elucidating mechanisms of neuroprotection. Microglia isolated from cortices of newborn Wistar rats were exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/mL) and treated or not with agathisflavone (1 µM). Neuronal PC12 cells were exposed to a conditioned medium from microglia (MCM) treated or not with agathisflavone. We observed that LPS induced microglia to assume an activated inflammatory state (increased CD68, more rounded/amoeboid phenotype). However, most microglia exposed to LPS and agathisflavone, presented an anti-inflammatory profile (increased CD206 and branched-phenotype), associated with the reduction in NO, GSH mRNA for NRLP3 inflammasome, IL1-β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF, CCL5, and CCL2. Molecular docking also showed that agathisflavone bound at the NLRP3 NACTH inhibitory domain. Moreover, in PC12 cell cultures exposed to the MCM previously treated with the flavonoid most cells preserved neurites and increased expression of β-tubulin III. Thus, these data reinforce the anti-inflammatory activity and the neuroprotective effect of agathisflavone, effects associated with the control of NLRP3 inflammasome, standing out it as a promising molecule for the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbino Lino Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
- College of Nursing, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Creusa Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Janaina R P Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Karina C da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juciele Valeria R de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gabriele S Pereira
- Group of Studies and Research for Health Development, University Salvador, Salvador 40140-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research for Health Development, University Salvador, Salvador 40140-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima D Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jorge Mauricio David
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes A da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Arthur Morgan Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
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Asl FD, Mousazadeh M, Taji S, Bahmani A, Khashayar P, Azimzadeh M, Mostafavi E. Nano drug-delivery systems for management of AIDS: liposomes, dendrimers, gold and silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:279-302. [PMID: 37125616 PMCID: PMC10242436 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIDS causes increasing mortality every year. With advancements in nanomedicine, different nanomaterials (NMs) have been applied to treat AIDS and overcome its limitations. Among different NMs, nanoparticles (NPs) can act as nanocarriers due to their enhanced solubility, sustained release, targeting abilities and facilitation of drug-dose reductions. This review discusses recent advancements in therapeutics for AIDS/HIV using various NMs, mainly focused on three classifications: polymeric, liposomal and inorganic NMs. Polymeric dendrimers, polyethylenimine-NPs, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-NPs, chitosan and the use of liposomal-based delivery systems and inorganic NPs, including gold and silver NPs, are explored. Recent advances, current challenges and future perspectives on the use of these NMs for better management of HIV/AIDS are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Davarani Asl
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, 88138-33435, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Mousazadeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-154, Iran
| | - Shirinsadat Taji
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-154, Iran
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50674, Germany
| | - Abbas Bahmani
- Institute for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (INST), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 14588-89694, Iran
| | - Patricia Khashayar
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec & Ghent University, Ghent, 9050, Belgium
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, 89195-999, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Pacheco ALD, de Melo IS, de Araujo Costa M, Amaral MMC, de Gusmão Taveiros Silva NK, Santos YMO, Gitaí DLG, Duzzioni M, Borbely AU, Silva RS, Donatti ALF, Mestriner L, Fuzo CA, Cummings RD, Garcia-Cairasco N, Dias-Baruffi M, de Castro OW. Neuroprotective Effect of Exogenous Galectin-1 in Status Epilepticus. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7354-7369. [PMID: 36171480 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Intrahippocampal pilocarpine microinjection (H-PILO) induces status epilepticus (SE) that can lead to spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and neurodegeneration in rodents. Studies using animal models have indicated that lectins mediate a variety of biological activities with neuronal benefits, especially galectin-1 (GAL-1), which has been identified as an effective neuroprotective compound. GAL-1 is associated with the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, programmed cell death, and immune responses, as well as attenuating neuroinflammation. Here, we administrated GAL-1 to Wistar rats and evaluated the severity of the SE, neurodegenerative and inflammatory patterns in the hippocampal formation. Administration of GAL-1 caused a reduction in the number of class 2 and 4 seizures, indicating a decrease in seizure severity. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in inflammation and neurodegeneration 24 h and 15 days after SE. Overall, these results suggest that GAL-1 has a neuroprotective effect in the early stage of epileptogenesis and provides new insights into the roles of exogenous lectins in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Igor Santana de Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Maisa de Araujo Costa
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Mariah Morais Celestino Amaral
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Nívea Karla de Gusmão Taveiros Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Yngrid Mickaelli Oliveira Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Urban Borbely
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Ferreira Donatti
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa Mestriner
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alessandro Fuzo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil.
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Galectins—Potential Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911012. [PMID: 36232314 PMCID: PMC9569834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in medicine have increased the longevity of humans, resulting in a higher incidence of chronic diseases. Due to the rise in the elderly population, age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent. The available treatment options only provide symptomatic relief and do not cure the underlying cause of the disease. Therefore, it has become imperative to discover new markers and therapies to modulate the course of disease progression and develop better treatment options for the affected individuals. Growing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor and one of the main inducers of neuronal damage and degeneration. Galectins (Gals) are a class of β-galactoside-binding proteins (lectins) ubiquitously expressed in almost all vital organs. Gals modulate various cellular responses and regulate significant biological functions, including immune response, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell growth, through their interaction with glycoproteins and glycolipids. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the Gal superfamily, with Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 in prime focus. Their roles have been described in modulating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we discuss the role of Gals in the causation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. We describe the role of Gals in microglia and astrocyte modulation, along with their pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In addition, we discuss the potential use of Gals as a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammation and restoring tissue damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Dey R, Bishayi B. Ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone in combination attenuate S. aureus induced brain abscess via neuroendocrine-immune interaction of TLR-2 and glucocorticoid receptor leading to behavioral improvement. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107695. [PMID: 33962227 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus induced brain abscess is a critical health concern throughout the developing world. The conventional surgical intervention could not regulate the abscess-induced brain inflammation. Thus further study over the alternative therapeutic strategy for treating a brain abscess is of high priority. The resident glial cells recognize the invading S. aureus by their cell surface Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2). Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was known for its immunosuppressive effects. In this study, an attempt had been taken to utilize the functional relationship or cross-talking between TLR-2 and GR during the pathogenesis of brain abscesses. Here, the combination of an antibiotic (i.e. ciprofloxacin) and dexamethasone was used to regulate the brain inflammation either in TLR-2 or GR blocking condition. We were also interested to figure out the possible impact of alternative therapy on behavioral impairments. The results indicated that combination treatment during TLR-2 blockade significantly reduced the bacterial burden and abscess area score in the infected brain. However, marked improvements were observed in anxiety, depression-like behavior, and motor co-ordination. The combination treatment after TLR-2 blocking effectively scavenged free radicals (H2O2, superoxide anion, and NO) through modulating antioxidant enzyme activities that ultimately control S. aureus induced glial reactivity possibly via up-regulating GR expression. The exogenous dexamethasone might regulate the GR expression in the brain by increasing the corticosterone concentration and the GC-GR mediated signaling. Therefore, this in-vivo study demonstrates the possible regulatory mechanism of bacterial brain abscess that involved TLR-2 and GR as a part of neuroendocrine-immune interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajen Dey
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India.
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8
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Cutine AM, Bach CA, Veigas F, Merlo JP, Laporte L, Manselle Cocco MN, Massaro M, Sarbia N, Perrotta RM, Mahmoud YD, Rabinovich GA. Tissue-specific control of galectin-1-driven circuits during inflammatory responses. Glycobiology 2021; 31:891-907. [PMID: 33498084 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of glycan-binding protein in immune tolerance and inflammation has been well established, mainly by studies of C-type lectins, siglecs and galectins both in experimental models and patient samples. Galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved lectins, are characterized by sequence homology in the carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD), atypical secretion via an ER-Golgi-independent pathway and the ability to recognize β-galactoside-containing saccharides. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a prototype member of this family displays mainly anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, although, similar to many cytokines and growth factors, it may also trigger paradoxical pro-inflammatory effects under certain circumstances. These dual effects could be associated to tissue-, time- or context-dependent regulation of galectin expression and function, including particular pathophysiologic settings and/or environmental conditions influencing the structure of this lectin, as well as the availability of glycosylated ligands in immune cells during the course of inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss the tissue-specific role of Gal-1 as a master regulator of inflammatory responses across different pathophysiologic settings, highlighting its potential role as a therapeutic target. Further studies designed at analyzing the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that control Gal-1 expression and function in different tissue microenvironments may contribute to design tailored therapeutic strategies aimed at positively or negatively modulate this glycan-binding protein in pathologic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela M Cutine
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila A Bach
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Veigas
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquín P Merlo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Laporte
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Montana N Manselle Cocco
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mora Massaro
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Sarbia
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro M Perrotta
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yamil D Mahmoud
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Laboratorios de Inmunopatología, Glicómica Funcional e Inmuno-Oncología Translacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Keram A, Pei N, Qi T, Xun J, Gu Y, Li W. Untargeted GC/TOFMS unravel metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of Chinese people living with HIV. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23673. [PMID: 33476447 PMCID: PMC7957991 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome becomes a focus of clinical cares to people living with HIV (PLHIV) globally. This study aimed to explore the metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Chinese people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods Cerebrospinal fluid samples from PLHIV and healthy controls were collected from our hospital. Then, the metabolic profiles of CSFs were analyzed PLHIV with healthy individual as the normal controls using the untargeted GC/TOFMS. Following this, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes annotation and pathway analysis were performed to further explore the underlying mechanism of these metabolic alterations in cognitive impairment of PLHIV. Results Both PCA analysis and OPLS‐DA had presented that most samples were localized in 95% CI and the gap between control and HIV could significantly separate from each other. Upon this quality control, a total of 82 known metabolites were identified in CSF between PLHIV and healthy controls. Clustering of these metabolites presented that these differentially expressed metabolites could markedly distinguish HIV from healthy controls. Further pathway analyses showed that TCA cycle (citric acid, fumaric acid, lactate, et al.), amino acid (arginine, proline, alanine, aspartate, glutamine, et al.), lipid (cholesterol, butyrate, et al.) metabolisms were significantly changed in CSF of PLHIV, which might affect the cognitive status of PLHIV via affecting neuron energy support, signaling transduction, and neuroinflammation. Conclusion Metabolic profiles were significantly altered in CSF and might play key roles in the etiology of cognitive impairment of PHLIV. Further explore the exact mechanism for these metabolic changes might be useful for cognitive impairment management of PHLIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim Keram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Pei
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tangkai Qi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingna Xun
- Department of Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Gu
- Department of Tuberculosis and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Gulati S, Singh P, Diwan A, Mongia A, Kumar S. Functionalized gold nanoparticles: promising and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tools for HIV/AIDS. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1252-1266. [PMID: 34095839 PMCID: PMC8126886 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00298d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionalized gold nanoparticles are recognized as promising vehicles in the diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) owing to their excellent biocompatibility with biomolecules (like DNA or RNA), their potential for multivalency and their unique optical and structural properties. In this context, this review article focuses on the diverse detection abilities and delivery and uptake methodologies of HIV by targeting genes and proteins using gold nanoparticles on the basis of different shapes and sizes in order to promote its effective expression. In addition, recent trends in gold nanoparticle mediated HIV detection, delivery and uptake and treatment are highlighted considering their cytotoxic effects on healthy human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Gulati
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi Delhi-110021 India
| | - Parinita Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi Delhi-110021 India
| | - Anchita Diwan
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi Delhi-110021 India
| | - Ayush Mongia
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi Delhi-110021 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi Delhi-110021 India
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11
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Omeragic A, Kayode O, Hoque MT, Bendayan R. Potential pharmacological approaches for the treatment of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:42. [PMID: 32650790 PMCID: PMC7350632 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are the spectrum of cognitive impairments present in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The number of patients affected with HAND ranges from 30 to 50% of HIV infected individuals and although the development of combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved longevity, HAND continues to pose a significant clinical problem as the current standard of care does not alleviate or prevent HAND symptoms. At present, the pathological mechanisms contributing to HAND remain unclear, but evidence suggests that it stems from neuronal injury due to chronic release of neurotoxins, chemokines, viral proteins, and proinflammatory cytokines secreted by HIV-1 activated microglia, macrophages and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) not only serves as a route for HIV-1 entry into the brain but also prevents cART therapy from reaching HIV-1 brain reservoirs, and therefore could play an important role in HAND. The goal of this review is to discuss the current data on the epidemiology, pathology and research models of HAND as well as address the potential pharmacological treatment approaches that are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Olanre Kayode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Md Tozammel Hoque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Room 1001, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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12
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Bao J, Wang X, Liu S, Zou Q, Zheng S, Yu F, Chen Y. Galectin-1 Ameliorates Influenza A H1N1pdm09 Virus-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1293. [PMID: 32595629 PMCID: PMC7303544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the major epidemic diseases worldwide. Acute lung injury mainly caused by excessive pro-inflammatory host immune responses leads to high mortality rates in severe influenza patients. Galectin-1, an animal lectin ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, is reported to play important roles in viral diseases. Here, we established murine and A549 cell models to explore the potential roles of galectin-1 treatment in H1N1pdm09-induced acute lung injury. We found that galectin-1 protein level was elevated in A549 cell culture supernatants and mouse BALF after H1N1pdm09 challenge. In vivo experiments showed recombinant galectin-1 treatment reduced wet/dry weight ratio, inflammatory cell infiltration in mouse lungs and mediated the expression of cytokines and chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12(p40), IL-12(p70), G-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1α and RANTES in serum and BALF of infected mice. Reduced apoptosis and viral titers in mouse lungs were also found after galectin-1 treatment. As expected, galectin-1 treated mice performed reduced body weight loss and enhanced survival rate against H1N1pdm09 challenge. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that viral titers decreased in a dose-dependent manner and cell apoptosis in A549 cells reduced after recombinant galectin-1 treatment. Taken together, our findings indicate a potentially positive effect of Gal-1 treatment on ameliorating the progress of H1N1pdm09-induced acute lung injury and recombinant galectin-1 might serve as a new agent in treating influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical in vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical in vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical in vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianda Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical in vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufa Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical in vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical in vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical in vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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An Elvitegravir Nanoformulation Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier and Suppresses HIV-1 Replication in Microglia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050564. [PMID: 32443728 PMCID: PMC7290679 DOI: 10.3390/v12050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with an efficient combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART), which significantly decreases viral load in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive individuals, the occurrence of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) still exists. Microglia have been shown to have a significant role in HIV-1 replication in the brain and in subsequent HAND pathogenesis. However, due to the limited ability of ART drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration, in addition to efflux transporter expression on microglia, the efficacy of ART drugs for viral suppression in microglia is suboptimal. Previously, we developed novel poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based elvitegravir nanoparticles (PLGA-EVG NPs), which showed improved BBB penetration in vitro and improved viral suppression in HIV-1-infected primary macrophages, after crossing an in vitro BBB model. Our objective in the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of our PLGA-EVG NPs in an important central nervous system (CNS) HIV-1 reservoir, i.e., microglia. In this study, we evaluated the cyto-compatibility of the PLGA-EVG NPs in microglia, using an XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) assay and cellular morphology observation. We also studied the endocytosis pathway and the subcellular localization of PLGA NPs in microglia, using various endocytosis inhibitors and subcellular localization markers. We determined the ability of PLGA-EVG NPs to suppress HIV-1 replication in microglia, after crossing an in vitro BBB model. We also studied the drug levels in mouse plasma and brain tissue, using immunodeficient NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice, and performed a pilot study, to evaluate the efficacy of PLGA-EVG NPs on viral suppression in the CNS, using an HIV-1 encephalitic (HIVE) mouse model. From our results, the PLGA-EVG NPs showed ~100% biocompatibility with microglia, as compared to control cells. The internalization of PLGA NPs in microglia occurred through caveolae-/clathrin-mediated endocytosis. PLGA NPs can also escape from endo-lysosomal compartments and deliver the therapeutics to cells efficiently. More importantly, the PLGA-EVG NPs were able to show ~25% more viral suppression in HIV-1-infected human-monocyte-derived microglia-like cells after crossing the in vitro BBB compared to the EVG native drug, without altering BBB integrity. PLGA-EVG NPs also showed a ~two-fold higher level in mouse brain and a trend of decreasing CNS HIV-1 viral load in HIV-1-infected mice. Overall, these results help us to create a safe and efficient drug delivery method to target HIV-1 reservoirs in the CNS, for potential clinical use.
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14
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Chiang MC, Nicol CJB, Cheng YC, Yen C, Lin CH, Chen SJ, Huang RN. Nanogold Neuroprotection in Human Neural Stem Cells Against Amyloid-beta-induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Neuroscience 2020; 435:44-57. [PMID: 32229231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neuronal dementia with progressive memory loss. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides has major effect in the neurodegenerative disorder, which are thought to promote mitochondrial dysfunction in AD brains. Anti-AD drugs acting upon the brain are generally difficult to develop, often cause serious side effects or lack therapeutic efficacy. Numerous studies have shown the beneficial therapeutic applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), including for neuroprotective events and AD. The aim of this study is to understand how AuNPs could exert their neuroprotective role in AD, for which cell model have chosen human neural stem cells (hNSCs) as the experimental tool. We hypothesize AuNPs protect against Aβ-induced cellular impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction in hNSCs. Here, we show AuNPs increase the survival of hNSCs treated with Aβ via downregulation of caspase 3 and 9 activities. Moreover, AuNPs abrogated the Aβ-mediated decrease neuroprotective (CREB and Bcl-2) and mitochondrial (PGC1α, NRF-1 and Tfam) gene expressions in treated hNSCs. Importantly, co-treatment with AuNPs significantly rescued hNSCs from Aβ-mediated mitochondrial function and morphology. AuNPs also significantly normalizes the immunostaining of mitochondrial marker and mass in differentiated hNSCs with Aβ. The effects may be exerted by the AuNPs, as supported by its protective reversal of Aβ-induced cellular impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction in hNSCs. In fact, the results presented extend our understanding of the mechanisms through which AuNPs could exert their neuroprotective role in hNSCs treated with Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Christopher J B Nicol
- Departments of Pathology & Molecular Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chiahui Yen
- Department of International Business, Ming Chuan University, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jiuun Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Huang
- Department of Entomology and Research Center for Plant-Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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15
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reactivates HIV-1 via Exosome-Mediated Resetting of Cellular Redox Potential and Bioenergetics. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03293-19. [PMID: 32127457 PMCID: PMC7064780 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03293-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) interferes with therapy and facilitates the pathogenesis of both human pathogens. Fundamental mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 infection are not clear. Here, we show that exosomes secreted by macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, including drug-resistant clinical strains, reactivated HIV-1 by inducing oxidative stress. Mechanistically, M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes realigned mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and modulated the expression of host genes mediating oxidative stress response, inflammation, and HIV-1 transactivation. Proteomics analyses revealed the enrichment of several host factors (e.g., HIF-1α, galectins, and Hsp90) known to promote HIV-1 reactivation in M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes. Treatment with a known antioxidant-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-or with inhibitors of host factors-galectins and Hsp90-attenuated HIV-1 reactivation by M. tuberculosis -specific exosomes. Our findings uncover new paradigms for understanding the redox and bioenergetics bases of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, which will enable the design of effective therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCE Globally, individuals coinfected with the AIDS virus (HIV-1) and with M. tuberculosis (causative agent of tuberculosis [TB]) pose major obstacles in the clinical management of both diseases. At the heart of this issue is the apparent synergy between the two human pathogens. On the one hand, mechanisms induced by HIV-1 for reactivation of TB in AIDS patients are well characterized. On the other hand, while clinical findings clearly identified TB as a risk factor for HIV-1 reactivation and associated mortality, basic mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 replication and infection remain poorly characterized. The significance of our research is in identifying the role of fundamental mechanisms such as redox and energy metabolism in catalyzing HIV-M. tuberculosis synergy. The quantification of redox and respiratory parameters affected by M. tuberculosis in stimulating HIV-1 will greatly enhance our understanding of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, leading to a wider impact on the biomedical research community and creating new translational opportunities.
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16
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Li Y, Chen N, Wu C, Lu Y, Gao G, Duan C, Yang H, Lu L. Galectin-1 attenuates neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease model by modulating microglial MAPK/IκB/NFκB axis through its carbohydrate-recognition domain. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:214-225. [PMID: 31669519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vicious cycle between the chronicactivationofmicroglia and dopamine neurons degeneration is linked with the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Targeting microglialactivationhas proven to be a viable option to develop a disease-modified therapy for PD. Galectin-1, which has been reported to have an anti-neuroinflammation effect was used in the present study to evaluate its therapeutic effects on microglia activation and neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease model. It was found that galectin-1 attenuated the inflammatory insult and the apoptosis of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells from conditioned medium of activated microglia induced by Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Nonetheless, galectin-1 administration (0.5 mg/kg) inhibited the microglia activation, improved the motor deficits in PD mice model induced by MPTP (25 mg/kg weight of mouse, i.p.) and prevented the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Administration of galectin-1 resulted in p38 and ERK1/2 dephosphorylation followed by IκB/NFκB signaling pathway inhibition. Galectin-1 significantly decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The protective effects and modulation of the MAPK/IκB/NFκB signaling pathway were abolished with β-D-galactose which blocked the carbohydrate-recognition domain of galectin-1. The present study demonstrated that galectin-1 inhibited microglia activation and ameliorated neurodegenerative process in PD model by modulating MAPK/IκB/NFκB axis through its carbohydrate-recognition domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nansihuanxilu 119, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yongquan Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chunli Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China.
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17
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Goud NS, Soukya PSL, Ghouse M, Komal D, Alvala R, Alvala M. Human Galectin-1 and Its Inhibitors: Privileged Target for Cancer and HIV. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1369-1378. [PMID: 30834831 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190304120821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Galectin 1(Gal-1), a β-galactoside binding mammalian lectin of 14KDa, is implicated in many signalling pathways, immune responses associated with cancer progression and immune disorders. Inhibition of human Gal-1 has been regarded as one of the potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer, as it plays a major role in tumour development and metastasis by modulating various biological functions viz. apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration, cell immune escape. Gal-1 is considered as a biomarker in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment condition. The overexpression of Gal-1 is well established and seen in many types of cancer progression like osteosarcoma, breast, lung, prostate, melanoma, etc. Gal-1 greatly accelerates the binding kinetics of HIV-1 to susceptible cells, leading to faster viral entry and a more robust viral replication by specific binding of CD4 cells. Hence, the Gal-1 is considered a promising molecular target for the development of new therapeutic drugs for cancer and HIV. The present review laid emphasis on structural insights and functional role of Gal-1 in the disease, current Gal-1 inhibitors and future prospects in the design of specific Gal-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narella Sridhar Goud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
| | - P S Lakshmi Soukya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
| | - Mahammad Ghouse
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
| | - Daipule Komal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
| | - Ravi Alvala
- G. Pulla Reddy College of pharmacy, Hyderabad, 500028, India
| | - Mallika Alvala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
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18
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Xu Y, Sun L, Feng S, Chen J, Gao Y, Guo L, An X, Nie Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Ning X. Smart pH-Sensitive Nanogels for Enhancing Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Integrin α vβ 3 Specific Apoptotic Peptide and Therapeutic Nitric Oxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34663-34675. [PMID: 31490654 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic peptide (kla), which can trigger the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic programmed cell death, has been widely recognized as a potential anticancer agent. However, its therapeutic potential has been significantly impaired by its poor biostability, lack of tumor specificity, and particularly low cellular uptake. Herein, a linear peptide Arg-Trp-d-Arg-Asn-Arg (RWrNR) was identified as an integrin αvβ3 specific ligand with a nanomolar dissociation constant (Kd = 0.95 nM), which can greatly improve kla antitumor activity (IC50 = 8.81 μM) by improving its cellular uptake, compared to the classic integrin-recognition motif c-RGDyK (IC50 = 37.96 μM). Particularly, the RWrNR-kla conjugate can be entrapped in acidic sensitive nanogels (RK/Parg/CMCS-NGs), composed of poly-l-arginine (Parg) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS, pI = 6.8), which can not only carry out controlled release of RWrNR-kla in response to the tumor acidic microenvironment, and consequently enhance its tumor specificity and cell internalization, but also trigger tumor-associated macrophages to generate nitric oxide, leading to enhanced synergistic anticancer efficacy. Importantly, RK/Parg/CMCS-NGs have been proven to effectively activate the apoptosis signaling pathway in vivo and significantly inhibit tumor growth with minimal adverse effects. To summarize, RK/Parg/CMCS-NGs are a promising apoptotic peptide-based therapeutics with enhanced tumor accumulation, cytosolic delivery, and synergistic anticancer effects, thereby holding great potential for the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Lei Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Shujun Feng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Jianmei Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Ya Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Leilei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, Center of Advanced Pharmaceutics and Biomaterials , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xueying An
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital , The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Yuanyuan Nie
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, Center of Advanced Pharmaceutics and Biomaterials , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xinghai Ning
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
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19
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Engin AB, Engin A. Nanoparticles and neurotoxicity: Dual response of glutamatergic receptors. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 245:281-303. [PMID: 30961871 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of nanoparticles for neuro-diagnostic and neurotherapeutic purposes provides superior benefits than the conventional approaches, it may be potentially toxic in central nervous system. In this respect, nanotechnological research focuses on nanoneurotoxicity-nanoneurosafety concepts. Despite these efforts, nanoparticles (NPs) may cause neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration by penetrating the brain-olfactory route and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Indeed, due to their unique structures nanomaterials can easily cross biological barriers, thus avoid drug delivery problems. Despite the advancement of nanotechnology for designing therapeutic agents, toxicity of these nanomaterials is still a concern. Activation of neurons by astrocytic glutamate is a result of NPs-mediated astrocyte-neuron crosstalk. Increased extracellular glutamate levels due to enhanced synthesis and reduced reuptake may induce neuronal damage by abnormal activation of extrasynaptic N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits. NMDAR is the key factor that mediates the disturbances in intracellular calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction and generation of reactive oxygen species in NPs exposed neurons. While some NPs cause neuronal death by inducing NMDARs, others may be neurotoxic through the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors or protect the neurons via blocking NMDARs. However, mechanisms of dual effects of NPs, neurotoxicity or neuroprotection are not precisely known. Some NPs present neuroprotective effect either by selectively inhibiting extrasynaptic subunit of NMDARs or by attenuating oxidative stress. NPs-related proinflammatory activation of microglia contributes to the dysfunction and cytotoxicity in neurons. Therefore, investigation of the interaction of NPs with the neuronal signaling molecules and neuronal receptors is necessary for the better understanding of the neurotoxicity or neurosafety of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Dello Russo C, Cappoli N, Coletta I, Mezzogori D, Paciello F, Pozzoli G, Navarra P, Battaglia A. The human microglial HMC3 cell line: where do we stand? A systematic literature review. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:259. [PMID: 30200996 PMCID: PMC6131758 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, unique myeloid cells residing in the brain parenchyma, represent the first line of immune defense within the central nervous system. In addition to their immune functions, microglial cells play an important role in other cerebral processes, including the regulation of synaptic architecture and neurogenesis. Chronic microglial activation is regarded as detrimental, and it is considered a pathogenic mechanism common to several neurological disorders. Microglial activation and function have been extensively studied in rodent experimental models, whereas the characterization of human cells has been limited due to the restricted availability of primary sources of human microglia. To overcome this problem, human immortalized microglial cell lines have been developed. The human microglial clone 3 cell line, HMC3, was established in 1995, through SV40-dependent immortalization of human embryonic microglial cells. It has been recently authenticated by the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC®) and distributed under the name of HMC3 (ATCC®CRL-3304). The HMC3 cells have been used in six research studies, two of which also indicated by ATCC® as reference articles. However, a more accurate literature revision suggests that clone 3 was initially distributed under the name of CHME3. In this regard, several studies have been published, thus contributing to a more extensive characterization of this cell line. Remarkably, the same cell line has been used in different laboratories with other denominations, i.e., CHME-5 cells and C13-NJ cells. In view of the fact that "being now authenticated by ATCC®" may imply a wider distribution of the cells, we aimed at reviewing data obtained with the human microglia cell line clone 3, making the readers aware of this complicated nomenclature. In addition, we also included original data, generated in our laboratory with the HMC3 (ATCC®CRL-3304) cells, providing information on the current state of the culture together with supplementary details on the culturing procedures to obtain and maintain viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Dello Russo
- Institute of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, L.go F Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy. .,Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Natalia Cappoli
- Institute of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, L.go F Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Coletta
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development) - Angelini S.p.A., Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Mezzogori
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Paciello
- Institute of Otolaryngology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pozzoli
- Institute of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, L.go F Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Institute of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, L.go F Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Battaglia
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Oncological Gynecology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
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The role of catecholamines in HIV neuropathogenesis. Brain Res 2018; 1702:54-73. [PMID: 29705605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of anti-retroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and lifespan of HIV + individuals, transforming HIV infection into a chronic condition. These improvements have come with a cost, as chronic HIV infection and long-term therapy have resulted in the emergence of a number of new pathologies. This includes a variety of the neuropathological and neurocognitive effects collectively known as HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or NeuroHIV. These effects persist even in the absence of viral replication, suggesting that they are mediated the long-term changes in the CNS induced by HIV infection rather than by active replication. Among these effects are significant changes in catecholaminergic neurotransmission, especially in dopaminergic brain regions. In HIV-infected individuals not treated with ARV show prominent neuropathology is common in dopamine-rich brain regions and altered autonomic nervous system activity. Even infected individuals on therapy, there is significant dopaminergic neuropathology, and elevated stress and norepinephrine levels correlate with a decreased effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As catecholamines function as immunomodulatory factors, the resultant dysregulation of catecholaminergic tone could substantially alter the development of HIVassociated neuroinflammation and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the role of catecholamines in the etiology of HIV neuropathogenesis. Providing a comprehensive examination of what is known about these molecules in the context of HIV-associated disease demonstrates the importance of further studies in this area, and may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that specifically ameliorate the effects of catecholaminergic dysregulation on NeuroHIV.
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Sundblad V, Morosi LG, Geffner JR, Rabinovich GA. Galectin-1: A Jack-of-All-Trades in the Resolution of Acute and Chronic Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3721-3730. [PMID: 29158348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory signals provide negative input to immunological networks promoting resolution of acute and chronic inflammation. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a member of a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins, displays broad anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities by targeting multiple immune cell types. Within the innate immune compartment, Gal-1 acts as a resolution-associated molecular pattern by counteracting the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting neutrophil trafficking, targeting eosinophil migration and survival, and suppressing mast cell degranulation. Likewise, this lectin controls T cell and B cell compartments by modulating receptor clustering and signaling, thus serving as a negative-regulatory checkpoint that reprograms cellular activation, differentiation, and survival. In this review, we discuss the central role of Gal-1 in regulatory programs operating during acute inflammation, autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation, pregnancy, cancer, and infection. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting Gal-1-glycan interactions will contribute to overcome cancer immunosuppression and reinforce antimicrobial immunity, whereas stimulation of Gal-1-driven immunoregulatory circuits will help to mitigate exuberant inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sundblad
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano G Morosi
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge R Geffner
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; .,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Nanomedicines for the Treatment of CNS Diseases. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:1-5. [PMID: 28150132 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeting and delivering macromolecular therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) has been a major challenge. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the main obstacle that must be overcome to allow compounds to reach their targets in the brain. Therefore, much effort has been channelled into improving transport of therapeutics across the BBB and into the CNS including the use of nanoparticles. In this thematic issue, several reviews and original research are presented that address "Nanomedicines for CNS Diseases." The articles in this issue are concentrated on either CNS-HIV disease or CNS tumors. In regards to CNS-HIV disease, there are two reviews that discuss the role of nanoparticles for improving the delivery of HIV therapeutics to the CNS. In addition, there are two original articles focusing on therapies for CNS-HIV, one of them uses nanoparticles for delivery of siRNA specific to a key protein in autophagy to microglia, and another discusses nanoparticle delivery of a soluble mediator to suppress neuroinflammation. Furthermore, a comprehensive review about gene therapy for CNS neurological diseases is also included. Finally, this issue also includes review articles on enhanced drug targeting to CNS tumors. These articles include a review on the use of nanoparticles for CNS tumors, a review on functionalization (ligands) of nanoparticles for drug targeting to the brain tumor by overcoming BBB, and the final review discusses the use of macrophages as a delivery vehicle to CNS tumors. This thematic issue provides a wealth of knowledge on using nanomedicines for CNS diseases.
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