Nintedanib: A Review of Its Use as Second-Line Treatment in Adults with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer of Adenocarcinoma Histology

TBD-Mediated Diastereoselective Access to Functionalized 3-Alkenyl-2-oxindoles via the Tandem Reaction of Isatins and Allenoates

The 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene-mediated tandem reaction of easily accessible isatins and allenoates to functionalized 3-alkenyl-2-oxindoles is disclosed. The reaction allows the synthesis of a wide range of 3-alkenyl-2-oxindoles in good yields with excellent functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions (32 examples, up to 84% yields). The current strategy will provide a novel path for the sustainable synthesis of functionalized 3-alkenyl-2-oxindole derivatives. We have also demonstrated the significance of 3-alkenyl-2-oxindoles as key starting materials (KSMs) via their synthetic utility in producing oxindole-appended pyrazole, oxazole, and coumarin hybrids of medicinal relevance.

Lung Cancer and Interstitial Lung Diseases

Lung cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. There is evidence of a complex interplay between lung cancer and interstitial lung disease (ILD), affecting disease progression, management strategies, and patient outcomes. Both conditions develop as the result of common risk factors such as smoking, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions. The presence of ILD poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in lung cancer management, including difficulties in interpreting radiological findings and increased susceptibility to treatment-related toxicities, such as acute exacerbation of ILD after surgery and pneumonitis after radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Moreover, due to the lack of large, phase III randomized controlled trials, the evidence-based therapeutic options for patients with ILDs and lung cancer remain limited. Antifibrotic treatment may help prevent pulmonary toxicity due to lung cancer treatment, but its effect is still unclear. Emerging diagnostic modalities and biomarkers and optimizing personalized treatment strategies are essential to improve outcomes in this patient population.

Advanced Delivery Strategies of Nintedanib for Lung Disorders and Beyond: A Comprehensive Review

Nintedanib, a primary treatment for lung fibrosis, has gathered substantial attention due to its multifaceted potential. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nintedanib, inhibits multiple signalling receptors, including endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and ultimately inhibits fibroblast proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, nintedanib has been studied widely for other ailments like cancers and hepatic fibrosis, apart from lung disorders. Commercially, nintedanib is available as soft gelatin capsules for treatment against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Since it has very low oral bioavailability (4.7%), high doses of a drug, such as 100-150 mg, are administered, which can cause problems of gastrointestinal irritation and hepatotoxicity. The article begins with exploring the mechanism of action of nintedanib, elucidating its complex interactions within cellular pathways that govern fibrotic processes. It also emphasizes the pharmacokinetics of nintedanib, clinical trial insights, and the limitations of conventional formulations. The article mainly focuses on the emerging landscape of nanoparticle-based carriers such as hybrid liposome-exosome, nano liquid crystals, discoidal polymeric, and magnetic systems, offering promising avenues to optimize drug targeting, address its efficacy issues and minimise adverse effects. However, none of these delivery systems are commercialised, and further research is required to ensure safety and effectiveness in clinical settings. Yet, as research progresses, these advanced delivery systems promise to revolutionise the treatment landscape for various fibrotic disorders and cancers, potentially improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

Discovery of octahydropyrrolo [3,2-b] pyridin derivative as a highly selective Type I inhibitor of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 by high-throughput virtual screening

Although the aberrant activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is implicated in various cancers, the reported kinase inhibitors of FGFR3 tend to cause side effects resulting from the inhibitory activity on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Therefore, it is necessary to find a novel high-selective inhibitor of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 from the small-molecule compound database. In this study, integrated virtual screening protocols were established to screen for selective inhibitors of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 in Drugbank and Asinex databases by combining three-dimensional pharmacophore model, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA) calculations. Finally, it is found that Asinex-5082, as an octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b] pyridin derivative, has larger binding free energy with FGFR3 (-39.3 kcal/mol) than reference drug Erdafitinib (-29.9 kcal/mol), while cannot bind with VEGFR2, resulting in considerable inhibitory selectivity. This is because Asinex-5082, unlike Erdafitinib, has not m-dimethoxybenzene with large steric hindrance, thus can enter the larger ATP-binding pocket of FGFR3 with DFG-in conformation to form hydrophobic interaction with residues Met529, Ile539, and Tyr557 as well as hydrogen bond with Ala558. On the other hand, due to the fact that the benzodioxane and N-heterocyclic rings are connected by carbonyl (C=O), Asinex-5082 cannot rotate freely so as to enter the smaller ATP binding pocket of VEGFR2 on the DFG-out conformation. The lead molecule Asinex-5082 may facilitate the rational design and development of novel selective inhibitors of FGFR3 over VEGFR2 as anticancer drugs.

Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Course of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis—Case Report and Literature Review

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a poorly prognosed form of progressive interstitial pneumonia. Patients with IPF have a significantly increased risk of developing lung cancer, which further worsens the course of the disease. The most common histological types of LC among patients with IPF are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, all LC treatment modalities can lead to developing an acute IPF exacerbation. In this report, we present a rare case of coexistence of IPF and small cell lung cancer in a 76-year-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a former smoker. For over 2 years, the patient was treated with an anti-fibrotic drug-pirfenidone, which slowed down the progression of IPF. Unfortunately, after being diagnosed with an active SCLC, the patient was excluded from further participation in the pirfenidone drug program. SCLC is characterized by high aggressiveness, rapid growth and high metastatic potential; therefore, it is necessary to apply antitumor treatment as soon as possible. The described patient was treated with carboplatin–etoposide chemotherapy. Early treatment tolerance was good and after two cycles of cytotoxic treatment, a partial response was present in CT. The presented case emphasizes the need for further research to determine the treatment regimens in patients with coexisting IPF and LC and the appropriateness of antifibrotic treatment in them. In addition, it can help to choose the treatment method for similar patients, indicating a combination of carboplatin and etoposide as an effective and, at the same time, relatively safes method in terms of the risk of IPF’s exacerbation.

In vitro Evaluation of Isatin derivatives as Potent Anti-Breast Cancer Agents against MCF-7, MDA MB 231, MDA-MB 435 and MDA-MB 468 Breast Cancers cell lines: A Review

INTRODUCTION

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most frequent malignancy and most common reasons of impermanence in women. The backbone of therapy for BC is principally chemotherapy, but due to its non-specific nature between normal cells and cancer cells and severe side effects are the main barriers in its therapy. So, there is an intense requirement for the enlargement of more efficacious, more specific and safer anti-BC agents.

OBJECTIVE

Isatin (IST) is an endogenous molecule which is a principal class of heterocyclic compounds and exhibits a wide range of therapeutic activities which can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of several drug molecules. Many literatures were reported previously on different pharmacological activities of IST derivatives and particularly on anticancer activity but this review mainly focus on anti-BC activities of IST derivatives through MCF-7, MDA MB 231, MDA-MB 435 and MDA-MB 468 cell lines. Here in we mentioned, a total 33 IST derivatives (compound 24- 56) which shown good anti-BC activity. IST derived compounds are also available in market and are used for various cancer types like sunitinib for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and Nintedanib used for the cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis treatment but when evaluated for BC did not get much success.

CONCLUSION

This review mainly highlights anti-BC activities of various IST analogues using MCF-7, MDA MB 231, MDA-MB 435 and MDA-MB 468 cell lines, display the potent compound of the series and structure-activity relationships of compounds with molecular docking also. So, this study mainly shows the importance of IST as major sources for drug design and development of newer anti-BC drugs.

Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and future perspectives

Due to the advantages in efficacy and safety compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapeutic drugs have become mainstream cancer treatments. Since the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib was approved to enter the market by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001, an increasing number of small-molecule targeted drugs have been developed for the treatment of malignancies. By December 2020, 89 small-molecule targeted antitumor drugs have been approved by the US FDA and the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China. Despite great progress, small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs still face many challenges, such as a low response rate and drug resistance. To better promote the development of targeted anti-cancer drugs, we conducted a comprehensive review of small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs according to the target classification. We present all the approved drugs as well as important drug candidates in clinical trials for each target, discuss the current challenges, and provide insights and perspectives for the research and development of anti-cancer drugs.

Repurposing Anticancer Drugs for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Antifibrotic Drugs for the Treatment of Cancer: State of the Art

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an aggressive pulmonary disease which shares several molecular, pathophysiological and clinical aspects with lung cancer, including high mortality rates. The antifibrotic drugs Nintedanib and Pirfenidone have recently been introduced in clinical practice for the treatment of IPF. Nintedanib is also used for the treatment of several malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in combination with Docetaxel, while Pirfenidone showed some anti-neoplastic effects in preclinical studies. On the other hand, novel targeted agents and immunotherapies have been introduced in the last decade for the treatment of NSCLC, and some of them showed anti-fibrotic properties in recent studies. These evidences, based on the common pathophysiological backgrounds of IPF and lung cancer, make possible the mutual or combined use of anti-fibrotic and anti-neoplastic drugs to treat these highly lethal diseases. The aim of the present review is to depict the current scientific landscape regarding the repurposing of anti-neoplastic drugs in IPF and anti-fibrotic drugs in lung cancer, and to identify future research perspectives on the topic.

Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro cytotoxic effects of triazol/spiroindolinequinazolinedione, triazol/indolin-3-thiosemicarbazone and triazol/thiazol-indolin-2-one conjugates

PURPOSE

Cancer as one of the major diseases with high mortality rates threats human life in the world. Subsequently, the design new potent anticancer agents has attracted much attention in the area of synthetic and medicinal chemistry. In this study, new triazol-linked spiroindolinequinazolinone, thiazol-oxindole and oxindole-thiosemicarbazone conjugates were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity toward different cancer lines.

METHODS

Some new triazol-linked oxindoles and spirooxindoles conjugates were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro cytotoxic activity toward cancer lines including A375, PC3, LNCaP, MDA MB231 and normal cells HDF (human dermal fibroblast).

RESULTS

Among all synthesized compounds, the triazol-linked oxindol-thiosemicarbazone conjugate 10b showed the highest cytotoxic activity against different cancer cells. By using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), it was found that 10b is able to induce apoptosis by alteration of Bax, Bcl2 balance (i.e. by up regulation of Bax and down regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels). The DAPI staining was used to show the death of cancer cells in the presence of 10b. Interestingly, 10b suppressed the migration of LNCaP cancer cells by up-regulation of epithelial markers (E-cadherin) and down-regulation of mesenchymal markers (vimentin).

CONCLUSION

Our findings revealed that the compound 10b may be a new potent candidate with multiple biological activities to design therapeutic agents against different cancers. Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro cytotoxic effects of triazol/spiroindolinequinazolinedione, triazol/indolin-3-thiosemicarbazone and triazol/thiazol-indolin-2-one conjugates.

Impact of interstitial lung disease and simultaneous lung cancer on therapeutic possibilities and survival

BACKGROUND

Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are associated with poor survival and an increased risk of developing lung cancer (LC). Patient and LC characteristics, therapeutic possibilities and survival in this rare patient population are not well established.

METHODS

Fibrosing ILD patients treated at the Department of Pulmonology Semmelweis University were reviewed retrospectively between 2012-2018 (N = 160). All patients with concomitant LC (N = 23) underwent detailed pulmonary evaluation. Cancer characteristics including driver mutation data, as well as therapy and survival were analyzed.

RESULTS

ILD-LC patients (56% men, mean age 73 ± 6 years) had mild-moderate lung functional impairment (forced vital capacity [FVC]: 80 ± 24%ref., forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1]: 76 ± 27%ref.; transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide [TLCO]: 62 ± 25% reference). In 56% of cases histology confirmed adenocarcinoma followed by squamous cell carcinoma in 26%. Lobectomy could only be performed in one case; driver mutation was present in one patient. Chemotherapy was most commonly administered; however, 26% could only receive supportive palliative care. Four idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients received concomitant nintedanib to their LC treatment. Median survival of ILD-LC patients was only 321 days.

CONCLUSIONS

Diagnosis and therapy of ILD-LC is challenging and patients have a very limited survival. A significant proportion of patients could only receive palliative care indicating the need for better management strategies in this special patient population. The evaluation of the effect of cotreatment with antifibrotics needs further study.

KEY POINTS

Interstitial lung diseases are often associated with lung cancer Diagnosis is challenging and therapy often limited due to underlying lung disease. Patients received platinum based chemotherapy or only supportive care.

Real-World Evidence: Multicenter Efficacy and Toxicity Analysis of Nintedanib With Docetaxel as Second-Line Treatment in Mexican Patients With Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma

PURPOSE

The LUME-Lung 1 study has brought consistent evidence of the effective use of nintedanib in lung adenocarcinoma as a second line of treatment; however, differences among ethnicities have been found in some studies.

METHODS

This was a retrospective review among 21 medical centers of 150 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma, included in a compassionate use program of nintedanib from March 2014 to September 2015. The current study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of nintedanib in combination with docetaxel in the Mexican population, using progression-free survival rate and the best objective response to treatment by RECIST 1.1 as a surrogate of effectiveness. In addition, we examined the toxicity profile of our study population as a secondary end point.

RESULTS

After exclusion criteria, only 99 patients met the criteria for enrollment in the current study. From the total study population, 53 patients (53.5%) were male and 46 (46.5%) were female, with an average age of 60 years and stage IV as the most prevalent clinical stage at the beginning of the compassionate use program. A total of 48 patients (48.5%) had partial response; 26 (26.3%), stable disease; 4 (4%), complete response; and 16 (16.2%), progression; and 5 (5%) were nonevaluable. We found a median progression-free survival of 5 months (95% CI, 4.3 to 5.7 months). The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions were fatigue (14%) and diarrhea (13%).

CONCLUSION

Nintedanib, as part of a chemotherapy regimen, is an effective option with an acceptable toxicity profile for advanced lung adenocarcinoma after first-line treatment progression.

Ongoing challenges in pulmonary fibrosis and insights from the nintedanib clinical programme

The approvals of nintedanib and pirfenidone changed the treatment paradigm in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and increased our understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. Nonetheless, many challenges and unmet needs remain in the management of patients with IPF and other progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases.This review describes how the nintedanib clinical programme has helped to address some of these challenges. Data from this programme have informed changes to the IPF diagnostic guidelines, the timing of treatment initiation, and the assessment of disease progression. The use of nintedanib to treat patients with advanced lung function impairment, concomitant emphysema, patients awaiting lung transplantation and patients with IPF and lung cancer is discussed. The long-term use of nintedanib and an up-to-date summary of nintedanib in clinical practice are discussed. Directions for future research, namely emerging therapeutic options, precision medicine and other progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases, are described.Further developments in these areas should continue to improve patient outcomes.

Investigational fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 antagonists in early phase clinical trials to treat solid tumors

Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a highly conserved transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor. FGFR2 dysregulation occurs in numerous human solid tumors and overexpression is closely associated with tumor progression. FGFR2 has recently been reported as a therapeutic target for cancer. Several targeted therapies are being investigated to disrupt FGFR2 activity; these include multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), pan-FGFR targeted TKIs and FGFR2 monoclonal antibodies. Areas: This review examines FGFR2 regulation and function in cancer and its potential as a target for cancer treatment. Expert opinion: Highly specific FGFR2 blockers have not yet been developed and moreover, resistance to FGFR2-targeted therapies is a challenge. More sophisticated patient selection strategies would help improve FGFR2-targeted therapies and combination therapy is considered the most promising approach for cancer patients with FGFR2 alterations.

Recent advances on anti-angiogenesis receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy

Angiogenesis has always been the topic of major scientific interest in the field of malignant tumors. Nowadays, targeting angiogenesis has achieved success in various carcinomas by several mechanisms, including the use of anti-angiogenic small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The development of TKIs targeting pro-angiogenic receptors, mainly vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) family, have significantly improved the outcome of certain types of cancers, like renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and colorectal carcinoma. However, the general response rate is not very satisfactory. The particular toxicity profile and resistance to anti-angiogenic targeted agents are unavoidable, and no specific marker is available to screen responsive patients to TKIs for precision therapy. To date, about 11 anti-angiogenic TKIs with different binding capacities to angiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase have been approved for the treatment of patients with advanced cancers. This review presents all approved anti-angiogenic small molecule receptor TKIs so far with an emphasis on their indications and clinical efficacy. We also discuss the combination between TKIs and immune checkpoint blockade inhibitors based on the most recent exciting outcome in immunotherapy.

FGFR1 expression defines clinically distinct subtypes in pancreatic cancer

Background

The clinical significance of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) protein expression in pancreatic cancer is largely unknown. In this study, we aimed investigate the clinical significance of FGFR1 expression in pancreatic cancer.

Methods

First, we investigated the relationship between FGFR pathway gene expression and clinicopathological data in three pancreatic cancer cohorts containing 313 cases. Subsequently, to confirm the findings from the discovery cohorts, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) of FGFR1 protein in a validation cohort of 205 pancreatic cancer cases.

Results

In discovery cohort 1, FGFR1 and Klotho beta (KLB) overexpression was associated with low tumor stage (P < 0.05), low tumor grade (P < 0.05), and better overall survival. Multivariate analysis predicted FGFR1 (P < 0.05) as a prognostic factor for better overall survival. In discovery cohorts 2 and 3, only FGFR1 overexpression was associated with better overall survival (P < 0.05). In the validation cohort, there were 15.7% and 61% strong and weak/moderate FGFR1-positive cases, respectively. FGFR1-positive cases showed better overall survival than FGFR1-negative cases (P < 0.05). Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed FGFR1 positivity as an independent prognostic factor for better overall survival in pancreatic cancer patients (hazard ratio 0.677, 95% confidence interval 0.471–0.972, P = 0.035).

Conclusions

FGFR1 expression, as estimated by IHC, may be used to define clinically distinct subtypes in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, FGFR1-based subclassification of pancreatic cancer may lead to new therapeutic approaches for the FGFR1-positive subtype.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1743-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nintedanib prevented fibrosis progression and lung cancer growth in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A 76-year-old man with a past history of acute exacerbation (AE) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was treated with nintedanib because of decline in his forced vital capacity over time. A new small nodular lesion was visible on a computed tomography scan of the chest before initiation of nintedanib. Disease progression in IPF and change in size of the nodular lesion were not detected during administration of nintedanib. Nine months after starting nintedanib, the patient was diagnosed with acute gangrenous appendicitis, and nintedanib treatment was discontinued. The nodular lesion increased in size four months after the cessation of nintedanib. The nodular lesion was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. In this case, nintedanib inhibited the disease progression of IPF and lung cancer simultaneously. Nintedanib may play an important role in the treatment of IPF-associated lung cancer.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of certain hydrazonoindolin-2-one derivatives as new potent anti-proliferative agents

In connection with our research program on the development of novel indolin-2-one-based anticancer candidates, herein we report the design and synthesis of different series of hydrazonoindolin-2-ones 3a-e, 5a-e, 7a-c, and 10a-l. The synthesised derivatives were in vitro evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity towards lung A-549, colon HT-29, and breast ZR-75 human cancer cell lines. Compounds 5b, 5c, 7b, and 10e emerged as the most potent derivatives with average IC₅₀ values of 4.37, 2.53, 2.14, and 4.66 µM, respectively, which are superior to Sunitinib (average IC₅₀ = 8.11 µM). Furthermore, compounds 7b and 10e were evaluated for their effects on cell cycle progression and levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in the A-549 cancer cell line. Moreover, 7b and 10e inhibited the cell growth of the multidrug-resistant lung cancer NCI-H69AR cell line with IC₅₀ = 16 µM. In addition, the cytotoxic activities of 7b and 10e were assessed towards three non-tumorigenic cell lines (Intestine IEC-6, Breast MCF-10A, and Fibroblast Swiss-3t3) where both compounds displayed mean tumor selectivity index (1.6 and 1.8) higher than that of Sunitinib (1.4).

Nintedanib effects on delaying cancer progression and decreasing COX-2 and IL-17 in the prostate anterior lobe in TRAMP mice

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in men around the world. Due to its high incidence, new therapies have been evaluated, including drugs capable of inhibiting the FGF/VEGF pathways, as Nintedanib. The aim herein was to evaluate the Nintedanib therapeutic effects on morphology and COX-2 and IL-17 levels in the prostate anterior lobe in different grades of the tumor progression in TRAMP mice. Animals were treated with Nintedanib at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day in initial and intermediate grades of tumor development. At the end of treatment, the prostate anterior lobe was collected and submitted to morphological, immunohistochemical and Western Blotting analyses. The results showed that Nintedanib delayed the prostate carcinogenesis progression, with over 20% of reduction in frequency of tissue injuries, particularly in the group treated from 12 to 16 weeks of age. Also, decreased COX-2 and IL-17 levels were observed in both groups treated with Nintedanib in the prostate anterior lobe. Thus, we concluded that Nintedanib was effective in delaying tumor progression and, despite not directly acting on inflammation, Nintedanib may adversely affect inflammatory pathways, favoring prostate cancer delay.

FGFR a promising druggable target in cancer: Molecular biology and new drugs

INTRODUCTION

The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) family consists of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (TKR) involved in several biological functions. Recently, alterations of FGFR have been reported to be important for progression and development of several cancers. In this setting, different studies are trying to evaluate the efficacy of different therapies targeting FGFR.

AREAS COVERED

This review summarizes the current status of treatments targeting FGFR, focusing on the trials that are evaluating the FGFR profile as inclusion criteria: Multi-Target, Pan-FGFR Inhibitors and anti-FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)/FGFR Monoclonal Antibodies.

EXPERT OPINION

Most of the TKR share intracellular signaling pathways; therefore, cancer cells tend to overcome the inhibition of one tyrosine kinase receptor by activating another. The future of TKI (Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor) therapy will potentially come from multi-targeted TKIs that target different TKR simultaneously. It is crucial to understand the interaction of the FGF-FGFR axis with other known driver TKRs. Based on this, it is possible to develop therapeutic strategies targeting multiple connected TKRs at once. One correct step in this direction is the reassessment of multi target inhibitors considering the FGFR status of the tumor. Another opportunity arises from assessing the use of FGFR TKI on patients harboring FGFR alterations.

Second-Line Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Aspects of Nintedanib

Lung carcinoma is the leading cause of death by cancer in the world. Nowadays, most patients will experience disease progression during or after first-line chemotherapy demonstrating the need for new, effective second-line treatments. The only approved second-line therapies for patients without targetable oncogenic drivers are docetaxel, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, and erlotinib and for patients with target-specific oncogenes afatinib, osimertinib, crizotinib, alectinib, and ceritinib. In recent years, evidence on the role of antiangiogenic agents have been established as important and effective therapeutic targets in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nintedanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting three angiogenesis-related transmembrane receptors (vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor). Several preclinical and clinical studies have proven the usefulness of nintedanib as an anticancer agent for NSCLC. The most important study was the phase III LUME-Lung 1 trial, which investigated the combination of nintedanib with docetaxel for second-line treatment in advanced NSCLC patients. The significant improvement in overall survival and the manageable safety profile led to the approval of this new treatment in Europe. This review focuses on the preclinical and clinical studies with nintedanib in NSCLC.

Management of Dermatologic Complications of Lung Cancer Therapies

OPINION STATEMENT

In recent years, oncogene-directed targeted agents and immunotherapies have expanded the treatment armamentarium for advanced lung cancer and, in particular, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Along with extended survival, these agents are accompanied by a host of cutaneous complications that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These skin complications range from the well-characterized papulopustular (acneiform) eruption of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors to the emerging characterization of lichenoid skin eruptions seen during treatment with antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death protein 1 ligand (PD-L1). When promptly recognized and accurately diagnosed, most cutaneous adverse events can be managed with supportive treatments, avoiding the need to interrupt antitumor therapy. Furthermore, preemptive management of skin problems can lead to significantly decreased severity of many cutaneous complications of these therapies. We encourage close collaboration between dermatologists and oncologists to better characterize cutaneous toxicity, select appropriate management, and avoid unnecessary dose reduction or discontinuation while simultaneously improving patient quality of life.

Safe handling of oral antineoplastic medications: Focus on targeted therapeutics in the home setting

Introduction With the growing number of oral targeted therapies being approved for use in cancer therapy, the potential for long-term administration of these drugs to cancer patients is expanding. The use of these drugs in the home setting has the potential to expose family members and caregivers to them either through direct contact with the drugs or indirectly by exposure to the parent compounds and/or their active metabolites in contaminated patients' waste. Methods A systematic literature review was performed and the known adverse health effect of 32 oral targeted therapeutics is summarized. In particular, the carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and embryo-fetal toxicity, along with the route of excretion were evaluated. Results Carcinogenicity testing has not been performed on most of the oral targeted therapeutics and the genotoxicity data are mixed. However, the majority of these drugs exhibit adverse reproductive effects, some of which are severe. Currently, available data does not permit the possibility of a health hazard from inappropriate handling of drugs and contaminated patients waste to be ignored, especially in a long-term home setting. Further research is needed to understand these issues. Conclusions With the expanding use of targeted therapies in the home setting, family members and caregivers, especially those of reproductive risk age, are, potentially at risk. Overall basic education and related precautions should be taken to protect family members and caregivers from indirect or direct exposure from these drugs. Further investigations and discussion on this subject are warranted.