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Ghareeb RY, Jaremko M, Abdelsalam NR, Abdelhamid MMA, El-Argawy E, Ghozlan MH. Biocontrol potential of endophytic fungi against phytopathogenic nematodes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Sci Rep 2024; 14:15547. [PMID: 38969662 PMCID: PMC11229511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are a vital pest that causes significant yield losses and economic damage to potato plants. The use of chemical pesticides to control these nematodes has led to environmental concerns and the development of resistance in the nematode populations. Endophytic fungi offer an eco-friendly alternative to control these pests and produce secondary metabolites that have nematicidal activity against RKNs. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of Aspergillus flavus (ON146363), an entophyte fungus isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds, against Meloidogyne incognita in filtered culture broth using GC-MS analysis. Among them, various nematicidal secondary metabolites were produced: Gadoleic acid, Oleic acid di-ethanolamide, Oleic acid, and Palmitic acid. In addition, biochemical compounds such as Gallic acid, Catechin, Protocatechuic acid, Esculatin, Vanillic acid, Pyrocatechol, Coumarine, Cinnamic acid, 4, 3-indol butyl acetic acid and Naphthyl acetic acid by HPLC. The fungus was identified through morphological and molecular analysis, including ITS 1-4 regions of ribosomal DNA. In vitro experiments showed that culture filtrate of A. flavus had a variable effect on reducing the number of egg hatchings and larval mortality, with higher concentrations showing greater efficacy than Abamectin. The fungus inhibited the development and multiplication of M. incognita in potato plants, reducing the number of galls and eggs by 90% and 89%, respectively. A. flavus increased the activity of defense-related enzymes Chitinas, Catalyse, and Peroxidase after 15, 45, and 60 days. Leaching of the concentrated culture significantly reduced the second juveniles' stage to 97% /250 g soil and decreased the penetration of nematodes into the roots. A. flavus cultural filtrates via soil spraying improved seedling growth and reduced nematode propagation, resulting in systemic resistance to nematode infection. Therefore, A. flavus can be an effective biological control agent for root-knot nematodes in potato plants. This approach provides a sustainable solution for farmers and minimizes the environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Y Ghareeb
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nader R Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A Abdelhamid
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Eman El-Argawy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H Ghozlan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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2
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Meshram S, Adhikari TB. Microbiome-Mediated Strategies to Manage Major Soil-Borne Diseases of Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:364. [PMID: 38337897 PMCID: PMC10856849 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is consumed globally as a fresh vegetable due to its high nutritional value and antioxidant properties. However, soil-borne diseases can severely limit tomato production. These diseases, such as bacterial wilt (BW), Fusarium wilt (FW), Verticillium wilt (VW), and root-knot nematodes (RKN), can significantly reduce the yield and quality of tomatoes. Using agrochemicals to combat these diseases can lead to chemical residues, pesticide resistance, and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, resistant varieties are not yet available. Therefore, we must find alternative strategies to protect tomatoes from these soil-borne diseases. One of the most promising solutions is harnessing microbial communities that can suppress disease and promote plant growth and immunity. Recent omics technologies and next-generation sequencing advances can help us develop microbiome-based strategies to mitigate tomato soil-borne diseases. This review emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the utilization of beneficial microbiomes to mitigate soil-borne diseases and improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Meshram
- Department of Plant Pathology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144402, India;
| | - Tika B. Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Chitinases as key virulence factors in microbial pathogens: Understanding their role and potential as therapeutic targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126021. [PMID: 37506799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are crucial for the survival of bacterial and fungal pathogens both during host infection and outside the host in the environment. Chitinases facilitate adhesion onto host cells, act as virulence factors during infection, and provide protection from the host immune system, making them crucial factors in the survival of microbial pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms behind chitinase action is beneficial to design novel therapeutics to control microbial infections. This review explores the role of chitinases in the pathogenesis of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. The mechanisms underlying the action of chitinases of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens in host cells are thoroughly reviewed. The evolutionary relationships between chitinases of various bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens are discussed to determine their involvement in processes, such as adhesion and host immune system modulation. Gaining a better understanding of the distribution and activity of chitinases in these microbial pathogens can help elucidate their role in the invasion and infection of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Mouniga R, Anita B, Lakshmanan A, Shanthi A, Karthikeyan G. Nematicidal Properties of Chitosan Nanoformulation. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230033. [PMID: 37622051 PMCID: PMC10446853 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is the second most abundant bio-polymer available in the world, second only to cellulose. It is found in crustaceous shells, e.g., those of crabs, shrimps, prawns, and fungi, as well as insect exoskeletons. The use of nanoformulations for the management of pests and diseases is receiving increased interest with the advancement of nanotechnology. Here, chitosan nanospheres were obtained from chitosan using the ionic gelation technique. The nanoformulations obtained were characterized using a particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a transmission electron microscope. The efficacy of chitosan nanospheres in suppressing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was studied. The particle size of nanospheres formulated for this study was 380.2 nm, with a polydispersity index (PI) of 0.4 and Zeta potential of 45.7 or 50.9 mV at pH 5.2. The chitosan nanospheres were spherical and the particles did not agglomerate. FTIR spectra of the chitosan nanospheres peaked at 3334 cm-1, thereby indicating the stretching of the OH and NH group. In In-vitro studies, chitosan nanospheres showed significant nematicidal activity against M. incognita. Under pot culture conditions, chitosan nanospheres (1%- active compound chitosan) at 2ml/plant decreased the nematode population in roots or soil. Compared to the control, the number of galls was reduced by 83.68%, the number of egg masses by 83.85%, the number of adult females by 66.56%, and the number of second-stage juveniles by 73.20%. In a field experiment, application of chitosan nanospheres (1%) was followed by a 18.75% increase in fruit yield compared to the non-treated control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mouniga
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
| | - B. Anita
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
| | - A. Lakshmanan
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
| | - A. Shanthi
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
| | - G. Karthikeyan
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India
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Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6: A nematocidal activity of endochitinase gene exploration and its function identification. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1641-1652. [PMID: 36273547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endochitinase is a natural extracellular protein in Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6, which can degrade the eggshell of Heterodera avenae significantly, however the related genes that coding this protein was rarely characterized. In the present study, the endochitinase 18-5 gene (T6-Echi18-5) of T. longibrachiatum T6 was cloned and sequenced. The expression level of T6-Echi18-5 gene in T. longibrachiatum T6 was induced and increased after the H. avenae cysts inoculation. The full-length cDNA sequence of T6-Echi18-5 was 1671 bp that contained an ORF of 1275 bp, corresponding to 424 amino acids with a 45.9 kDa molecular weight. A single band of 60.04 kDa was detected and identified using SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis after transferring the T6-Echi18-5 gene to Escherichia coli BL21 Rosetta (DE3). The concentration of purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein was 1.53 mg·ml-1, and the optimal temperature and pH were 50 °C and 5.0, respectively. The eggshell and content were dissolved and exuded from 4 to10 days after treatment with the purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein. The relative inhibition rate of eggs hatching was 86.79 % at 12 days after treatment. Our study demonstrated the key role of T6-Echi18-5 gene in degrading the H. avenae eggshell and inhibiting the eggs hatching.
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Rajput M, Kumar M, Pareek N. Myco-chitinases as versatile biocatalysts for translation of coastal residual resources to eco-competent chito-bioactives. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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In vitro characterization bioassays of the nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum: Evaluation on growth, extracellular enzymes, mycotoxins and survival in the surrounding agroecosystem of tomato. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:300-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Antagonistic Fungi Against Plant Pathogens for Sustainable Agriculture. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Pánek M, Borůvka V, Nábělková J, Šimůnková K, Zeidler A, Novák D, Černý R, Kobetičová K. Efficacy of Caffeine Treatment for Wood Protection-Influence of Wood and Fungi Species. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3758. [PMID: 34771315 PMCID: PMC8588167 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the future, we can expect increased requirements to the health and ecological integrity of biocides used for the protection of wood against bio-attacks, and it is therefore necessary to search for and thoroughly test new active substances. Caffeine has been shown to have biocidal efficacy against wood-destroying fungi, moulds and insects. The aim of the research was to determine whether the effectiveness of caffeine, as a fungicide of natural origin, is affected by a different type of treated wood. Norway spruce mature wood (Picea abies), Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris), and European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) were tested in this work. The samples were treated using long-term dipping technology or coating (according to EN 152:2012) and then tested against selected wood-destroying brown rot fungi according to the standard EN 839:2015, wood-staining fungi according to EN 152:2012, and against mould growth according to EN 15457:2015. The penetration of caffeine solution into wood depth was also evaluated using liquid extraction chromatography, as well as the effect of the treatment used on selected physical and mechanical properties of wood. The test results showed that the type of wood used and the specific type of wood-degrading agent had a significant effect on the effectiveness of caffeine protection. The most resistant wood was the treated spruce, whereas the most susceptible to deterioration was the treated white pine and beech wood. The results of the work showed that caffeine treatment is effective against wood-destroying fungi at a concentration of 2%, and at 1% in some of the tested cases. It can be used as an ecologically acceptable short-term protection alternative against wood-staining fungi in lumber warehouses and is also partially effective against moulds. It also does not have negative effects on changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the tested wood species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Pánek
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (K.Š.); (A.Z.); (D.N.)
| | - Vlastimil Borůvka
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (K.Š.); (A.Z.); (D.N.)
| | - Jana Nábělková
- Department of Sanitary and Ecological Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Kristýna Šimůnková
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (K.Š.); (A.Z.); (D.N.)
| | - Aleš Zeidler
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (K.Š.); (A.Z.); (D.N.)
| | - David Novák
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (K.Š.); (A.Z.); (D.N.)
| | - Robert Černý
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.Č.); (K.K.)
| | - Klára Kobetičová
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.Č.); (K.K.)
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Transcriptome analysis reveals key genes associated with root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei resistance in chickpea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17491. [PMID: 34471168 PMCID: PMC8410808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, is one of the major plant-parasitic nematode species causing significant yield losses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). In order to identify the underlying mechanisms of resistance to P. thornei, the transcriptomes of control and inoculated roots of three chickpea genotypes viz. D05253 > F3TMWR2AB001 (resistant advanced breeding line), PBA HatTrick (moderately resistant cultivar), and Kyabra (susceptible cultivar) were studied at 20 and 50 days post inoculation using the RNA-seq approach. On analyzing the 633.3 million reads generated, 962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Comparative analysis revealed that the majority of DEGs upregulated in the resistant genotype were downregulated in the moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes. Transcription factor families WRKY and bZIP were uniquely expressed in the resistant genotype. The genes Cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase 10, Protein lifeguard-like, Protein detoxification, Bidirectional sugar transporter Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters1 (SWEET1), and Subtilisin-like protease were found to play cross-functional roles in the resistant chickpea genotype against P. thornei. The identified candidate genes for resistance to P. thornei in chickpea can be explored further to develop markers and accelerate the introgression of P. thornei resistance into elite chickpea cultivars.
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Establishment of a new and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system in the nematicidal fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum. Microbiol Res 2021; 249:126773. [PMID: 33940365 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus) is widely commercialized for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes and represents a potential cell factory for enzyme production. This nematicidal fungus is intrinsically resistant to common antifungal agents used for genetic transformation. Therefore, molecular investigations in P. lilacinum are still limited so far. In the present study, we have established a new Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) system in P. lilacinum based on the uridine/uracil auxotrophic mechanism. Here, uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutants were simply generated via UV irradiation instead of a complicated genetic approach for the pyrG gene deletion. A stable uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutant was then selected as a recipient for fungal transformation. We further indicated that the pyrG gene from Aspergillus niger can be used as a selectable marker for genetic transformation of P. lilacinum. Under optimized conditions for ATMT, the transformation efficiency reached 2873 ± 224 transformants per 106 spores. Using the constructed ATMT system, we succeeded in expressing the DsRed reporter gene in P. lilacinum. Additionally, we have identified a very promising mutant for chitinase production from a collection of T-DNA insertion transformants. This mutant possesses a special phenotype of hyper-branching mycelium and produces more conidia in comparison to the wild strain. Conclusively, our ATMT system can be exploited for overexpression of target genes or for T-DNA insertion mutagenesis in the agriculturally important fungus P. lilacinum. The genetic approach in the present work may also be applied for developing similar ATMT systems in other fungi, especially for fungi that their genome databases are currently not available.
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Khanna K, Kohli SK, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R. Plants-nematodes-microbes crosstalk within soil: A trade-off among friends or foes. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126755. [PMID: 33845302 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants interact with enormous biotic and abiotic components within ecosystem. For instance, microbes, insects, herbivores, animals, nematodes etc. In general, these interactions are studied independently with plants, that condenses only specific information about the interaction. However, the limitation to study the cross-interactions masks the collaborative role of organisms within ecosystem. Beneficial microbes are most prominent organisms that are needed to be studied due to their bidirectional nature towards plants. Fascinatingly, Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (PPNs) have been profoundly observed to cause mass destruction of agricultural crops worldwide. The huge demand for agriculture for present-day population requires optimization of production potential by curbing the damage caused by PPNs. Chemical nematicides combats their proliferation, but their extended usage has abruptly affected flora, fauna and human populations. Because of consistent pressing issues in regard to environment, the use of biocontrol agents are most favourable alternatives for managing agriculture. However, this association is somehow, tug of war, and understanding of plant-nematode-microbial relation would enable the agriculturists to monitor the overall development of plants along with limiting the use of agrochemicals. Soil microbes are contemporary bio-nematicides emerging in the market, that stimulates the plant growth and impedes PPNs populations. They form natural enemies and trap nematodes, henceforth, it is crucial to understand these interactions for ecological and biotechnological perspectives for commercial use. Moreover, acquiring the diversity of their relationship and molecular-based mechanisms, outlines their cascade of signaling events to serve as biotechnological ecosystem engineers. The omics based mechanisms encompassing hormone gene regulatory pathways and elicitors released by microbes are able to modulate pathogenesis-related (PR) genes within plants. This is achieved via Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) or acquired systemic channels. Taking into account all these validations, the present review mainly advocates the relationship among microbes and nematodes in plants. It is believed that this review will boost zest and zeal within researchers to effectively understand the plant-nematodes-microbes relations and their ecological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Khanna
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
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Industrially Important Fungal Enzymes: Productions and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Topalović O, Hussain M, Heuer H. Plants and Associated Soil Microbiota Cooperatively Suppress Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32184773 PMCID: PMC7058703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease suppressive soils with specific suppression of soil-borne pathogens and parasites have been long studied and are most often of microbiological origin. As for the plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), which represent a huge threat to agricultural crops and which successfully defy many conventional control methods, soil progression from conducive to suppressive state is accompanied by the enrichment of specific antagonistic microbial consortia. However, a few microbial groups have come to the fore in diminishing PPN in disease suppressive soils using culture-dependent methods. Studies with cultured strains resulted in understanding the mechanisms by which nematodes are antagonized by microorganisms. Recent culture-independent studies on the microbiome associated with soil, plant roots, and PPN contributed to a better understanding of the functional potential of disease suppressive microbial cohort. Plant root exudation is an important pathway determining host-microbe communication and plays a key role in selection and enrichment of a specific set of microbial antagonists in the rhizosphere as first line of defense against crop pathogens or parasites. Root exudates comprising primary metabolites such as amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and secondary metabolites can also cause modifications in the nematode surface and subsequently affect microbial attachment. A positive interaction between hosts and their beneficial root microbiota is correlated with a low nematode performance on the host. In this review, we first summarized the historical records of nematode-suppressive soils and then focused on more recent studies in this aspect, emphasizing the advances in studying nematode-microbe interactions over time. We highlighted nematode biocontrol mechanisms, especially parasitism, induced systemic resistance, and volatile organic compounds using microbial consortia, or bacterial strains of the genera Pasteuria, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, and Variovorax, or fungal isolates of Pochonia, Dactylella, Nematophthora, Purpureocillium, Trichoderma, Hirsutella, Arthrobotrys, and Mortierella. We discussed the importance of root exudates in plant communication with PPN and soil microorganisms, emphasizing their role in microbial attachment to the nematode surface and subsequent events of nematode parasitism. Comprehensive understanding of the plant-beneficial microbial consortia and the mechanisms underlying disease suppression may help to develop synthetic microbial communities for biocontrol of PPN, thereby reducing nematicides and fertilizers inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Topalović
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, China
| | - Holger Heuer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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Kumar KK. Fungi: A Bio-resource for the Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Le B, Yang SH. Microbial chitinases: properties, current state and biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:144. [PMID: 31493195 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a group of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin, nd are synthesized by a wide variety of organisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they are garnering increasing attention for their uses in a wide range of applications. In the food industry, the direct fermentation of seafood, such as crab and shrimp shells, using chitinolytic microorganisms has contributed to increased nutritional benefits through the enhancement of chitin degradation into chitooligosaccharides. These compounds have been demonstrated to improve human health through their antitumor, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, chitinase and chitinous materials are used in the food industry for other purposes, such as the production of single-cell proteins, chitooligosaccharides, N-acetyl D-glucosamines, biocontrol, functional foods, and various medicines. The functional properties and hydrolyzed products of chitinase, however, depend upon its source and physicochemical characteristics. The present review strives to clarify these perspectives and critically discusses the advances and limitations of microbial chitinase in the further production of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Le
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, Republic of Korea.
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Therien JPD, Hammerer F, Friščić T, Auclair K. Mechanoenzymatic Breakdown of Chitinous Material to N-Acetylglucosamine: The Benefits of a Solventless Environment. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3481-3490. [PMID: 31211476 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is not only the most abundant nitrogen-containing biopolymer on the planet, but also a renewable feedstock that is often treated as a waste. Current chemical methods to break down chitin typically employ harsh conditions, large volumes of solvent, and generate a mixture of products. Although enzymatic methods have been reported, they require a harsh chemical pretreatment of the chitinous substrate and rely on dilute solution conditions that are remote from the natural environment of microbial chitinase enzymes, which typically consists of surfaces exposed to air and moisture. We report an innovative and efficient mechanoenzymatic method to hydrolyze chitin to the N-acetylglucosamine monomer by using chitinases under the recently developed reactive aging (RAging) methodology, based on repeating cycles of brief ball-milling followed by aging, in the absence of bulk solvent. Our results demonstrate that the activity of chitinases increases several times by switching from traditional solution-based conditions of enzymatic catalysis to solventless RAging, which operates on moist solid substrates. Importantly, RAging is also highly efficient for the production of N-acetylglucosamine directly from shrimp and crab shell biomass without any other processing except for a gentle wash with aqueous acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Daniel Therien
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Fabien Hammerer
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
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Abdel-Salam MS, Ameen HH, Kassab AS, Mahgoob AE, Elkelany US. Enhancement of nematicidal potential through cloning and expression of chitinase gene from Bacillus subtilis subsp. Subtilis BTN7A strain. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:305-310. [PMID: 30733739 PMCID: PMC6353750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding chitinase from B. subtilis has been isolated after optimization of PCR conditions. It was cloned with two different prometers, T7 promoter of the pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector and the SP6 promoter of pGEM®-T Easy vector. After transforming E. coli DH5α, two transformants were selected, CHI-NRC-4 from the first vector and T-CHI-NRC-6 from the second vector, and used for further studies. The complete CDS sequence of chitinase gene was determined and submitted to GenBank with the accession number KX268692.1. Culture supernatants of E. coli (CHI-NRC-4) and E. coli (T-CHI-NRC-6) were investigated for their inhibitory effect on M. javanica egg hatch under laboratory conditions. Result showed up to 96% inhibition in egg hatching due to both E. coli transformants as compared to control which reflect the same expression efficiency of both used prometers. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the nematicidal effect of culture supernatants of the two transformts E. coli (CHI-NRC-4) and E. coli (T-CHI-NRC-6) against M. javanica infected eggplant. Obtained results showed a significant reduction in nematode population in soil and roots and enhancement in eggplant growth parameters as compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Abdel-Salam
- Microbial Genetics Department, National Research Centre, 33 Albohouth St., (Formerly Altahrir St.,) Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hoda H. Ameen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Research Centre, 33 Albohouth St., (Formerly Altahrir St.,) Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdallah S.M. Kassab
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E.A. Mahgoob
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Usama S. Elkelany
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Research Centre, 33 Albohouth St., (Formerly Altahrir St.,) Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Mechanisms of action of plant growth promoting bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:197. [PMID: 28986676 PMCID: PMC5686270 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The idea of eliminating the use of fertilizers which are sometimes environmentally unsafe is slowly becoming a reality because of the emergence of microorganisms that can serve the same purpose or even do better. Depletion of soil nutrients through leaching into the waterways and causing contamination are some of the negative effects of these chemical fertilizers that prompted the need for suitable alternatives. This brings us to the idea of using microbes that can be developed for use as biological fertilizers (biofertilizers). They are environmentally friendly as they are natural living organisms. They increase crop yield and production and, in addition, in developing countries, they are less expensive compared to chemical fertilizers. These biofertilizers are typically called plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). In addition to PGPB, some fungi have also been demonstrated to promote plant growth. Apart from improving crop yields, some biofertilizers also control various plant pathogens. The objective of worldwide sustainable agriculture is much more likely to be achieved through the widespread use of biofertilizers rather than chemically synthesized fertilizers. However, to realize this objective it is essential that the many mechanisms employed by PGPB first be thoroughly understood thereby allowing workers to fully harness the potentials of these microbes. The present state of our knowledge regarding the fundamental mechanisms employed by PGPB is discussed herein.
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Sufiate BL, Soares FEDF, Moreira SS, Gouveia ADS, Monteiro TSA, Freitas LGD, Queiroz JHD. Nematicidal action of Pleurotus eryngii metabolites. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shehata AN, Abd El Aty AA, Darwish DA, Abdel Wahab WA, Mostafa FA. Purification, physicochemical and thermodynamic studies of antifungal chitinase with production of bioactive chitosan-oligosaccharide from newly isolated Aspergillus griseoaurantiacus KX010988. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:990-999. [PMID: 28939517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In our search for chitinase and chitosanase producer from unconventional sources, the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus griseoaurantiacus KX010988 was obviously the best producer of the highest chitinase and chitosanase activities by solid state fermentation of potato shells. Chitinase was purified in three steps involving ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S-300 gel chromatography. 12.55 fold increase in purity with a recovery of 17.6 was obtained. The molecular mass of the purified chitinase was found to be 130kDa. It was optimally active at pH 4.5 and 40°C. Km and Vmax values were 0.22mgmL-1 and 19.6μmolemin-1mg-1 respectively. Mn2+ and Zn2+ ions lead to increased chitinase activity. While Fe2+and Cu2+ions strongly inhibited the chitinase activity. The thermodynamics of pure chitinase including activation energy for thermal denaturation (Ea,d), change of free energy (ΔGd), enthalpy(ΔHd), entropy(ΔSd) and half life values (T1/2) at 40, 50 and 60°C were determined. Chitinase showed antifungal activity against pathogenic fungus Fusarium solani. Chitosanase was partially purified by acetone precipitation (50-75%) v/v concentration. The hydrolytic products of moderate molecular weight of chitosan by chitosanase were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) after 12 and 24h respectively. Chitosan-oligosaccharides showed good antibacterial and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer N Shehata
- Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Abeer A Abd El Aty
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Darwish
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Abdel Wahab
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Faten A Mostafa
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Zhang S, Gan Y, Ji W, Xu B, Hou B, Liu J. Mechanisms and Characterization of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 in Suppressing Nematodes ( Heterodera avenae) in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1491. [PMID: 28966623 PMCID: PMC5605630 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Heterodera avenae is an important soil-borne pathogen that affects field crops worldwide. Chemical nematicides can be used to control the nematode, but they bring toxicity to the environment and human. Trichoderma longibrachiatum has been shown to have the ability to control H. avenae cysts, but detailed microscopic observations and bioassays are lacking. In this study, we used microscopic observations and bioassays to study the effect of T. longibrachiatum T6 (TL6) on the eggs and second stage juveniles (J2s) of H. avenae, and investigate the role of TL6 in inducing the resistance to H. avenae in wheat seedling at physiological and biochemical levels. Microscopic observations recorded that TL6 parasitized on the H. avenae eggs, germinated, and produced a large number of hyphae on the eggs surface at the initial stage, thereafter, the eggs were completely surrounded by dense mycelia and the contents of eggs were lysed at the late stage. Meanwhile, the conidia suspension of TL6 parasitized on the surface of J2s, produced a large number of hyphae that penetrated the cuticle and caused deformation of the nematodes. TL6 at the concentration of 1.5 × 107 conidia ml-1 had the highest rates of parasitism on eggs and J2s, reflected by the highest hatching-inhibition of eggs and the mortality of J2s. In the greenhouse experiments, wheat seedlings treated with TL6 at 1.5 × 107 conidia ml-1 had reduced H. avenae infection, and increased plant growth significantly compared to the control. The cysts and juveniles in soil were reduced by 89.8 and 92.7%, the juveniles and females in roots were reduced by 88.3 and 91.3%, whereas the activity of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase, total flavonoids and lignin contents in wheat roots were increased significantly at different stage after inoculation with the eggs and TL6 conidia in comparison to the control. Maximum activity of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase were recorded at the 20th and 15th Days after inoculation with TL6 and thereafter it declined. The maximum contents of total flavonoids and lignin were recorded at the 35th and 40th Days after inoculation with TL6. After being stained with the rapid vital dyes of acridine orange (AO) and neutral red (NR), the frozen and infected eggs and J2s of H. avenae changed color to orange and red, respectively, while the color of eggs and J2s in control group did not change. Therefore, our results suggest that TL6 is potentially an effective bio-control agent for H. avenae. The possible mechanisms by which TL6 suppresses H. avenae infection are due to the direct parasitic and lethal effect of TL6 on the eggs and J2s activity, and the induced defense response in wheat plants together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwu Zhang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Yantai Gan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
- Swift Current Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaSwift Current, SK, Canada
| | - Weihong Ji
- Human-Wildlife Interactions Research Group, Institute of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Massey UniversityAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Bingliang Xu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Baohong Hou
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
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Castaneda-Alvarez C, Aballay E. Rhizobacteria with nematicide aptitude: enzymes and compounds associated. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:203. [PMID: 27804103 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of rhizobacteria to control plant parasitic nematodes has been widely studied. Currently, the research focuses on bacteria-nematode interactions that can mitigate this complex microbiome in agriculture. Various enzymes, toxins and metabolic by-products from rhizobacteria antagonize plant parasitic nematodes, and many different modes of action have been proposed. Hydrolytic enzymes, primarily proteases, collagenases and chitinases, have been related to the nematicide effect in rhizobacteria, proving to be an important factor involved in the degradation of different chemical constituents of nematodes at distinct developmental stages. Exuded metabolites may also alter the nematode-plant recognition process or create a hostile environment for nematodes in the rhizosphere. Specific bacteria strains responsible for the production of toxins, such as Cry proteins, are one of the strategies used by rhizobacteria. Characterization of the rhizobacteria mode of action could strengthen the development of commercial products to control populations of plant parasitic nematodes. This review aims to provide an overview of different enzymes and compounds produced by rhizobacteria related to the process of antagonism to plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Castaneda-Alvarez
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agronomical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 1004, Santiago, Chile.
| | - E Aballay
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agronomical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 1004, Santiago, Chile
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Industrial Applications of Fungal Chitinases: An Update. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/b19347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Han P, Yang C, Liang X, Li L. Identification and characterization of a novel chitinase with antifungal activity from 'Baozhu' pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.). Food Chem 2015; 196:808-14. [PMID: 26593558 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel chitinase from the 'Baozhu' pear was found, purified, and characterized in this report. This chitinase was a monomer with a molecular mass of 28.9 kDa. Results of the internal peptide sequence analyses classify this chitinase as a class III chitinase. In the enzymatic hydrolytic assay, this chitinase could hydrolyze chitin derivatives into di-N-acetylchitobiose (GlcNAc2) as a major product in the initial phase, as well as hydrolyze GlcNAc2 into N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which represents both chitobiosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminase activity. Biological analyses showed that this chitinase exhibits strong antifungal activity toward agricultural pathogenic fungi. In total, chitinase from 'Baozhu' pear is a novel bifunctional chitinase that could be a potential fungicide in the biological control of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Chengcheng Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiaobo Liang
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lirong Li
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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Zhang S, Xu B, Xue Y, Liu J. [Parasitic and lethal action of Trichoderma longibrachiatum against Heterodera avenae]. WEI SHENG WU XUE BAO = ACTA MICROBIOLOGICA SINICA 2014. [PMID: 25252461 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential of Trichoderma longibrachiatum spore suspension against Heterodera avenae. METHODS The parasitic and lethal effects of T. longibrachiatum spore suspension against the cysts of H. avenae were studied in vitro and observed under microscope. RESULTS Microscopic observation showed that the spore suspension of T. longibrachiatum parasitized on the cyst surface, germinated a large number of hyphae, and grew on the surface of the cyst at the initial stage. Later, the cysts were completely surrounded by dense mycelium, and the contents of digestion in cysts was lysed, even some cysts produced vacuoles, and some were split up and finally the cyst was dissolved by the metabolite of T. longibrachiatum. In vitro studies showed that high concentrations of T. longibrachiatum spores had strong parasitic and lethal effects on the cysts of H. avenae, and the probable mechanism of parasitic and lethal effects of T. longibrachiatum against H. avenae were mainly by inducing and increasing chitinase, glucanase and caseinase activity. The cysts were parasitized by 93.3% at 18 days, the hatching of cysts were inhibited by 93.6% at 10 days when treated with the concentrations (1.5 x 10(8) CFU/mL) of T. longibrachiatum. CONCLUSION Trichoderma longibrachiatum had strong parasitic and lethal effects on the cysts of H. avenae, and has the potential as a new biocontrol agent.
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Larriba E, Jaime MDLA, Carbonell-Caballero J, Conesa A, Dopazo J, Nislow C, Martín-Nieto J, Lopez-Llorca LV. Sequencing and functional analysis of the genome of a nematode egg-parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 65:69-80. [PMID: 24530791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia is a worldwide-distributed soil fungus with a great capacity to infect and destroy the eggs and kill females of plant-parasitic nematodes. Additionally, it has the ability to colonize endophytically roots of economically-important crop plants, thereby promoting their growth and eliciting plant defenses. This multitrophic behavior makes P. chlamydosporia a potentially useful tool for sustainable agriculture approaches. We sequenced and assembled ∼41 Mb of P. chlamydosporia genomic DNA and predicted 12,122 gene models, of which many were homologous to genes of fungal pathogens of invertebrates and fungal plant pathogens. Predicted genes (65%) were functionally annotated according to Gene Ontology, and 16% of them found to share homology with genes in the Pathogen Host Interactions (PHI) database. The genome of this fungus is highly enriched in genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases, glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases. We used RNA-Seq technology in order to identify the genes expressed during endophytic behavior of P. chlamydosporia when colonizing barley roots. Functional annotation of these genes showed that hydrolytic enzymes and transporters are expressed during endophytism. This structural and functional analysis of the P. chlamydosporia genome provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the multitrophic lifestyle of this fungus. The genomic information provided here should also prove useful for enhancing the capabilities of this fungus as a biocontrol agent of plant-parasitic nematodes and as a plant growth-promoting organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, P.O. Box. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramón Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - María D L A Jaime
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3G5 Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
| | - José Carbonell-Caballero
- Institute for Computational Genomics, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Conesa
- Institute for Computational Genomics, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Institute for Computational Genomics, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Corey Nislow
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, M5S 3E1 Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, M5S 3E1 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - José Martín-Nieto
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramón Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, P.O. Box. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramón Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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Thadathil N, Kuttappan AKP, Vallabaipatel E, Kandasamy M, Velappan SP. Statistical optimization of solid state fermentation conditions for the enhanced production of thermoactive chitinases by mesophilic soil fungi using response surface methodology and their application in the reclamation of shrimp processing by-products. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Bagnaresi P, Sala T, Irdani T, Scotto C, Lamontanara A, Beretta M, Rotino GL, Sestili S, Cattivelli L, Sabatini E. Solanum torvum responses to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:540. [PMID: 23937585 PMCID: PMC3750854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solanum torvum Sw is worldwide employed as rootstock for eggplant cultivation because of its vigour and resistance/tolerance to the most serious soil-borne diseases as bacterial, fungal wilts and root-knot nematodes. The little information on Solanum torvum (hereafter Torvum) resistance mechanisms, is mostly attributable to the lack of genomic tools (e.g. dedicated microarray) as well as to the paucity of database information limiting high-throughput expression studies in Torvum. RESULTS As a first step towards transcriptome profiling of Torvum inoculated with the nematode M. incognita, we built a Torvum 3' transcript catalogue. One-quarter of a 454 full run resulted in 205,591 quality-filtered reads. De novo assembly yielded 24,922 contigs and 11,875 singletons. Similarity searches of the S. torvum transcript tags catalogue produced 12,344 annotations. A 30,0000 features custom combimatrix chip was then designed and microarray hybridizations were conducted for both control and 14 dpi (day post inoculation) with Meloidogyne incognita-infected roots samples resulting in 390 differentially expressed genes (DEG). We also tested the chip with samples from the phylogenetically-related nematode-susceptible eggplant species Solanum melongena. An in-silico validation strategy was developed based on assessment of sequence similarity among Torvum probes and eggplant expressed sequences available in public repositories. GO term enrichment analyses with the 390 Torvum DEG revealed enhancement of several processes as chitin catabolism and sesquiterpenoids biosynthesis, while no GO term enrichment was found with eggplant DEG.The genes identified from S. torvum catalogue, bearing high similarity to known nematode resistance genes, were further investigated in view of their potential role in the nematode resistance mechanism. CONCLUSIONS By combining 454 pyrosequencing and microarray technology we were able to conduct a cost-effective global transcriptome profiling in a non-model species. In addition, the development of an in silico validation strategy allowed to further extend the use of the custom chip to a related species and to assess by comparison the expression of selected genes without major concerns of artifacts. The expression profiling of S. torvum responses to nematode infection points to sesquiterpenoids and chitinases as major effectors of nematode resistance. The availability of the long sequence tags in S. torvum catalogue will allow precise identification of active nematocide/nematostatic compounds and associated enzymes posing the basis for exploitation of these resistance mechanisms in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bagnaresi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Genomics Research Centre, via S Protaso 302, I-29107, Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), Italy
| | - Tea Sala
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di Ricerca per l’Orticoltura, Montanaso Lombardo (LO), Italy
| | - Tiziana Irdani
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di ricerca per l’agrobiologia e la pedologia, Cascine del Riccio, 50125, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristina Scotto
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di ricerca per l’agrobiologia e la pedologia, Cascine del Riccio, 50125, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonella Lamontanara
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Genomics Research Centre, via S Protaso 302, I-29107, Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), Italy
| | - Massimiliano Beretta
- UNIMORE, Scienze Agrarie e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Giovanni Amendola 2, Padiglione Besta, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di Ricerca per l’Orticoltura, Montanaso Lombardo (LO), Italy
| | - Sara Sestili
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di Ricerca per l’Orticoltura, Monsampolo del Tronto, AP, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Genomics Research Centre, via S Protaso 302, I-29107, Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), Italy
| | - Emidio Sabatini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di Ricerca per l’Orticoltura, Monsampolo del Tronto, AP, Italy
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Abstract
Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi and insects continues to inspire the research and development of environmentally friendly bioactive alternatives. Potentially lytic enzymes, chitinases can act as a biocontrol agent against agriculturally important fungi and insects. The cell wall in fungi and protective covers, i.e. cuticle in insects shares a key structural polymer, chitin, a β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine polymer. Therefore, it is advantageous to develop a common biocontrol agent against both of these groups. As chitin is absent in plants and mammals, targeting its metabolism will signify an eco-friendly strategy for the control of agriculturally important fungi and insects but is innocuous to mammals, plants, beneficial insects and other organisms. In addition, development of chitinase transgenic plant varieties probably holds the most promising method for augmenting agricultural crop protection and productivity, when properly integrated into traditional systems. Recently, human proteins with chitinase activity and chitinase-like proteins were identified and established as biomarkers for human diseases. This review covers the recent advances of chitinases as a biocontrol agent and its various applications including preparation of medically important chitooligosaccharides, bioconversion of chitin as well as in implementing chitinases as diagnostic and prognostic markers for numerous diseases and the prospect of their future utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Nagpure
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University , New Delhi , India
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Nematicidal enzymes from microorganisms and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7081-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Chavan SB, Deshpande MV. Chitinolytic enzymes: An appraisal as a product of commercial potential. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:833-46. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. B. Chavan
- Jay Biotech; 111, Matrix, World Trade Centre, Kharadi, Pune 411014 India
| | - M. V. Deshpande
- Biochemical Sciences Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Pune 411008 India
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Kopparapu NK, Zhou P, Zhang S, Yan Q, Liu Z, Jiang Z. Purification and characterization of a novel chitinase gene from Paecilomyces thermophila expressed in Escherichia coli. Carbohydr Res 2012; 347:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Helminth parasites in pigs: New challenges in pig production and current research highlights. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Battaglia E, Benoit I, van den Brink J, Wiebenga A, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B, de Vries RP. Carbohydrate-active enzymes from the zygomycete fungus Rhizopus oryzae: a highly specialized approach to carbohydrate degradation depicted at genome level. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:38. [PMID: 21241472 PMCID: PMC3032700 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizopus oryzae is a zygomycete filamentous fungus, well-known as a saprobe ubiquitous in soil and as a pathogenic/spoilage fungus, causing Rhizopus rot and mucomycoses. RESULTS Carbohydrate Active enzyme (CAZy) annotation of the R. oryzae identified, in contrast to other filamentous fungi, a low number of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and a high number of glycosyl transferases (GTs) and carbohydrate esterases (CEs). A detailed analysis of CAZy families, supported by growth data, demonstrates highly specialized plant and fungal cell wall degrading abilities distinct from ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. The specific genomic and growth features for degradation of easily digestible plant cell wall mono- and polysaccharides (starch, galactomannan, unbranched pectin, hexose sugars), chitin, chitosan, β-1,3-glucan and fungal cell wall fractions suggest specific adaptations of R. oryzae to its environment. CONCLUSIONS CAZy analyses of the genome of the zygomycete fungus R. oryzae and comparison to ascomycetes and basidiomycete species revealed how evolution has shaped its genetic content with respect to carbohydrate degradation, after divergence from the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Battaglia
- Microbiology & Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Regaieg H, Ciancio A, Raouani NH, Rosso L. Detection and biocontrol potential of Verticillium leptobactrum parasitizing Meloidogyne spp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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