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LeBlanc KL, Kumlung T, Suárez Priede A, Kumkrong P, Junvee T, Deawtong S, Bettmer J, Montes-Bayón M, Mester Z. Determination of selenium-containing species, including nanoparticles, in selenium-enriched Lingzhi mushrooms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2761-2772. [PMID: 37987766 PMCID: PMC11009765 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are considered a valuable food source due to their high protein and fibre and low fat content, among the other health benefits of their consumption. Selenium is an essential nutrient and is renowned for its chemo-preventative properties. In this study, batches of selenium-enriched Lingzhi mushrooms were prepared by growing mycelium and fruit in substrates containing various concentrations of sodium selenite. The mushroom fruit accumulated low levels of selenium with selenomethionine being the most abundant form in all enriched samples. Conversely, the mycelium showed significant selenium accumulation but relatively low proportions of selenomethionine. The red colour of the selenium-enriched mycelia indicated the probable presence of selenium nanoparticles, which was confirmed by single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Mean particle diameters of 90-120 nm were observed, with size distributions of 60-250 nm. Additional analysis with transmission electron microscopy confirmed this size distribution and showed that the biogenic selenium nanoparticles were roughly spherical in shape and contained elemental selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L LeBlanc
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Tantima Kumlung
- Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 35 Moo 3, Klong 5, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Andrés Suárez Priede
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paramee Kumkrong
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 35 Moo 3, Klong 5, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Thippaya Junvee
- Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 35 Moo 3, Klong 5, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Suladda Deawtong
- Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 35 Moo 3, Klong 5, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jörg Bettmer
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Montes-Bayón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Zoltan Mester
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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2
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Du Y, Tian L, Wang Y, Li Z, Xu Z. Chemodiversity, pharmacological activity, and biosynthesis of specialized metabolites from medicinal model fungi Ganoderma lucidum. Chin Med 2024; 19:51. [PMID: 38519991 PMCID: PMC10958966 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a precious fungus, particularly valued for its dual use as both medicine and food. Ganoderic acids (GAs), the distinctive triterpenoids found in the Ganoderma genus, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, the limited resources of GAs restrict their clinic usage and drug discovery. In this review, we presented a comprehensive summary focusing on the diverse structures and pharmacological activity of GAs in G. lucidum. Additionally, we discussed the latest advancements in the elucidation of GA biosynthesis, as well as the progress in heterosynthesis and liquid fermentation methods aimed at further increasing GA production. Furthermore, we summarized the omics data, genetic transformation system, and cultivation techniques of G. lucidum, described as medicinal model fungi. The understanding of Ganoderic acids chemodiversity and biosynthesis in medicinal model fungi Ganoderma lucidum will provide important insights into the exploration and utilization of natural products in medicinal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lixia Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhenhao Li
- ShouXianGu Botanical Drug Institute, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Cai M, Wu X, Liang X, Hu H, Liu Y, Yong T, Li X, Xiao C, Gao X, Chen S, Xie Y, Wu Q. Comparative proteomic analysis of two divergent strains provides insights into thermotolerance mechanisms of Ganoderma lingzhi. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 167:103796. [PMID: 37146899 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is a major abiotic factor influencing fungal growth and metabolism. However, the genetic basis of thermotolerance in Ganoderma lingzhi (G. lingzhi) remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the thermotolerance capacities of 21 G. lingzhi strains and screened the thermo-tolerant (S566) and heat-sensitive (Z381) strains. The mycelia of S566 and Z381 were collected and subjected to a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteome assay. We identified 1493 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), with 376 and 395 DEPs specific to the heat-tolerant and heat-susceptible genotypes, respectively. In the heat-tolerant genotype, upregulated proteins were linked to stimulus regulation and response. Proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis, and cell wall macromolecule metabolism were downregulated in susceptible genotypes. After HS, the mycelial growth of the heat-sensitive Z381 strain was inhibited, and mitochondrial cristae and cell wall integrity of this strain were severely impaired, suggesting that HS may inhibit mycelial growth of Z381 by damaging the cell wall and mitochondrial structure. Furthermore, thermotolerance-related regulatory pathways were explored by analyzing the protein-protein interaction network of DEPs considered to participate in the controlling the thermotolerance capacity. This study provides insights into G. lingzhi thermotolerance mechanisms and a basis for breeding a thermotolerant germplasm bank for G. lingzhi and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaoxian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaowei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Tianqiao Yong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Qingping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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4
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Re-Examination of the Holotype of Ganoderma sichuanense (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) and a Clarification of the Identity of Chinese Cultivated Lingzhi. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030323. [PMID: 36983491 PMCID: PMC10051598 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely cultivated Chinese Lingzhi is a famous fungus with significant medicinal and economic value, which has commonly been misidentified as Ganoderma lucidum for a long period of time. The scientific binomial of the fungus is always a hotly debated question that revolves around G. lingzhi and G. sichuanense. To interpret the species concept of the taxon, six specific primers for G. sichuanense and one universal primer were designed. Through directed and nested PCRs, we obtained nine ITS sequences from the holotype (HMAS 42798) of G. sichuanense. By genome sequencing, the ITS sequence of the first cultivated Lingzhi (HMAS 25103) was assembled. Based on a phylogenetic study of the genus Ganoderma, the correct name for widely cultivated Ganoderma species in China was confirmed as G. sichuanense, and G. lingzhi should be a later synonym.
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5
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Garcia VO, Fronza M, Von Borowski R, Alves-Silva G, Zimmer AR, Ruaro T, Gnoatto SCB, Dallegrave A, Silveira RMB. First report of chemical composition and cytotoxicity evaluation of Foraminispora rugosa basidiomata from Brazil. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:33. [PMID: 36435932 PMCID: PMC9701286 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foraminispora rugosa is a species reported from Brazil, Venezuela, French Guiana, Costa Rica and Cuba. It is a basidiomycete in the Ganodermataceae family. In this study, both chemical composition and cytotoxicity of the ethanolic extract of F. rugosa were investigated for the first time. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identification of the specimens, and the results of cytotoxicity assays showed that at concentrations of 7.8-500.0 µg/mL the ethanolic extract displayed weak cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. Five oxylipins were identified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the current knowledge of bioactive compounds produced by macrofungi, and provides data for future biological assays with relative selectivity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- V O Garcia
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil.
- , Av. Roraima, 1000. Prédio 21, Sala 5231, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - M Fronza
- University of Vila Velha, Avenida Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21 - Boa Vista II, Espírito Santo, 29102-920, Brazil
| | - R Von Borowski
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - G Alves-Silva
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - A R Zimmer
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - T Ruaro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - S C B Gnoatto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - A Dallegrave
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - R M B Silveira
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
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6
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Hassan K, Matio Kemkuignou B, Kirchenwitz M, Wittstein K, Rascher-Albaghdadi M, Chepkirui C, Matasyoh JC, Decock C, Köster RW, Stradal TEB, Stadler M. Neurotrophic and Immunomodulatory Lanostane Triterpenoids from Wood-Inhabiting Basidiomycota. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13593. [PMID: 36362380 PMCID: PMC9657622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (ngf) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) play important roles in the central nervous system. They are potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated the neurotrophic properties of triterpenes isolated from fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus and a mycelial culture of Antrodia sp. MUCL 56049. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). The secondary metabolites were tested for neurotrophin (ngf and bdnf) expression levels on human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells. Neurite outgrowth activity using rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells was also determined. Twelve triterpenoids were isolated, of which several potently stimulated the expression of neurotrophic factors, namely, ngf (sulphurenic acid, 15α-dehydroxytrametenolic acid, fomefficinic acid D, and 16α-hydroxyeburicoic acid) and bdnf (sulphurenic acid and 15α-dehydroxytrametenolic acid), respectively. The triterpenes also potentiated ngf-induced neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report on the compound class of lanostanes in direct relation to bdnf and ngf enhancement. These compounds are widespread in medicinal mushrooms; hence, they appear promising as a starting point for the development of drugs and mycopharmaceuticals to combat neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, they do not show any pronounced cytotoxicity and may, therefore, be better suited for therapy than many other neurotrophic compounds that were previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Hassan
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco Kirchenwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Wittstein
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monique Rascher-Albaghdadi
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Clara Chepkirui
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Josphat C. Matasyoh
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro 20115, Kenya
| | - Cony Decock
- Mycothéque de l’Université Catholique de Louvain (BCCM/MUCL), Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Reinhard W. Köster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E. B. Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Oke MA, Afolabi FJ, Oyeleke OO, Kilani TA, Adeosun AR, Olanbiwoninu AA, Adebayo EA. Ganoderma lucidum: Unutilized natural medicine and promising future solution to emerging diseases in Africa. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952027. [PMID: 36071846 PMCID: PMC9441938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom that has been used for the prevention and treatment of different ailments to enhance longevity and health specifically in China, Japan, and Korea. It was known as "God's herb" in ancient China as it was believed to prolong life, enhance the youthful spirit and sustain/preserve vitality. G. lucidum is seldom collected from nature and is substantially cultivated on wood logs and sawdust in plastic bags or bottles to meet the international market demand. Both in vitro and in vivo studies on the copious metabolic activities of G. lucidum have been carried out. Varied groups of chemical compounds including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, nucleosides, alkaloids, steroids, lactones, lectins, fatty acids, and enzymes with potent pharmacological activities have been isolated from the mycelia and fruiting bodies of G. lucidum. Several researchers have reported the abundance and diversification of its biological actions triggered by these chemical compounds. Triterpenoids and polysaccharides of G. lucidum have been reported to possess cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, hypocholesterolemic, antihistaminic effects, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic antiallergic, neuroprotective, antitumor, immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic activities. Various formulations have been developed, patented, and utilized as nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and pharmaceuticals from G. lucidum extracts and active compounds. Thus, this review presents current updates on emerging infectious diseases and highlights the scope, dynamics, and advances in infectious disease management with a particular focus on Ganoderma lucidum, an unutilized natural medicine as a promising future solution to emerging diseases in Africa. However, details such as the chemical compound and mode of action of each bioactive against different emerging diseases were not discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Oke
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - F. J. Afolabi
- Mushrooms Department, National Biotechnology Development Centre, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - O. O. Oyeleke
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - T. A. Kilani
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - A. R. Adeosun
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - A. A. Olanbiwoninu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - E. A. Adebayo
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Microbiology and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Mushrooms Department, National Biotechnology Development Centre, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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8
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Li Q, Zhang T, Li L, Bao Z, Tu W, Xiang P, Wu Q, Li P, Cao M, Huang W. Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis Reveals Intraspecific, Interspecific Variations and Genetic Diversity of Medical Fungus Ganoderma. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:781. [PMID: 35893149 PMCID: PMC9394262 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma species are widely distributed in the world with high diversity. Some species are considered to be pathogenic fungi while others are used as traditional medicine in Asia. In this study, we sequenced and assembled four Ganoderma complete mitogenomes, including G. subamboinense s118, G. lucidum s37, G. lingzhi s62, and G. lingzhi s74. The sizes of the four mitogenomes ranged from 50,603 to 73,416 bp. All Ganoderma specimens had a full set of core protein-coding genes (PCGs), and the rps3 gene of Ganoderma species was detected to be under positive or relaxed selection. We found that the non-conserved PCGs, which encode RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, homing endonucleases, and unknown functional proteins, are dynamic within and between Ganoderma species. Introns were thought to be the main contributing factor in Ganoderma mitogenome size variation (p < 0.01). Frequent intron loss/gain events were detected within and between Ganoderma species. The mitogenome of G. lucidum s26 gained intron P637 in the cox3 gene compared with the other two G. lucidum mitogenomes. In addition, some rare introns in Ganoderma were detected in distinct Basidiomycetes, indicating potential gene transfer events. Comparative mitogenomic analysis revealed that gene arrangements also varied within and between Ganoderma mitogenomes. Using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods with a combined mitochondrial gene dataset, phylogenetic analyses generated identical, well-supported tree topologies for 71 Agaricomycetes species. This study reveals intraspecific and interspecific variations of the Ganoderma mitogenomes, which promotes the understanding of the origin, evolution, and genetic diversity of Ganoderma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Lijiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Zhijie Bao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Wenying Tu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Peng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Ping Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 # Shizishan Rd., Chengdu 610061, China;
| | - Mei Cao
- Core Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 # Shizishan Rd., Chengdu 610061, China;
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9
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Papp V, Dai YC. What is the correct scientific name for “Fuling” medicinal mushroom? Mycology 2022; 13:207-211. [PMID: 35938080 PMCID: PMC9354628 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2022.2089755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific names of many cultivated and well-known medicinal fungal species have been changed. However, the results of taxonomic and nomenclature works on these economically important fungi are often overlooked or ignored in applied researches. The incorrect use of scientific names may cause uncertainty in research and in the global medicinal mushroom market. In this paper, we briefly review the current taxonomy and nomenclature of “Fuling” medicinal mushroom and make a proposal for biochemists, pharmacists and businessmen on the correct use of scientific names related to this species. Based on the recent taxonomic results and nomenclatural proposals, the use of the names Wolfiporia extensa, W. cocos and especially Poria cocos for the “Fuling” mushroom are incorrect and misleading; therefore, the acceptance of the names Pachyma hoelen or Wolfiporia hoelen is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Papp
- Department of Botany, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yu-Cheng Dai
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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10
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Cai M, Tan Z, Wu X, Liang X, Liu Y, Xie Y, Li X, Xiao C, Gao X, Chen S, Hu H, Wu Q. Comparative transcriptome analysis of genes and metabolic pathways involved in sporulation in Ganoderma lingzhi. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkab448. [PMID: 35079793 PMCID: PMC8895980 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, Ganoderma lingzhi spores have received considerable attention as a great potential pharmaceutical resource. However, the genetic regulation of sporulation is not well understood. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis of the low-sporing HZ203 and high-sporing YW-1 was performed to characterize the mechanism underlying sporulation. A total of 917 differentially expressed genes were identified in HZ203 and 1,450 differentially expressed genes in YW-1. Differentially expressed genes involved in sporulation were identified, which included HOP1, Mek1, MSH4, MSH5, and Spo5 in meiosis. Positive regulatory pathways of sporulation were proposed as 2 transcriptional factors had high connectivity with MSH4 and Spo5. Furthermore, we found that the pathways associated with energy production were enriched in the high-sporing genotype, such as the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism. Finally, we performed a weighted gene coexpression network analysis and found that the hub genes of the module which exhibit strong positive relationship with the high-sporing phase purportedly participate in signal transduction, carbohydrate transport and metabolism. The dissection of differentially expressed genes during sporulation extends our knowledge about the genetic and molecular networks mediating spore morphogenesis and sheds light on the importance of energy source during sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjun Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zengdong Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaowei Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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11
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Mirmazloum I, Ladányi M, Omran M, Papp V, Ronkainen VP, Pónya Z, Papp I, Némedi E, Kiss A. Co-encapsulation of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Reishi medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lingzhi) extract in moist calcium alginate beads. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:461-470. [PMID: 34600952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic L. acidophilus La-14 cells were co-encapsulated with Ganoderma lingzhi extract to prolong the viability of the cells under simulated gastrointestinal (SGI) condition and to protect the active ingredients of Reishi mushroom during the storage period. Combinations of distinctive reagents (sodium alginate, chitosan, maltose, Hydroxyethyl-cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and calcium lactate) were tested. Optimal double layer Ca-alginate hydrogel beads were fabricated with significantly improved characteristics. The incorporation of maltose significantly decreases the release rate of mushrooms' phenolics, antioxidants, and β-glucan during the storage time. Significant improvement in probiotic cells viability under SGI condition has been found and confirmed by confocal laser microscopy in maltose containing double layer coated calcium alginate beads variants. The encapsulation of newly formulated prebiotic Reishi extract and probiotic L. acidophilus is creating a new potential food application for such medicinal mushrooms and natural products with unpleasant taste upon oral consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Mirmazloum
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Márta Ladányi
- Department of Applied Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Basic Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mohammad Omran
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Papp
- Department of Botany, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsolt Pónya
- Division of Applied Food Crop Production, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agronomy, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - István Papp
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Kiss
- Agro-Food Science Techtransfer and Innovation Centre, Faculty for Agro-, Food- and Environmental Science, Debrecen University, Debrecen, Hungary
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12
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Luangharn T, Karunarathna SC, Dutta AK, Paloi S, Promputtha I, Hyde KD, Xu J, Mortimer PE. Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) Species from the Greater Mekong Subregion. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:819. [PMID: 34682240 PMCID: PMC8541142 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cosmopolitan fungal genus Ganoderma is an important pathogen on arboreal plant hosts, particularly in tropical and temperate regions. It has long been used as a traditional medicine because of its medicinal properties and chemical constituents. In this study, Ganoderma collections were made in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), encompassing tropical parts of Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and temperate areas in Yunnan Province, China. The specimens used in this study are described based on micro-macro-characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, TEF1α, and RPB2 sequence data. In this comprehensive study, we report 22 Ganoderma species from the GMS, namely, G. adspersum, G. applanatum, G. australe, G. calidophilum, G. ellipsoideum, G. flexipes, G. gibbosum, G. heohnelianum, G. hochiminhense, G. leucocontextum, G. lucidum, G. multiplicatum, G. multipileum, G. myanmarense, G. orbiforme, G. philippii, G. resinaceum, G. sichuanense, G. sinense, G. subresinosum, G. williamsianum, and G. tsugae. Some of these species were reported in more than one country within the GMS. Of these 22 species, 12 were collected from Yunnan Province, China; three were collected from Laos; three species, two new records, and one new species were collected from Myanmar; 15 species and four new records were collected from Thailand, and one new species was collected from Vietnam. Comprehensive descriptions, color photographs of macro- and micro-characteristics, the distribution of Ganoderma within the GMS, as well as a phylogenetic tree showing the placement of all reported Ganoderma from the GMS are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatsanee Luangharn
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China; (T.L.); (S.C.K.); (K.D.H.); (J.X.)
- CIFOR-ICRAF, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China; (T.L.); (S.C.K.); (K.D.H.); (J.X.)
- CIFOR-ICRAF, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, China
| | - Arun Kumar Dutta
- Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat 700126, India;
| | - Soumitra Paloi
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonuyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China; (T.L.); (S.C.K.); (K.D.H.); (J.X.)
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China; (T.L.); (S.C.K.); (K.D.H.); (J.X.)
- CIFOR-ICRAF, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, China
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China; (T.L.); (S.C.K.); (K.D.H.); (J.X.)
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13
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Cheng Y, Zhou LJ, Jiang JH, Tian XM, Zhou LW. Phylloporia (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota), a Medicinal Wood-inhabiting Fungal Genus with Much Potential for Commercial Development. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1967382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Lin-Jiang Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Ji-Hang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China
| | - Xue-Mei Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Li-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
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14
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Shen S, Liu SL, Jiang JH, Zhou LW. Addressing widespread misidentifications of traditional medicinal mushrooms in Sanghuangporus (Basidiomycota) through ITS barcoding and designation of reference sequences. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:10. [PMID: 33853671 PMCID: PMC8048060 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
"Sanghuang" refers to a group of important traditionally-used medicinal mushrooms belonging to the genus Sanghuangporus. In practice, species of Sanghuangporus referred to in medicinal studies and industry are now differentiated mainly by a BLAST search of GenBank with the ITS barcoding region as a query. However, inappropriately labeled ITS sequences of "Sanghuang" in GenBank restrict accurate species identification and, to some extent, the utilization of these species as medicinal resources. We examined all available 271 ITS sequences related to "Sanghuang" in GenBank including 31 newly submitted sequences from this study. Of these sequences, more than half were mislabeled so we have now corrected the corresponding species names. The mislabeled sequences mainly came from strains utilized by non-taxonomists. Based on the analyses of ITS sequences submitted by taxonomists as well as morphological characters, we separate the newly described Sanghuangporus subbaumii from S. baumii and treat S. toxicodendri as a later synonym of S. quercicola. Fourteen species of Sanghuangporus are accepted, with intraspecific distances up to 1.30% (except in S. vaninii, S. weirianus and S. zonatus) and interspecific distances above 1.30% (except between S. alpinus and S. lonicerinus, and S. baumii and S. subbaumii). To stabilize the concept of these 14 species of Sanghuangporus, their taxonomic information and reliable ITS reference sequences are provided. Moreover, ten potential diagnostic sequences are provided for Hyperbranched Rolling Circle Amplification to rapidly confirm three common commercial species, viz. S. baumii, S. sanghuang, and S. vaninii. Our results provide a practical method for ITS barcoding-based species identification of Sanghuangporus and will promote medicinal studies and commercial development from taxonomically correct material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shi-Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ji-Hang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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15
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Wu F, Li SJ, Dong CH, Dai YC, Papp V. The Genus Pachyma (Syn. Wolfiporia) Reinstated and Species Clarification of the Cultivated Medicinal Mushroom "Fuling" in China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590788. [PMID: 33424793 PMCID: PMC7793888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus "Fuling" has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for more than 2000 years, and its sclerotia have a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-aging etc. This prized medicinal mushroom also known as "Hoelen" is resurrected from a piece of pre-Linnean scientific literature. Fries treated it as Pachyma hoelen Fr. and mentioned that it was cultivated on pine trees in China. However, this name had been almost forgotten, and Poria cocos (syn. Wolfiporia cocos), originally described from North America, and known as "Tuckahoe" has been applied to "Fuling" in most publications. Although Merrill mentioned a 100 years ago that Asian Pachyma hoelen and North American P. cocos are similar but different, no comprehensive taxonomical studies have been carried out on the East Asian Pachyma hoelen and its related species. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination on both the sclerotia and the basidiocarps which are very seldomly developed, the East Asian samples of Pachyma hoelen including sclerotia, commercial strains for cultivation and fruiting bodies, nested in a strongly supported, homogeneous lineage which clearly separated from the lineages of North American Wolfiporia cocos and other species. So we confirm that the widely cultivated "Fuling" Pachyma hoelen in East Asia is not conspecific with the North American Wolfiporia cocos. Based on the changes in Art. 59 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the generic name Pachyma, which was sanctioned by Fries, has nomenclatural priority (ICN, Art. F.3.1), and this name well represents the economically important stage of the generic type. So we propose to use Pachyma rather than Wolfiporia, and subsequently Pachyma hoelen and Pachyma cocos are the valid names for "Fuling" in East Asia and "Tuckahoe" in North America, respectively. In addition, a new combination, Pachyma pseudococos, is proposed. Furthermore, it seems that Pachyma cocos is a species complex, and that three species exist in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Institute of Microbilogy, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Hong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Viktor Papp
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Biology, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Fryssouli V, Zervakis GI, Polemis E, Typas MA. A global meta-analysis of ITS rDNA sequences from material belonging to the genus Ganoderma (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) including new data from selected taxa. MycoKeys 2020; 75:71-143. [PMID: 33304123 PMCID: PMC7723883 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.75.59872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma P. Karst. is a cosmopolitan genus of white-rot fungi which comprises species with highly-prized pharmaceutical properties, valuable biotechnological applications and of significant phytopathological interest. However, the status of the taxonomy within the genus is still highly controversial and ambiguous despite the progress made through molecular approaches. A metadata analysis of 3908 nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences obtained from GenBank/ENA/DDBJ and UNITE was performed by targeting sequences annotated as Ganoderma, but also sequences from environmental samples and from material examined for the first time. Ganoderma taxa segregated into five main lineages (Clades A to E). Clade A corresponds to the core of laccate species and includes G. shanxiense and three major well-supported clusters: Cluster A.1 ('G. lucidum sensu lato') consists of taxa from Eurasia and North America, Cluster A.2 of material with worldwide occurrence including G. resinaceum and Cluster A.3 is composed of species originating from all continents except Europe and comprises G. lingzhi. Clade B includes G. applanatum and allied species with a Holarctic distribution. Clade C comprises taxa from Asia and Africa only. Clade D consists of laccate taxa with tropical/subtropical occurrence, while clade E harbours the highest number of non-laccate species with a cosmopolitan distribution. The 92 Ganoderma-associated names, initially used for sequences labelling, correspond to at least 80 taxa. Amongst them, 21 constitute putatively new phylospecies after our application of criteria relevant to the robustness/support of the terminal clades, intra- and interspecific genetic divergence and available biogeographic data. Moreover, several other groups or individual sequences seem to represent distinct taxonomic entities and merit further investigation. A particularly large number of the public sequences was revealed to be insufficiently and/or incorrectly identified, for example, 87% and 78% of entries labelled as G. australe and G. lucidum, respectively. In general, ITS demonstrated high efficacy in resolving relationships amongst most of the Ganoderma taxa; however, it was not equally useful at elucidating species barriers across the entire genus and such cases are outlined. Furthermore, we draw conclusions on biogeography by evaluating species occurrence on a global scale in conjunction with phylogenetic structure/patterns. The sequence variability assessed in ITS spacers could be further exploited for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Fryssouli
- Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios I. Zervakis
- Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Polemis
- Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Milton A. Typas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Panepistemiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece
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17
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Wang L, Li JQ, Zhang J, Li ZM, Liu HG, Wang YZ. Traditional uses, chemical components and pharmacological activities of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst.: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42084-42097. [PMID: 35516772 PMCID: PMC9057998 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07219b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, some natural products isolated from the fungi of the genus Ganoderma have been found to have anti-tumor, liver protection, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, anti-oxidation, anti-viral, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects. This review summarizes the research progress of some promising natural products and their pharmacological activities. The triterpenoids, meroterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids and polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and other species of Ganoderma were reviewed, including their corresponding chemical structures and biological activities. In particular, the triterpenes, polysaccharides and meroterpenoids of Ganoderma show a wide range of biological activities. Among them, the hydroxyl groups on the C-3, C-24 and C-25 positions of the lanostane triterpenes compound were the necessary active groups for the anti-HIV-1 virus. Previous study showed that lanostane triterpenes can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease with an IC50 value of 20-40 μM, which has potential anti-HIV-1 activity. Polysaccharides can promote the production of TNF α and IFN-γ by macrophages and spleen cells in mice, and further inhibit or kill tumor cells. Some meroterpenoids contain oxygen-containing heterocycles, and they have significant antioxidant activity. In addition, Ganoderma has been used as a medicine to treat diseases for more than 2000 years, and we also reviewed its traditional uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming 650201 China
| | - Jie-Qing Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming 650201 China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Kunming 650200 China
| | - Zhi-Min Li
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Kunming 650200 China
| | - Hong-Gao Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming 650201 China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Kunming 650200 China
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18
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Gunnels T, Creswell M, McFerrin J, Whittall JB. The ITS region provides a reliable DNA barcode for identifying reishi/lingzhi (Ganoderma) from herbal supplements. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236774. [PMID: 33180770 PMCID: PMC7660467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary supplement industry is rapidly growing yet, a recent study revealed that up to 60% of supplements may have substituted ingredients, some of which can be harmful contaminants or additives. When ingredients cannot be verified morphologically or biochemically, DNA barcoding complemented with a molecular phylogenetic analysis can be a powerful method for species authentication. We employed a molecular phylogenetic analysis for species authentication of the commonly used fungal supplement, reishi (Ganoderma lingzhi), by amplifying and sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) with genus-specific primers. PCR of six powdered samples and one dried sample all sold as G. lucidum representing independent suppliers produced single, strong amplification products in the expected size-range for Ganoderma. Both best-hit BLAST and molecular phylogenetic analyses clearly identified the presence of G. lingzhi DNA in all seven herbal supplements. We detected variation in the ITS sequences among our samples, but all herbal supplement samples fall within a large clade of G. lingzhi ITS sequences. ITS-based phylogenetic analysis is a successful and cost-effective method for DNA-based species authentication that could be used in the herbal supplement industry for this and other fungal and plant species that are otherwise difficult to identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Gunnels
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
- Oregon’s Wild Harvest, Redmond, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew Creswell
- Oregon’s Wild Harvest, Redmond, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Janis McFerrin
- Oregon’s Wild Harvest, Redmond, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
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19
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Dembitsky VM. Antitumor and hepatoprotective activity of natural and synthetic neo steroids. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101048. [PMID: 32603672 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, steroids with a tertiary butyl group, which are usually called neo steroids, are a small group of natural lipids isolated from higher plants, fungi, marine sponges, and yeast. In addition, steroids with a tertiary butyl group have been synthesized in some laboratories in Canada, USA, Europe, and Japan and their biological activity was studied. Some natural neo steroids demonstrate antitumor or hepatoprotective activities. In addition, synthetic neo steroids exhibit anticancer and neuroprotective properties. However, to confirm the above data, both practical and clinical experimental studies are necessary. Nevertheless, the results may be useful for pharmacologists, chemists, biochemists, and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada.
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20
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Zhou LW, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Tian XM, Wang YF, Wu F. Current Status of ‘Sanghuang’ as a Group of Medicinal Mushrooms and Their Perspective in Industry Development. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1740245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xue-Mei Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Wu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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21
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Systematics is crucial for the traditional Chinese medicinal studies and industry of macrofungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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23
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Luangharn T, Karunarathna SC, Mortimer PE, Hyde KD, Thongklang N, Xu J. A new record of Ganodermatropicum (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) for Thailand and first assessment of optimum conditions for mycelia production. MycoKeys 2019; 51:65-83. [PMID: 31130813 PMCID: PMC6517369 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.51.33513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study a new record of Ganodermatropicum is described as from Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. The fruiting body was collected on the base of a living Dipterocarpus tree. The sample is described on the basis of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses, and compared with closely related taxa. Multigene phylogenetic analyses of LSU, ITS, and RPB2 highly support the placement of the G.tropicum group with isolates from China and Taiwan (Maximum likelihood 100%, Maximum parsimony 100%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities 1.00). The optimal media, pH, and temperature for mycelial growth of the G.tropicum strain KUMCC18-0046 was also investigated and is reported as: PDA, MEA, and YPD, at pH 7–8 and 25–28 °C, respectively. This is the first report on the successful growing conditions for mycelial production, but unfortunately fruiting could not be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatsanee Luangharn
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies (CMES), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Samantha C Karunarathna
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies (CMES), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Peter E Mortimer
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies (CMES), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Naritsada Thongklang
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies (CMES), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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24
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Biological and chemical diversity go hand in hand: Basidiomycota as source of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107344. [PMID: 30738916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Basidiomycota constitutes the second largest higher taxonomic group of the Fungi after the Ascomycota and comprises over 30.000 species. Mycelial cultures of Basidiomycota have already been studied since the 1950s for production of antibiotics and other beneficial secondary metabolites. Despite the fact that unique and selective compounds like pleuromutilin were obtained early on, it took several decades more until they were subjected to a systematic screening for antimicrobial and anticancer activities. These efforts led to the discovery of the strobilurins and several hundreds of further compounds that mainly constitute terpenoids. In parallel the traditional medicinal mushrooms of Asia were also studied intensively for metabolite production, aimed at finding new therapeutic agents for treatment of various diseases including metabolic disorders and the central nervous system. While the evaluation of this organism group has in general been more tedious as compared to the Ascomycota, the chances to discover new metabolites and to develop them further to candidates for drugs, agrochemicals and other products for the Life Science industry have substantially increased over the past decade. This is owing to the revolutionary developments in -OMICS techniques, bioinformatics, analytical chemistry and biotechnological process technology, which are steadily being developed further. On the other hand, the new developments in polythetic fungal taxonomy now also allow a more concise selection of previously untapped organisms. The current review is dedicated to summarize the state of the art and to give an outlook to further developments.
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25
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Zhao ZZ, Liang XB, Feng WS, Wu Y, Zhi YL, Xue GM, Chen HP, Liu JK. Unusual constituents from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lingzhi. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36931-36939. [PMID: 35539093 PMCID: PMC9075120 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies have revealed that triterpenoids, meroterpenoids, and polysaccharides are the main constituents of the well-known traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom Ganoderma. In this study, we report seven previously undescribed sesquiterpenoids, including six gymnomitranes (1–6) and a novel type of sesquiterpenoid (8), together with a polyketide (7) and a known steroid (9) from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lingzhi, a fungus used as traditional medicine and food supplement in East Asia for ages. The structures of 1–8 were deduced by analysis of spectroscopic data, X-ray single crystal diffractions and TDDFT/ECD calculations. Compound 8 possessed an unusual 14(7→6)-cuparane scaffold. Compound 9 exhibited weak cytotoxicity against the five human cancer cell lines HL-60, MCF-7, SW480, A549, and SMMC-7721 with IC50 values of 18.0–32.3 μM. A simple structure-activity-relationship (SAR) investigation by acetylating the 5-OH of 9 (9a) suggested that the 5-OH is essential for its cytotoxicity. Additionally, the biosynthetic pathways for compounds 2 and 8 are discussed. Extensive studies have revealed that triterpenoids, meroterpenoids, and polysaccharides are the main constituents of the well-known traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom Ganoderma.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhu Zhao
- College of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province
| | - Xu-Bo Liang
- College of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- China
| | - Wei-Sheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province
| | - Ya Wu
- College of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province
| | - Yan-Le Zhi
- College of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province
| | - Gui-Min Xue
- College of Pharmacy
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine
- Zhengzhou 450046
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province
| | - He-Ping Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- China
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26
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Loyd AL, Richter BS, Jusino MA, Truong C, Smith ME, Blanchette RA, Smith JA. Identifying the "Mushroom of Immortality": Assessing the Ganoderma Species Composition in Commercial Reishi Products. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1557. [PMID: 30061872 PMCID: PMC6055023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Ganoderma, commonly called reishi (in Japan) or lingzhi (in China), have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years, and their use has gained interest from pharmaceutical industries in recent years. Globally, the taxonomy of Ganoderma species is chaotic, and the taxon name Ganoderma lucidum has been used for most laccate (shiny) Ganoderma species. However, it is now known that G. lucidum sensu stricto has a limited native distribution in Europe and some parts of China. It is likely that differences in the quality and quantity of medicinally relevant chemicals occur among Ganoderma species. To determine what species are being sold in commercially available products, twenty manufactured products (e.g., pills, tablets, teas, etc.) and seventeen grow your own (GYO) kits labeled as containing G. lucidum were analyzed. DNA was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α) were sequenced with specific fungal primers. The majority (93%) of the manufactured reishi products and almost half of the GYO kits were identified as Ganoderma lingzhi. G. lingzhi is native to Asia and is the most widely cultivated and studied taxon for medicinal use. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS1 region was performed to determine if multiple Ganoderma species were present. None of the manufactured products tested contained G. lucidum sensu stricto, and it was detected in only one GYO kit. G. lingzhi was detected in most products, but other Ganoderma species were also present, including G. applanatum, G. australe, G. gibbosum, G. sessile, and G. sinense. Our results indicate that the content of these products vary and that better labeling is needed to inform consumers before these products are ingested or marketed as medicine. Of the 17 GYO kits tested, 11 kits contained Ganoderma taxa that are not native to the United States. If fruiting bodies of exotic Ganoderma taxa are cultivated, these GYO kits will likely end up in the environment. The effects of these exotic species to natural ecosystems needs investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Loyd
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brantlee S Richter
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michelle A Jusino
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Camille Truong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert A Blanchette
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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