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Redwan EM, Aljadawi AA, Uversky VN. Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Intrinsic Disorder in the Signaling Pathways Induced by Toll-Like Receptors. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1091. [PMID: 36101469 PMCID: PMC9312352 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the interplay between protein intrinsic disorder, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and signaling pathways induced by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). To this end, 10 HCV proteins, 10 human TLRs, and 41 proteins from the TLR-induced downstream pathways were considered from the prevalence of intrinsic disorder. Mapping of the intrinsic disorder to the HCV-TLR interactome and to the TLR-based pathways of human innate immune response to the HCV infection demonstrates that substantial levels of intrinsic disorder are characteristic for proteins involved in the regulation and execution of these innate immunity pathways and in HCV-TLR interaction. Disordered regions, being commonly enriched in sites of various posttranslational modifications, may play important functional roles by promoting protein-protein interactions and support the binding of the analyzed proteins to other partners such as nucleic acids. It seems that this system represents an important illustration of the role of intrinsic disorder in virus-host warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.R.); (A.A.A.)
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A. Aljadawi
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.R.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.R.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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2
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Gao Y, Nepal N, Jin SZ. Toll-like receptors and hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:521-529. [PMID: 34419367 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide issue. However, the current treatment for hepatitis C has many shortcomings. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors involved in HCV infection, and an increasing number of studies are focusing on the role of TLRs in the progression of hepatitis C. DATA SOURCES We performed a PubMed search up to January 2021 with the following keywords: hepatitis C, toll-like receptors, interferons, inflammation, and immune evasion. We also used terms such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), susceptibility, fibrosis, cirrhosis, direct-acting antiviral agents, agonists, and antagonists to supplement the query results. We reviewed relevant publications analyzing the correlation between hepatitis C and TLRs and the role of TLRs in HCV infection. RESULTS TLRs 1-4 and 6-9 are involved in the process of HCV infection. When the host is exposed to the HCV, TLRs, as important participants in HCV immune evasion, trigger innate immunity to remove the virus and also promote inflammation and liver fibrosis. TLR gene SNPs affect hepatitis C susceptibility, treatment, and prognosis. The contribution of each TLR to HCV is different. Drugs targeting various TLRs are developed and validated, and TLRs can synergize with classic hepatitis C drugs, including interferon and direct-acting antiviral agents, constituting a new direction for the treatment of hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS TLRs are important receptors in HCV infection. Different TLRs induce different mechanisms of virus clearance and inflammatory response. Although TLR-related antiviral therapy strategies exist, more studies are needed to explore the clinical application of TLR-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Narayan Nepal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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3
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Xu C, Chen J, Chen X. Host Innate Immunity Against Hepatitis Viruses and Viral Immune Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740464. [PMID: 34803956 PMCID: PMC8598044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are primary causative agents of hepatitis and represent a major source of public health problems in the world. The host innate immune system forms the first line of defense against hepatitis viruses. Hepatitis viruses are sensed by specific pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that subsequently trigger the innate immune response and interferon (IFN) production. However, hepatitis viruses evade host immune surveillance via multiple strategies, which help compromise the innate immune response and create a favorable environment for viral replication. Therefore, this article reviews published findings regarding host innate immune sensing and response against hepatitis viruses. Furthermore, we also focus on how hepatitis viruses abrogate the antiviral effects of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Chen W, Wang L, Niu Y, Ji G, Xing L. Distribution of peripheral dendritic cells in patients with HBV infection or spleen and kidney deficiency. J Med Virol 2018; 90:706-711. [PMID: 29168885 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Spleen and kidney deficiency syndrome (SKD), a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome, is the fundamental mechanisms of TCM. We aim to investigate the distribution of peripheral dendritic cells (DCs) in HBV patients with SKD or non-SKD. Peripheral venous blood from patients with HBV infection and healthy volunteers was collected to extract PBMC, and flow cytometry assay was used to measure the distribution of DCs subsets, including myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). For the number of pDCs, it was higher in control group and non-SKD group, compared with HBV infection group and SKD group, respectively. For the number of mDCs, it was higher in control group and the non-SKD group compared to SKD group, while in control group it was higher than both HBeAg positive group and negative group. The number of pDCs in control group and chronic hepatitis B group were higher than HBVcarrier group, and it was higher in control group than both immune tolerance group and inactive group, while in immune clearance group it was higher than immune tolerance group and inactve group. The number of mDCs in control group and immune clearance group were higher than that of immune tolerance group. There was an obvious correlation between TCM syndromes and immune function in HBV infected patients, the number of pDCs and mDCs of the SKD group was lower than that in non-SKD group. These results provide a new insight into scientific evidence that TCM probably be based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Chen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Spleen and Stomach Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Spleen and Stomach Disease,Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaofei Niu
- Henan Institute of Traditional Chinese medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Spleen and Stomach Disease,Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianjun Xing
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Disease, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Spleen and Stomach Disease,Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Xu C, Lu Y, Zheng X, Feng X, Yang X, Timm J, Wu J, Wang B, Lu M, Yang D, Liu J. TLR2 Expression in Peripheral CD4+ T Cells Promotes Th17 Response and Is Associated with Disease Aggravation of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1609. [PMID: 29218046 PMCID: PMC5703711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 responses have been shown to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). The mechanism underlying the enhanced Th17 responses in these patients remains largely unclear. Here we investigated toll-like receptors (TLRs) expression in peripheral T cells and their roles in Th17 cell differentiation and disease aggravation in ACLF patients. 18 healthy subjects (HS), 20 chronic HBV-infected (CHB) patients, and 26 ACLF patients were enrolled and examined for TLRs expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The correlations of T cell TLR2 expression with the antigen non-specific Th17 responses and disease aggravation, as well as the Th17 response to TLR2 ligand stimulation were evaluated in ACLF patients. Compared to HS and CHB patients, ACLF patients showed a distinct TLRs expression pattern in PBMCs. Significantly increased TLR2 expression in T cells was observed in ACLF patients. The TLR2 expression in CD4+ T cells was correlated with the Th17 responses and the clinical markers for disease aggravation in ACLF patients. Moreover, TLR2 ligands stimulation promoted Th17 cell differentiation and response in PBMCs of ACLF patients. These findings implicate that TLR2 signaling plays critical roles in Th17 cell differentiation and disease aggravation of HBV-related ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinping Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Joerg Timm
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoju Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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Liao Y, Jiang J, Liang B, Wei F, Huang J, Pan P, Su J, Zhou B, Zang N, Ye L, Liang H. Opiate use inhibits TLR9 signaling pathway in vivo: possible role in pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13071. [PMID: 29026137 PMCID: PMC5638828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of opiate use promoting HIV-1 infection is not fully understood. TLR9 is expressed in many immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, which can recognize viruses and viral products and consequently induce the production of antiviral factors and initiate immune responses. Previous studies have shown that chronic viral infections can overcome and impair TLR9 pathway. We aimed to explore whether opiate use enhances HIV infection through inhibition of TLR9 pathway via a population-based study. A total of 200 subjects were enrolled and divided into four groups as follows: Opiate+ HIV+ (50), Opiate- HIV+ (50), Opiate+ HIV- (50), and healthy control (Opiate- HIV-, 50). All HIV-infected subjects did not receive antiretroviral therapy while they were enrolled in the study. The results showed that opiate use was associated with higher viral load and lower CD4+ T cell count. Opiate use alone led to lower expression of TLR9, IRF7, and IFN-α at the protein level in PBMCs. Combined with HIV-1 infection, opiate use resulted in lower expression of MyD88, ISG56, and MxA. In addition, morphine treatment promoted HIV-1 replication in macrophages via inhibition of TLR9 pathway. Our data reveal that opiate use plays a cofactor role in pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection through inhibition of TLR9 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fumei Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Peijiang Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinming Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ning Zang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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7
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Fischer J, Weber ANR, Böhm S, Dickhöfer S, El Maadidi S, Deichsel D, Knop V, Klinker H, Möller B, Rasenack J, Wang L, Sharma M, Hinrichsen H, Spengler U, Buggisch P, Sarrazin C, Pawlita M, Waterboer T, Wiese M, Probst-Müller E, Malinverni R, Bochud PY, Gardiner C, O'Farrelly C, Berg T. Sex-specific effects of TLR9 promoter variants on spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. Gut 2017; 66:1829-1837. [PMID: 27196570 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As pathogen sensors, Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a role in the first defence line during HCV infection. However, the impact of the DNA sensor TLR9 on the natural course of HCV infection is unknown. To address this, TLR9 promoter polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) rs187084 and rs5743836 were investigated for their effect on disease progression. DESIGN Therefore, the TLR9 SNPs and the interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4) rs12979860 were genotyped in chronically HCV type 1 infected (n=333), in patients who spontaneously cleared the infection (n=161), in the Swiss HCV cohort (n=1057) and the well-characterised German (n=305) and Irish (n=198) 'anti-D' cohorts. Functional analyses were done with promoter reporter constructs of human TLR9 in B cells and assessing TLR9 mRNA levels in whole blood of healthy volunteers. RESULTS The TLR9 rs187084 C allele was associated with spontaneous virus clearance in women of the study cohort (OR=2.15 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.90) p=0.012), of the Swiss HCV cohort (OR=2.06 (95% CI 1.02 to 4.18) p=0.044) and in both 'anti-D' cohorts (German: OR=2.01 (95% CI 1.14 to 3.55) p=0.016; Irish: OR=1.93 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.68) p=0.047). Multivariate analysis in the combined study and Swiss HCV cohorts supported the results (OR=1.99 (95% CI 1.30 to 3.05) p=0.002). Functional analyses revealed higher transcriptional activities for both TLR9 variants and an association of the C allele of rs5743836 with allele-specific TLR9 mRNA regulation by oestrogens in women. CONCLUSIONS TLR9 promoter SNPs are associated with the natural course of HCV infection and show higher transcriptional activities. Our results imply the DNA sensor TLR9 in natural immunity against the RNA virus, HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Fischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander N R Weber
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Böhm
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Dickhöfer
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Souhayla El Maadidi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Danilo Deichsel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viola Knop
- Medical Department 1, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartwig Klinker
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Möller
- Department of Medical Practice, Charlottenstraße 81, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Rasenack
- Medical Department, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Wang
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Hinrichsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterologische Schwerpunkt-Praxis, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Buggisch
- Liver Unit, IFI Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Medical Department 1, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis (F020), Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis (F020), Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wiese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clair Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Berg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Romani S, Hosseini SM, Mohebbi SR, Boonstra A, Sharifian A. Differential expression of innate immune response genes in clinical phases of chronic hepatitis B infection. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:776-788. [PMID: 28218976 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated innate immune gene expression in clinical phases of chronic hepatitis B infection, including immune tolerant (IT), immune active (IA), inactive carrier (IC) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative phases, as well as healthy controls. Expression levels of interferon types I, II and III, their receptor subunits, IRFs, TLRs and other IFN-induced genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared. Forty HBsAg-positive treatment-naïve subjects without co-infection with HIV, HCV or HDV were enrolled. To complement the viral load, the expression levels of 37 innate immune genes were measured by qPCR. The highest response of the innate immune system was observed in the IT and HBeAg-negative phases, and the IC phase had the lowest response; 31 of the 37 studied genes reached their maximum mRNA expression levels in the IT and HBeAg-negative phases, and the minimum expression levels of 23 genes were found in the IC phase. The highest mRNA expression levels of IFNs, IFN receptor subunits, IRFs and TLRs genes in all clinical phases were IFN-λ2 and 3, IFN-γR2, IRF7 and TLR7, and the lowest levels of mRNA expression were observed for IFN-α, IFN-λR1, IRF8 and TLR2. We conclude that innate immune response genes are expressed differentially among chronic HBV phases, and this difference may help to develop new precise and noninvasive methods to determine the progression of disease in chronic HBV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Romani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S M Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S R Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Sharifian
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Zayed RA, Omran D, Mokhtar DA, Zakaria Z, Ezzat S, Soliman MA, Mobarak L, El-Sweesy H, Emam G. Association of Toll-Like Receptor 3 and Toll-Like Receptor 9 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Hepatic Fibrosis in Egyptian Patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:720-726. [PMID: 28093541 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognized as fundamental contributors to the immune system function against infections. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a global health problem especially in Egypt having the highest HCV prevalence worldwide where HCV infection is a continuing epidemic. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between genetic variation in TLR-3 and TLR-9 and HCV infection and hepatic fibrosis in chronic HCV-positive Egyptian patients. The present study included 100 naïve chronic HCV-positive patients and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genotyping of TLR-3 (_7 C/A [rs3775296]), TLR-3 (c.1377C/T [rs3775290]) and TLR-9 (1237T/C [rs5743836]) were done by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Frequency of polymorphic genotypes in TLR-3 (_7 C/A), TLR-3 (c.1377C/T) and TLR-9 (1237T/C) were not significantly different between studied HCV-positive patients and controls with P values 0.121, 0.112, and 0.683, respectively. TLR-3 c.1377 T-allele was associated with advanced stage of hepatic fibrosis (P = 0.003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A Zayed
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Omran
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepato-gastroentrology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doha A Mokhtar
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zinab Zakaria
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepato-gastroentrology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameera Ezzat
- Community Medicine Department, National Liver Institute, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Soliman
- Specialized Liver Unit, Kasr Alainy Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa Mobarak
- National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam El-Sweesy
- Tropical Medicine Department, Cairo Fatemic Hospital, Ministry of Health, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada Emam
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Institute of Neuromotor System, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Tout I, Marotel M, Chemin I, Hasan U. HBV and the importance of TLR9 on B cell responses. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2017.3.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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Liu Y, Wang B, Wang L, Vikash V, Wang Q, Roggendorf M, Lu M, Yang D, Liu J. Transcriptome Analysis and Comparison of Marmota monax and Marmota himalayana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165875. [PMID: 27806133 PMCID: PMC5091844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax) is a classical animal model for studying hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. Recently, we found that Marmota himalayana, an Asian animal species closely related to Marmota monax, is susceptible to woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection and can be used as a new mammalian model for HBV infection. However, the lack of genomic sequence information of both Marmota models strongly limited their application breadth and depth. To address this major obstacle of the Marmota models, we utilized Illumina RNA-Seq technology to sequence the cDNA libraries of liver and spleen samples of two Marmota monax and four Marmota himalayana. In total, over 13 billion nucleotide bases were sequenced and approximately 1.5 billion clean reads were obtained. Following assembly, 106,496 consensus sequences of Marmota monax and 78,483 consensus sequences of Marmota himalayana were detected. For functional annotation, in total 73,603 Unigenes of Marmota monax and 78,483 Unigenes of Marmota himalayana were identified using different databases (NR, NT, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, GO). The Unigenes were aligned by blastx to protein databases to decide the coding DNA sequences (CDS) and in total 41,247 CDS of Marmota monax and 34,033 CDS of Marmota himalayana were predicted. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were also analyzed for all Unigenes obtained. Moreover, a large-scale transcriptome comparison was performed and revealed a high similarity in transcriptome sequences between the two marmota species. Our study provides an extensive amount of novel sequence information for Marmota monax and Marmota himalayana. This information may serve as a valuable genomics resource for further molecular, developmental and comparative evolutionary studies, as well as for the identification and characterization of functional genes that are involved in WHV infection and HCC development in the woodchuck model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoju Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Vikash Vikash
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (DY); (JL)
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (DY); (JL)
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Xu CL, Hao YH, Lu YP, Tang ZS, Yang XC, Wu J, Zheng X, Wang BJ, Liu J, Yang DL. Upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 on T cells in PBMCs is associated with disease aggravation of HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:910-915. [PMID: 26670445 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory injury is an important feature of the disease aggravation of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown previously to play a pivotal role in the activation of innate immunity. The purpose of this study was to characterize the TLR4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of ACLF patients and its possible role in the disease aggravation. Twelve healthy subjects, 15 chronic HBV-infected (CHB) patients and 15 ACLF patients were enrolled in this study. The TLR4 expression in PBMCs and T cells of all subjects was examined by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. The correlation of TLR4 expression on T cells with the markers of disease aggravation was evaluated in ACLF patients. The ability of TLR4 ligands stimulation to induce inflammatory cytokine production in ACLF patients was analyzed by flow cytometry. The results showed that TLR4 mRNA level was upregulated in PBMCs of ACLF patients compared to that in the healthy subjects and the CHB patients. Specifically, the expression of TLR4 on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of PBMCs was significantly increased in ACLF patients. The TLR4 levels on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were positively correlated with serum total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), international normalized ratio (INR) levels and white blood cells (WBCs), and negatively correlated with serum albumin (ALB) levels in the HBV-infected patients, indicating TLR4 pathway may play a role in the disease aggravation of ACLF. In vitro TLR4 ligand stimulation on PBMCs of ACLF patients induced a strong TNF-α production by CD4(+) T cells, which was also positively correlated with the serum markers for liver injury severity. It was concluded that TLR4 expression is upregulated on T cells in PBMCs, which is associated with the aggravation of ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Li Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - You-Hua Hao
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yin-Ping Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zong-Sheng Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xue-Cheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bao-Ju Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Dong-Liang Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Yao N, Wang X. In vitro immunomodulatory activity of oxymatrine on Toll-like receptor 9 signal pathway in chronic hepatitis B. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 42:1399-410. [PMID: 25406654 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxymatrine, extracted from the herb Sophora alopecuraides L., was investigated to determine its anti-HBV immunomodulatory mechanism in vitro. Human peripheral lymphocytes were isolated from heparinized whole blood from 48 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. The lymphocytes from each patient were divided into two groups according to pretreatment or no pretreatment with Oxymatrine in vitro. We examined the changes of expression and function of the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signal transduction pathway in the peripheral lymphocytes with different treatment methods and investigated the synergism of Oxymatrine and the TLR9 ligand on antiviral cytokine secretions in vitro. The data showed Oxymatrine could induce antiviral cytokine secretions directly from the peripheral lymphocytes. For the TLR9 signal pathway, Oxymatrine not only augmented the expressions of TLR9 signal transduction molecules, but also activated the TLR9 signal function. This study has clearly demonstrated that TLR9 ligand could stimulate peripheral lymphocytes that have been pretreated with Oxymatrine. Furthermore, the quantity of antiviral cytokines secreted by the pretreated lymphocytes was greater than that of those without pretreatment. The interaction between the Oxymatrine and the TLR9 ligand appears to be synergistic. This study suggests Oxymatrine could be a strong immunomodulator, influence TLR9 signaling transduction, and synergistically improve the immune efficacy of the TLR9 ligand against CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yao
- Clinic College of Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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14
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Shahrakyvahed A, Sanchooli J, Sanadgol N, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. TLR9: an important molecule in the fight against hepatitis B virus. Postgrad Med J 2015; 90:396-401. [PMID: 24942353 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-132309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most prevalent infectious agent that can induce severe liver disease. Patients infected with long-term HBV, including chronic, asymptomatic and occult forms, cannot clear HBV from infected hepatocytes completely. It is not clear why some people can clear the infection while others cannot. Furthermore, the main mechanisms responsible for progression of the infections are not fully understood. It has been hypothesised that differences in genetic and immunological parameters between patients and subjects who successfully clear HBV infections are responsible for inducing the long-term forms of the infection. Previous investigations showed that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in immune responses, especially innate immunity, against viral infections, including hepatitis B. TLR9 detects intracellular viral dsDNA, which results in the activation of an immune response against HBV. However, defects in this system may result in an attenuated response ultimately leading to long-term HBV infections. Targeting the defects in TLR9 or reactivating the downstream pathways that are normally switched on by TLR9 in response to HBV infection is a new approach to the treatment of long-term HBV infection. However, the pathways and defects seen in patients with long-term HBV need to be thoroughly explored before therapeutics can be applied in the clinical setting. Furthermore, the apparently multigenic nature of long-term HBV infection suggests that treatment of patients may need to be personalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Shahrakyvahed
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Javad Sanchooli
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Derek Kennedy
- School of Natural Sciences, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Wang X, Zhao YR, Liu HL, Ma XH, Zhang Y. In vitro immunomodulatory activity of interferon alpha on toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway in chronic hepatitis B. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:385-91. [PMID: 25535670 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is registered for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment. However, the antiviral mechanism of IFN-α and the biological function of many IFN-α responsive genes have not been fully elucidated. We investigated to determine the regulative effect of IFN-α on toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CHB patients in vitro. We examined the changes of expression and function of TLR9 signaling pathway in the PBMCs with different treatment methods and investigated the synergism of IFN-α and TLR9 ligand on antiviral cytokine secretions in vitro. The data showed that, for the TLR9 signaling pathway, IFN-α not only augmented the expressions of TLR9 signal transduction molecules but also activated the TLR9 signal function. This study has clearly demonstrated that the TLR9 ligand could stimulate PBMCs that have been pretreated with IFN-α. Furthermore, the quantity of antiviral cytokines secreted by the pretreated PBMCs was greater than those without pretreatment. The interaction between IFN-α and TLR9 ligand appears to be synergistic. Data revealed IFN-α could influence TLR9 signaling transduction and synergistically improve the immune efficacy of TLR9 ligand against CHB. The present study suggests a potential novel mechanism for the antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus and a new individualized antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
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16
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Huang YW, Hsu CK, Lin SC, Wei SC, Hu JT, Chang HY, Liang CW, Chen DS, Chen PJ, Hsu PN, Yang SS, Kao JH. Reduced Toll-like receptor-9 expression on peripheral CD14+ monocytes of chronic hepatitis B patients and its restoration by effective therapy. Antivir Ther 2014; 19:637-43. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Sajadi SMA, Mirzaei V, Hassanshahi G, Khorramdelazad H, Daredor HY, Hosseini SMH, Moogooi M, Ravary A, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. Decreased expressions of Toll-like receptor 9 and its signaling molecules in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:1674-9. [PMID: 24168509 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0415-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in immune responses, especially innate immunity, against viral infections. Toll-like receptor 9 recognizes intracellular viral double-strand DNA, which leads to the activation of nuclear factor B (NF-κB) through the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) pathway. Defects in the expression of TLR9 and its signaling molecules may cause attenuated immune responses against hepatitis B virus. OBJECTIVE To determine expression levels of TLR9 messenger RNA along with MYD88, interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and NF-κB in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB)-infected patients. DESIGN In this study, 60 CHB patients and 60 healthy controls were recruited and the expression of TLR9 and its downstream signaling molecules was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques using β-actin as a housekeeping gene. RESULTS Our results showed that expression of TLR9, MYD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, and NF-κB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CHB patients was significantly decreased in comparison with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS According to our results, it appears that CHB patients are unable to appropriately express genes in the TLR9 pathway, which may impede immune responses against hepatitis B virus infection. These results suggest a mechanism that may partially explain the fact that immune responses are disrupted in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mohammad Ali Sajadi
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Drs Sajadi and Mirzaei), Biochemistry (Mr Daredor), and Immunology (Ms Moogooi), Faculty of Medicine, the Molecular Medicine Research Center (Dr Hassanshahi and Mr Khorramdelazad), the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing (Dr Ravary), and the Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center (Dr Arababadi), Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; the Meybod Health Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran (Mr Hosseini); and the School of Biomolecular and Physical Science, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia (Dr Kennedy)
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18
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Momeni M, Zainodini N, Bidaki R, Hassanshahi G, Daneshvar H, Khaleghinia M, Ebrahim M, Karimi-Googheri M, Askari A, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. Decreased expression of toll like receptor signaling molecules in chronic HBV infected patients. Hum Immunol 2013; 75:15-9. [PMID: 24120739 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling molecules play important roles in microbe recognition and induction of immune responses, including production of inflammatory cytokines, against viral infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine expression levels of TLR signaling molecules (IRAK1, IRAK4, TRAF3, and IRF7) and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-12 and IL-6 in chronic HBV infected (CHB) patients. DESIGN This study was performed on 60 CHB patients and 60 healthy controls and the expression of IRAK1, IRAK4, TRAF3, and IRF7 and their downstream inflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and IL-6) were evaluated by Real-Time PCR and ELISA techniques. RESULTS The results demonstrated that expression of IRAK4, TRAF3, and IRF7 were significantly decreased in PBMCs of CHB patients in comparison to healthy controls. Serum levels of IL-12 were significantly increased, while, IL-6 were not differ between patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results presented here it seems that CHB patients do not express appropriate levels of the genes in the TLRs pathway which may lead to impaired immune responses against HBV infection which is seen in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Momeni
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Nahid Zainodini
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Bidaki
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Daneshvar
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khaleghinia
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Ebrahim
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoud Karimi-Googheri
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azam Askari
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Derek Kennedy
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Science, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Khorramdelazad H, Hassanshahi G, Nasiri Ahmadabadi B, Kazemi Arababadi M. High Serum Levels of TGF-β in Iranians With Chronic HBV Infection. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:e7581. [PMID: 23346151 PMCID: PMC3549612 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an important cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study was to compare the serum levels of TGF-β in a group of chronic HBV infected (CHB) patients as well as healthy individuals from South-East of Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty patients with CHB as well as sixty healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. ELISA technique was applied to measure the serum levels of TGF-β in both groups. RESULTS Our results revealed that the serum levels of TGF-β were significantly increased in CHB patients in compare to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS According to this result, it may be concluded that high serum levels of TGF-β may be a mechanism by which immune response against HBV is suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran
| | | | - Behzad Nasiri Ahmadabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-3915234003-5, Fax: +98-3915225209, E-mail:
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Hernández JC, Stevenson M, Latz E, Urcuqui-Inchima S. HIV type 1 infection up-regulates TLR2 and TLR4 expression and function in vivo and in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1313-28. [PMID: 22280204 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in innate immunity against pathogens. Their stimulation induces the activation of NF-κB, an important inducer of HIV-1 replication. In recent years, an increasing number of studies using several cells types from HIV-infected patients indicate that TLRs play a key role in regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and viral pathogenesis. In the present study, the effect of HIV-1 stimulation of monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subpopulations from healthy donors on the expression and functions of TLR2 and TLR4 was examined. In addition, and to complete the in vitro study, the expression pattern of TLR2 and TLR4 in 49 HIV-1-infected patients, classified according to viral load and the use of HAART, was determined and compared with 25 healthy subjects. An increase of TLR expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in MDMs and PBMCs infected with HIV-1 in vitro and in response to TLR stimulation, compared to the mock. In addition, an association between TLR expression and up-regulation of CD80 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) was observed. The ex vivo analysis indicated increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), but only of TLR2 in monocytes obtained from HIV-1-infected patients, compared to healthy subjects. Remarkably, the expression was higher in cells from patients who do not use HAART. In monocytes, there was a positive correlation between both TLRs and viral load, but not CD4(+) T cell numbers. Together, our in vitro and ex vivo results suggest that TLR expression and function can be up-regulated in response to HIV-1 infection and could affect the inflammatory response. We propose that modulation of TLRs represents a mechanism to promote HIV-1 replication or AIDS progression in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Hernández
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- INFETARE, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Developmental Center for AIDS Research, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Yang L, Seki E. Toll-like receptors in liver fibrosis: cellular crosstalk and mechanisms. Front Physiol 2012; 3:138. [PMID: 22661952 PMCID: PMC3357552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that distinguish conserved microbial products, also known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), from host molecules. Liver is the first filter organ between the gastrointestinal tracts and the rest of the body through portal circulation. Thus, the liver is a major organ that must deal with PAMPs and microorganisms translocated from the intestine and to respond to the damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from injured organs. These PAMPs and DAMPs preferentially activate TLR signaling on various cell types in the liver inducing the production of inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines that initiate and prolong liver inflammation, thereby leading to fibrosis. We summarize recent findings on the role of TLRs, ligands, and intracellular signaling in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis due to different etiology, as well as to highlight the potential role of TLR signaling in liver fibrosis associated with hepatitis C infection, non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatoheoatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA
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Vincent IE, Zannetti C, Lucifora J, Norder H, Protzer U, Hainaut P, Zoulim F, Tommasino M, Trépo C, Hasan U, Chemin I. Hepatitis B virus impairs TLR9 expression and function in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26315. [PMID: 22046272 PMCID: PMC3201951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a key role in detecting pathogens by producing large amounts of type I interferon (IFN) by sensing the presence of viral infections through the Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) pathway. TLR9 is a sensor of viral and bacterial DNA motifs and activates the IRF7 transcription factor which leads to type I IFN secretion by pDCs. However, during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, pDCs display an impaired ability to secrete IFN-α following ex vivo stimulation with TLR9 ligands. Here we highlight several strategies used by HBV to block IFN-α production through a specific impairment of the TLR9 signaling. Our results show that HBV particle internalisation could inhibit TLR9- but not TLR7-mediated secretion of IFN-α by pDCs. We observed that HBV down-regulated TLR9 transcriptional activity in pDCs and B cells in which TLR9 mRNA and protein levels were reduced. HBV can interfere with TLR9 activity by blocking the MyD88-IRAK4 axis and Sendai virus targeting IRF7 to block IFN-α production. Neutralising CpG motif sequences were identified within HBV DNA genome of genotypes A to H which displayed a suppressive effect on TLR9-immune activation. Moreover, TLR9 mRNA and protein were downregulated in PBMCs from patients with HBV-associated chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus HBV has developed several escape mechanisms to avoid TLR9 activation in both pDCs and B lymphocytes, which may in turn contribute to the establishment and/or persistence of chronic infection.
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Hernández JC, Arteaga J, Paul S, Kumar A, Latz E, Urcuqui-Inchima S. Up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 in dendritic cells in response to HIV type 1 and coinfection with opportunistic pathogens. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:1099-109. [PMID: 21406030 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to trigger an innate immune response against opportunistic pathogens associated with HIV-1 infection is an important aspect of AIDS pathogenesis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in innate immunity against pathogens, but in HIV-1 patients coinfected with opportunistic infections, the regulation of TLR expression has not been studied. In this context, we have evaluated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and myeloid dendritic cells of HIV-1 patients with or without opportunistic infections. Forty-nine HIV-1-infected individuals were classified according to viral load, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and the presence or absence of opportunistic infections, and 21 healthy subjects served as controls. Increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was observed in myeloid dendritic cells of HIV-1 patients coinfected with opportunistic infections (without HAART), while TLR4 increased in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, compared to both HIV-1 without opportunistic infections and healthy subjects. Moreover, TLR2 expression was higher in patients with opportunistic infections without HAART and up-regulation of TLR expression in HIV-1 patients coinfected with opportunistic infections was more pronounced in dendritic cells derived from individuals coinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results indicate that TLR expression in innate immune cells is up-regulated in patients with a high HIV-1 load and coinfected with opportunistic pathogens. We suggest that modulation of TLRs expression represents a mechanism that promotes HIV-1 replication and AIDS pathogenesis in patients coinfected with opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Arteaga
- Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Stéphane Paul
- GIMAP EA3064, Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine de Saint Etienne, Lyon, France
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Wu MH, Zhang P, Huang X. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and infectious diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:385-93. [PMID: 21136206 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-010-0600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protective ability of host defense system is largely dependent on germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These PRRs respond to a variety of exogenous pathogens or endogenous danger signals, by recognizing some highly conserved structures such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger/damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs triggers production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent or -independent signaling respectively, thereby modulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as inflammatory responses. This review introduces the classification, structure, and specific ligands of TLRs, and focuses on their signal pathways and biological activities, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of TLRs in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), microbial keratitis, and hepatitis B and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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25
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Salem ML, El-Demellawy M, El-Azm ARA. The potential use of Toll-like receptor agonists to restore the dysfunctional immunity induced by hepatitis C virus. Cell Immunol 2010; 262:96-104. [PMID: 20338549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health concern with approximately 3% of the world's population is infected, posing social, economical and health burden. Less than 20% of the infected individuals clear the virus during the acute infection, while the rest develop chronic infection. The treatment of choice for HCV infection is pegylated interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in combination with ribavarin. Despite the cost and side effects of this treatment regimen, many patients fail this therapy and develop persistent HCV infection, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the mechanisms underlying the failure to resolve HCV infection are poorly understood, the incapability of patients to develop effective anti-HCV immunity is a potential cause. We hypothesize that the dysfunctional anti-HCV immunity is due to the emergence of immunosuppressive cells coinciding with a decrease in the stimulatory dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. We further hypothesize that applying agents that can correct the imbalance between the immunosuppressive cells and stimulatory cells can results in resolution of chronic HCV. In this review article, we will discuss potential approaches, focusing on the use of Toll-like receptor agonists, to block the suppressive effects of the regulatory cells and restore the stimulatory effects of DCs and NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ribavirin/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L Salem
- Surgery Department and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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