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Wal P. Phytochemicals and their Potential Mechanisms against Insulin Resistance. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e081123223322. [PMID: 37946350 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998262924231020083353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin's inception dates back to 1921 and was unveiled through a momentous revelation. Diabetes is a dangerous, long-term disease in which the body fails to generate enough insulin or utilize the insulin it creates adequately. This causes hyperglycemia, a state of high blood sugar levels, which can even put a person into a coma if not managed. Activation of the insulin receptor corresponds to two crucial metabolic functions, i.e., uptake of glucose and storage of glycogen. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exists as one of the most challenging medical conditions in the 21st century. The sedentary lifestyle and declining quality of food products have contributed to the rapid development of metabolic disorders. Hence, there is an urgent need to lay some reliable, significant molecules and modalities of treatment to combat and manage this epidemic. In this review, we have made an attempt to identify and enlist the major phytoconstituents along with the associated sources and existing mechanisms against insulin resistance. The conducted study may offer potential sustainable solutions for developing and formulating scientifically validated molecules and phytoconstituents as formulations for the management of this metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- PSIT-Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (PHARMACY), NH19 Kanpur, Agra Highway, Bhauti Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 209305, India
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Feng W, Duan C, Pan F, Yan C, Dong H, Wang X, Zhang J. Integration of metabolomics and network pharmacology to reveal the protective mechanism underlying Wogonoside in acute myocardial ischemia rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116871. [PMID: 37393028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional medicine, both Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) and the traditional formulas composed of it have been used to treat a wide range of diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular. Wogonoside (Wog) is the biologically active flavonoid compound extracted from the root of SBG, with potential cardiovascular protective effects. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of Wog on acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) have not yet been clearly elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the protective mechanism of Wog on AMI rats by comprehensively integrating traditional pharmacodynamics, metabolomics, and network pharmacology. METHODS The rat was pretreatment with Wog at a dose of 20 mg/kg/d and 40 mg/kg/d once daily for 10 days and then ligated the left anterior descending coronary artery of rats to establish the AMI rat model. Electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac enzyme levels, heart weight index (HWI), Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and histopathological analyses were adopted to evaluate the protective effect of Wog on AMI rats. Moreover, a serum metabolomic-based UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS approach was performed to find metabolic biomarkers and metabolic pathways, and network pharmacology analysis was applied to predict targets and pathways of Wog in treating AMI. Then, the network pharmacology and metabolomic results were integrated to elucidate the mechanism of Wog in treating AMI. Finally, RT- PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of PTGS1, PTGS2, ALOX5, and ALOX15 to validate the result of integrated metabolomics and network analysis. RESULTS Pharmacodynamic studies suggest that Wog could effectively prevent the ST-segment of electrocardiogram elevation, reduce the myocardial infarct size, heart weight index, and cardiac enzyme levels, and alleviate cardiac histological damage in AMI rats. Metabolomics analysis showed that the disturbances of metabolic profile in AMI rats were partly corrected by Wog and the cardio-protection effects on AMI rats involved 32 differential metabolic biomarkers and 4 metabolic pathways. In addition, the integrated analysis of network pharmacology and metabolomics showed that 7 metabolic biomarkers, 6 targets, and 6 crucial pathways were the main mechanism for the therapeutic application of Wog for AMI. Moreover, the results of RT-PCR showed that PTGS1, PTGS2, ALOX5, and ALOX15 mRNA expression levels were reduced after treatment with Wog. CONCLUSION Wog exerts cardio-protection effects on AMI rats via the regulation of multiple metabolic biomarkers, multiple targets, and multiple pathways, our current study will provide strong scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic application of Wog for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Cancan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology Ministry Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Fuzhu Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Caiying Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Hongjing Dong
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology Ministry Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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Zhang X, Yang SB, Cheng L, Ho K, Kim MS. Botanical Mixture Containing Nitric Oxide Metabolite Enhances Neural Plasticity to Improve Cognitive Impairment in a Vascular Dementia Rat Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:4381. [PMID: 37892455 PMCID: PMC10609983 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD), caused by impaired cerebral blood flow, is the most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the elderly and is characterized by severe neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important determinant of vascular homeostasis, and its deficiency is associated with the progression of VD. In this study, we investigated the role of nitrite ion, a NO metabolite in a botanical mixture (BM) of fermented garlic, fermented Scutellaria baicalensis, and Rhodiola rosea on neuron loss and cognitive impairment using a VD rat model. The BM containing the NO metabolite alleviated cognitive deficits and enhanced neural plasticity, as reflected by an increase in long-term potentiation. The BM also alleviated neuron apoptosis, decreased GFAP expression, and oxidative stress, and increased parvalbumin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. These results indicate that BM exerts neuroprotective effects and alleviates cognitive dysfunction while enhancing neuroplasticity, and thus has therapeutic potential against VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
- Center for Cognitive Science and Transdisciplinary Studies, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
- Center for Nitric Oxide Metabolite, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bum Yang
- Department of Medical Non-Commissioned Officer, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Lin Cheng
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Koo Ho
- Center for Nitric Oxide Metabolite, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Center for Nitric Oxide Metabolite, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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Vásquez-Londoño CA, Howes MJR, Costa GM, Arboleda G, Rojas-Cardozo MA. Scutellaria incarnata Vent. root extract and isolated phenylethanoid glycosides are neuroprotective against C 2-ceramide toxicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116218. [PMID: 36738946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Neuronal death is a central process in neurodegenerative diseases and represents a therapeutic challenge for their prevention and treatment. Scutellaria incarnata Vent. roots are used traditionally in Colombia for central nervous system conditions including those affecting cognitive functions, but their chemistry and neuroprotective action remain to be explored to understand the scientific basis for their medicinal uses. In this study, S. incarnata roots are investigated to assess whether they have neuroprotective effects that could provide some explanation for their traditional use in neurodegenerative diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of S. incarnata roots and its chemical constituents against C2-ceramide-induced cell death in Cath.-a-differentiated (CAD) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS S. incarnata root ethanol extract was fractionated and compounds were isolated by column chromatography; their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. The cytotoxic and neuroprotective effects against C2-ceramide of S. incarnata root extract, fractions and isolated compounds were assessed in CAD cells. RESULTS S. incarnata root extract and its n-butanol fraction were not cytotoxic but showed neuroprotective effects against C2-ceramide toxicity in CAD cells. The phenylethanoid glycosides incarnatoside (isolated for the first time) and stachysoside C (12.5, 25 and 50 μg/mL) from S. incarnata roots also protected CAD cells against C2-ceramide without inducing cytotoxic effects. CONCLUSION The observed neuroprotective effects of S. incarnata root extract and isolated phenylethanoid glycosides in CAD cells provide an ethnopharmacological basis for the traditional use of this species in Colombia for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Vásquez-Londoño
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, GIFFUN, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia.
| | | | - Geison M Costa
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Arboleda
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology - Genetic Institute, Bogotá, 111231, Colombia
| | - Maritza A Rojas-Cardozo
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, GIFFUN, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia.
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Bajek-Bil A, Chmiel M, Włoch A, Stompor-Gorący M. Baicalin-Current Trends in Detection Methods and Health-Promoting Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040570. [PMID: 37111327 PMCID: PMC10146343 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalin (7-D-glucuronic acid-5,6-dihydroxyflavone) belongs to natural flavonoids extracted from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, the plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has been proven that baicalin has various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-apoptotic ones. However, it is essential not only to determine the medical usefulness of baicalin, but also to find and develop the most effective methods for its extraction and detection. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current methods of detection and identification of baicalin and to present the medical applications of baicalin and the underlying mechanisms of its action. Based on the review of the latest literature, it can be concluded that liquid chromatography alone or together with mass spectrometry is the most commonly used method for the determination of baicalin. Recently, also new electrochemical methods have been established, e.g., biosensors with fluorescence, which have better detection limits, sensitivity, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Bajek-Bil
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Marcelina Chmiel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Włoch
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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Liu T, Su K, Cai W, Ao H, Li M. Therapeutic potential of puerarin against cerebral diseases: From bench to bedside. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175695. [PMID: 36977450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cerebral diseases is rapidly increasing worldwide, and they have become an important challenge for modern medicine. Most of the available chemical drugs used in the treatment of cerebral diseases are highly toxic and single-targeted. Therefore, novel drugs from natural resources have attracted much attention for their potential to manage cerebral diseases. Puerarin is a natural isoflavone isolated from the roots of Pueraria species such as P. lobata (Willd) Ohwi, P. thomsonii, and P. mirifica. Several authors have reported the beneficial effects of puerarin in cerebral ischemic disease, intracerebral hemorrhage, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, anxiety, and traumatic brain injury. This review summarizes the brain pharmacokinetics, brain drug delivery system, clinical use (in cerebral diseases), toxicity, and the adverse clinical reactions of puerarin. We have systematically presented the pharmacological actions and the molecular mechanisms of puerarin in various cerebral diseases to provide a direction for future research on the therapeutic use of puerarin in cerebral diseases.
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Tani A, Sakakima H, Otsuka S, Mizuno K, Nakanishi K, Norimatsu K, Takada S, Matsuoka T, Matsuzaki R, Nakakogawa T, Maruyama I. Stimulation of functional recovery via neurorepair mechanisms by the traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, Ninjin'yoeito, and physical exercise in a rat ischemic stroke model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115927. [PMID: 36402237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ninjin'yoeito (NYT), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine consisting of 12 herbs, has been reported to improve cognitive dysfunction, depression, and neurological recovery in patients with neurovascular diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Several studies have reported that the NYT components exert neurotrophic, neurogenic, and neuroprotective effects. In addition, exercise enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery after stroke. Rehabilitative exercises and pharmacological agents induce neurophysiological plasticity, leading to functional recovery in stroke patients. These reports indicate that NYT treatment and exercise may promote functional recovery following stroke through their beneficial effects. However, no study has determined the effects of NYT and the possible mechanisms of neurorepair and functional recovery after stroke. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of NYT and exercise on neuroprotection and functional recovery and the underlying mechanisms in a rat ischemic stroke model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stroke was induced with 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. After stroke, the rats were assigned to four groups: ischemia reperfusion (IR), NYT, exercise (Ex), and NYT + Ex. NYT-treated rats were fed a diet containing 1% NYT one day after stroke. Exercise was performed using a motorized treadmill for 5 days a week (8-15 m/min, 20 min/day), starting 3 days after stroke. The NYT treatment and exercise were continued for 4 weeks after the stroke. Infarct volume, neurological deficits, sensorimotor functions, expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and B (TrkB), caspase-3 activity, and the p-Akt/Akt ratio were examined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. RESULTS Compared to the IR group, all treated groups indicated reduced infarct volumes. The NYT + Ex group showed significantly improved waking time and beam walking score compared with the IR group. The expression of NGF/TrkA/p-TrkA and BDNF/TrkB was significantly increased in the NYT + Ex group compared with those in the IR group, whereas the number of caspase-3 positive cells around the lesion was significantly lower in the NYT + Ex group than in the IR group. In addition, the ratio of p-Akt/Akt was significantly higher in the NYT + Ex group than in the IR group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that NYT in combination with exercise provides neuroprotective effects and improves sensorimotor function by stimulating NGF/TrkA and BDNF/TrkB, and by activating the Akt pathway in ischemic stroke of rats. NYT may be an effective adjunctive agent in post-stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Otsuka
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Keita Mizuno
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Kosuke Norimatsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Seiya Takada
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Teruki Matsuoka
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Ryoma Matsuzaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakakogawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Froldi G, Djeujo FM, Bulf N, Caparelli E, Ragazzi E. Comparative Evaluation of the Antiglycation and Anti-α-Glucosidase Activities of Baicalein, Baicalin (Baicalein 7- O-Glucuronide) and the Antidiabetic Drug Metformin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102141. [PMID: 36297576 PMCID: PMC9612222 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new oral antidiabetic drugs remains a priority in medicine. This research aimed to evaluate the activity of the flavonoid baicalein and its natural glucuronide baicalin, compared to the antidiabetic drug metformin, as potential antiglycation, anti–radical, and anti-α–glucosidase agents, in order to assess their potential role in counteracting hyperglycemia-induced tissue damage. The study considered: (i) the BSA assay, to detect the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), (ii) the GK peptide–ribose assay, which evaluates the cross–linking between the peptide and ribose, and (iii) the carbonyl content assay to detect the total carbonyl content, as a biomarker of tissue damage. In addition, to obtain a reliable picture of the antiglycation capacity of the investigated compounds, DPPH scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays were performed. Furthermore, the anti–α–glucosidase activity of baicalein and baicalin was detected. Furthermore, to estimate cell permeability, preliminarily, the cytotoxicity of baicalein and baicalin was evaluated in HT–29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells using the MTT assay. Successively, the ability of the compounds to pass through the cytoplasmic membranes of HT–29 cells was detected as a permeability screen to predict in vivo absorption, showing that baicalein passes into cells even if it is quickly modified in various metabolites, being its main derivative baicalin. Otherwise, baicalin per se did not pass through cell membranes. Data show that baicalein is the most active compound in reducing glycation, α-glucosidase activity, and free radicals, while baicalin exhibited similar activities, but did not inhibit the enzyme α–glucosidase.
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Xu W, Chen D, Zhang Z, Liu S, Chen C, Sun C, Ni W, Kang X, Shang G, Wang X, Cheng F, Wang Q. Toxicological safety evaluation of Qin-Zhi-Zhu-Dan formula in rats during the treatment and recovery periods. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:987997. [PMID: 36091824 PMCID: PMC9453232 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.987997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Qinzhi Zhudan Formula (QZZD), optimized from Angong Niuhuang Wan, consists of Radix Scutellariae, Fructus Gardeniae and Pulvis Fellis Suis. We had investigated the neuroprotective effects of QZZD and its active components, and demonstrated that it could treat cerebral ischemia and dementia through multiple pathways and mechanisms. Nevertheless, toxicological data on this formula still remains limited. In the study, we sought to examine the toxicological effects of QZZD during the treatment and recovery periods.Methods: We investigated potential toxicities of QZZD in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via 28-day gavage administration. SD rats were randomly divided into control group and treatment groups of A (0.5 g/kg/d QZZD), B (1.5 g/kg/d QZZD), and C (5.0 g/kg/d QZZD). The 56-day course includes treatment period (administration with water or QZZD once a day for 28 consecutive days) and recovery period (28 days). The rats received daily monitoring of general signs of toxicity and mortality, as well as weekly determination of body weight and food consumption. Moreover, the complete blood cell count, biochemistry, coagulation, and urine indicators, organ weights, and histopathological report were analyzed respectively at the end of the treatment and recovery periods.Results: There was no death related to the active pharmaceutical ingredients of QZZD during the treatment period. The maximum no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 0.5 g/kg/d, which is approximately 16.7 times of the equivalent dose of clinical dose in rats. In group TB (1.5 g/kg/d QZZD) and TC (5.0 g/kg/d QZZD), there were adverse effects of blue coloring of tail skin, weight loss, a significant increase of total bilirubin (TBIL), blackening of liver and kidney in gross examination, hyperplasia of bile duct and karyomegaly of hepatocytes in histopathological examination. Besides, in females rats, the food consumption was reduced, while in male rats, there was decrease in triglycerides (TG) and slight increase in white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophils. In group TC (5.0 g/kg/d QZZD), the indicators of red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) were decreased slightly, while the platelet count (PLT) was increased. However, these changes were not considered to be toxicologically significant because they resolved during the recovery period.Conclusion: Overall, QZZD exhibited a good safety profile. The maximum no observed adverse effect level was 0.5 g/kg/d, and no target organs toxicity were identified. The present findings might confirm the safety of QZZD in clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Congai Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Ni
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Kang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guojiao Shang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqian Wang, ; Fafeng Cheng, ; Qingguo Wang,
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqian Wang, ; Fafeng Cheng, ; Qingguo Wang,
| | - Qingguo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqian Wang, ; Fafeng Cheng, ; Qingguo Wang,
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Effects of Origanum vulgare and Scutellaria baicalensis on the Physiological Activity and Biochemical Parameters of the Blood in Rats on a High-Fat Diet. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of medicinal plants play a primary role in the mild correction of body weight in humans and animals, reducing the accumulation of fat in their bodies during a state of obesity. Origanum vulgare L. and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi are widely used as food additives and medicinal plants, but their comprehensive physiological evaluation in model animals in a state of obesity has not been carried out. In a 30-day laboratory experiment on male rats which had developed obesity through a hypercaloric diet, the effects of adding the dry crushed grass O. vulgare or dry crushed roots of S. baicalensis to their feed was evaluated. During the experiment, the rats fed with O. vulgare increased in body weight to only 105.5% of their initial weight, while the body weight of the control group increased to 111.5%, and that of animals fed on S. baicalensis increased to 124.0% of their initial body weight. The average daily increase in the rats’ body weight when O. vulgare was added to their diet decreased to 205 mg/day, and when S. baicalensis was added, on the contrary, it increased to 1417 mg/day, compared to 700 mg/day among the control group. Under the influence of O. vulgare, the lipid metabolism of the rats normalized: the atherogenic index decreased to 33.7%, compared with the values of the control group, due to an increase in the concentration of high-density lipoproteins from cholesterol. The concentration of triglycerides decreased, and the concentration of glucose decreased. The roots of S. baicalensis being added into the diet of rats increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase and decreased the concentration of urea. The atherogenic index also decreased (by up to 35.5% in the control group) and the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased, while the concentrations of triglycerides and glucose decreased. The physical activity of the rats showed a slight tendency to decrease when both O. vulgare and S. baicalensis were added to their diet. Both plant species contributed to a decrease in the emotional status of animals, which was most pronounced when the O. vulgare grass was added to the feed. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of the use of O. vulgare and S. baicalensis as herbal supplementations for the correction of hyperlipidemia and type-2 diabetes mellitus in overweight patients.
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Lin Y, Wang ZY, Wang MJ, Jiang ZM, Qin YQ, Huang TQ, Song Y, Liang HT, Liu EH. Baicalin attenuate diet-induced metabolic syndrome by improving abnormal metabolism and gut microbiota. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:174996. [PMID: 35513018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examined whether baicalin (BC), a bioactive flavonoid in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, can reduce high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in mice. The UPLC-QTOF/MS was used for metabolome profiles analysis, and an analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA in feces was used to examine the effects of BC on gut microbiota composition. Our results showed that BC (400 mg/kg) could reduce the body weight gain, decrease hepatic fat accumulation and abnormal blood lipids, and increase insulin sensitivity after 8 weeks of treatment. BC could reverse the alteration of 7 metabolites induced by HFD and the metabolic pathways responsive to BC intervention including citrate cycle, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. 16S rDNA analysis demonstrated that BC altered the composition and function of gut microbiota in MetS mice. Notably, we found that the change in succinic acid was negatively associated with the changes in Bacteroides and Sutterella, and positively associated with the change in Mucispirillum. Moreover, we confirmed that succinic acid displayed a metabolic protective effect on MetS mice. The antibiotic treatment verified that BC exerts metabolic protection through gut microbiota. Our findings suggested BC may be a potential therapeutic drug to ameliorate diet induced MetS and gut microbiome may be a novel mechanistic target of BC for treatment of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Public Experimental Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ma-Jie Wang
- Public Experimental Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng-Meng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Song
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hui-Ting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Baicalein Attenuates Severe Polymicrobial Sepsis via lleviating Immune Dysfunction of T Lymphocytes and Inflammation. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:711-718. [PMID: 35355199 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of baicalein on polymicrobial sepsis-induced immune dysfunction and organ injury. METHODS A sepsis model was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats via caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Specific pathogen free rats were randomly divided into a sham group, CLP group and CLP + baicalein (Bai) group (n=16 each). Rats in the CLP + Bai group were intravenously injected with baicalein (20 mg/kg) at 1 and 10 h after CLP. Survival rate, bacterial load, and organ damage were assessed. Then each group was evaluated at 6, 12, and 24 h to investigate the effect of baicalein on immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in septic rats. RESULTS Baicalein treatment significantly improved the survival of septic rats, decreased the bacterial burden, and moderated tissue damage (spleen, liver, and lung), as observed by haematoxylin and eosin staining. Septic rats treated with baicalein had strikingly increased proportions of CD3+CD4+ T cells and ratios of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood and spleen (all P<0.05). Moreover, baicalein treatment decreased the apoptotic rate of whole white blood cells and spleen cells at 24 h after surgery (P<0.05). Baicalein significantly reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and increased IL-10, and the expression levels of galectin 9 were also raised in the spleen (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Baicalein may be an effective immunomodulator that attenuates overwhelming inflammatory responses in severe abdominal sepsis.
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Muhammad F, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Yang H, Li H. Antioxidative role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114821. [PMID: 34838943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Neuroprotective Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been practiced in alternative medicine from early days. TCM-derived neuroprotective compounds, such as Chrysin, Cannabidiol, Toonasinoids, and β-asaron, exert significant effectiveness's towards Parkinson's disease (PD). Further, these neuroprotective TCM showed antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-septic, analgesic properties. Recent research showed that the reduction in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased the α-synuclein (α-syn) toxicity and enhanced the dopaminergic neuron regenerations, the main hallmarks of PD. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of novel TCM due to its antiradical activities needed deep investigations. AIMS OF THE STUDY This review aims to enlighten the neuroprotective TCM and its components with their antioxidative properties to the scientific community for future research. METHOD The relevant information on the neuroprotective TCM was gathered from scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Wiley Online Library, ACS Publications, and CNKI). Information was also gained from MS and Ph.D. thesis, books, and online databases. The literature cited in this review dates from 2001 to June 2, 0201. RESULTS Novel therapies for PD are accessible, mostly rely on Rivastigmine and Donepezil, offers to slow down the progression of disease at an early stage but embraces lots of disadvantages. Researchers are trying to find a potential drug against PD, which is proficient at preventing or curing the disease progress, but still needed to be further identified. Oxidative insult and mitochondrial dysfunction are thought to be the main culprit of neurodegenerations. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the only causative agent in all interactions, leading to PD, from mitochondrial dysfunctions, α-syn aggregative toxicity, and DA neurons degenerations. It is evident from the redox balance, which seems an imperative therapeutic approach against PD and was necessary for the significant neuronal activities. CONCLUSION Our study is explaining the newly discovered TCM and their neuroprotective and antioxidative properties. But also bring up the possible treatment approaches against PD for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Muhammad
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Yongtao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Parkinson's Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Instiute of Biology Gansu Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Hongyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang West Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
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Tan Y, Zhang J, Yang K, Xu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Peng T, Wang X, Liu Z, Wei P, Li N, Zhang Z, Liu T, Hua Q. Anti-Stroke Chinese Herbal Medicines Inhibit Abnormal Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Processing in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:261-272. [PMID: 34776438 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs), as an important and integral part of a larger system of medicine practiced in China, called Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), have been used in stroke therapy for centuries. A large body of studies suggest that some Chinese herbs can help reverse cognitive impairment in stroke patients, while whether these herbs also exert therapeutic benefits for Alzheimer's disease remains to be seen. OBJECTIVE To address this issue, we selected four types of CHMs that are commonly prescribed for stroke treatment in clinical practice, namely DengZhanXiXin (D1), TongLuoJiuNao (T2), QingKaiLing (Q3), and HuangQinGan (H4), and tested their effects on amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing in vitro. METHODS AβPP, β-secretase (BACE1), and 99-amino acid C-terminal fragment of AβPP (C99) stably transfected cells were used for the tests of AβPP processing. The production of Aβ, activity of BACE1, neprilysin (NEP), and γ-secretase were assessed by ELISA, RT-PCR, and western blot. RESULTS By upregulating BACE1 activity, D1 increased Aβ production whereas decreased the ratio of Aβ 42/Aβ 40; by downregulating BACE1 activity and modulating the expression of γ-secretase, T2 decreased Aβ production and the ratio of Aβ 42/Aβ 40; by downregulating BACE1 activity, Q3 decreased Aβ production; H4 did not change Aβ production due to the simultaneously downregulation of BACE1 and NEP activity. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that these four anti-stroke CHMs regulate AβPP processing through different mechanisms. Particularly, T2 with relatively simple components and prominent effect on AβPP processing may be a promising candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weihang Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Peng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoheng Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hua
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Liu H, Cheng Y, Chu J, Wu M, Yan M, Wang D, Xie Q, Ali F, Fang Y, Wei L, Yang Y, Shen A, Peng J. Baicalin attenuates angiotensin II-induced blood pressure elevation and modulates MLCK/p-MLC signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112124. [PMID: 34492423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is an extensively used medicinal herb for the treatment of hypertension in traditional Chinese medicine. Baicalin, is an important flavonoid in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extracts, which exhibits therapeutic effects on anti-hypertension, but its underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored. Therefore, we investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of Baicalin on anti-hypertension. In vivo studies revealed that Baicalin treatment significantly attenuated the elevation in blood pressure, the pulse propagation and thickening of the abdominal aortic wall in C57BL/6 mice infused with Angiotensin II (Ang II). Moreover, RNA-sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses identified 537 differentially expressed transcripts and multiple enriched signaling pathways (including vascular smooth muscle contraction and calcium signaling pathway). Consistently, we found that Baicalin pretreatment significantly alleviated the Ang II induced constriction of abdominal aortic ring, while promoted NE pre-contracted vasodilation of abdominal aortic ring at least partly dependent on L-type calcium channel. In addition, Ang II stimulation significantly increased cell viability and PCNA expression, while were attenuated after Baicalin treatment. Moreover, Baicalin pretreatment attenuated Ang II-induced intracellular Ca2+ release, Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression and activation of MLCK/p-MLC pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The present work further addressed the pharmacological and mechanistic insights on anti-hypertension of Baicalin, which may help better understand the therapeutic effect of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on anti-hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aorta, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Hypertension/chemically induced
- Hypertension/enzymology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myosin Light Chains/metabolism
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Rats, Wistar
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jianfeng Chu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Meizhu Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Mengchao Yan
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Di Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Farman Ali
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Aling Shen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
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Yang S, Fu Q, Deng H, Liu Z, Zhong J, Zhu X, Wang Q, Sun C, Wu J. Mechanisms and molecular targets of the Yu-Ping-Feng powder for allergic rhinitis, based on network pharmacology. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26929. [PMID: 34477124 PMCID: PMC8415986 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Yu-Ping-Feng powder (YPFP) has been used to treat allergic rhinitis (AR) for centuries. However, the mechanisms underlying its effects or its molecular targets in AR treatment are yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the active compounds of YPFP and their targets were collected and identified from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database. Moreover, AR-associated targets were acquired from the GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database. Proteins interactions network of YPFP presumed targets and AR-associated targets were examined and merged to reveal the candidate YPFP targets against AR.Cytoscape software and BisoGenet Database were employed to perform the Visualization and Integrated Discovery (Cluster Profiler R package, version: 3.8.1). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and genome pathway analyses. To identify the key target genes, a gene-pathway network has been constructed.We identified 44 effective active compounds and 622 YPFP targets. Also 1324 target genes related to AR were identified. Twenty pathways, including those of AGE-RAGE signaling, fluid shear stress, atherosclerosis, PI3K-Akt signaling, and tumor necrosis factor signaling was enriched significantly. MAPK1 was identified as the core gene, while others including RELA, AKT1, NFKBIA, IL6, and JUN, were also important in the gene-pathway network. Clearly, network pharmacology can be applied in revealing the molecular targets and mechanisms of action of complex herbal preparations.These findings suggested that YPFP could treat AR by regulating immunological functions, diminishing inflammation, and improving immunity through different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qinwei Fu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Deng
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Zhong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Chuanhui Sun
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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Subedi L, Gaire BP. Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin in Cerebral Ischemia: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2562-2572. [PMID: 34251185 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being a major global health concern, cerebral ischemia/stroke has limited therapeutic options. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only available medication to manage acute ischemic stroke, but this medication is associated with adverse effects and has a narrow therapeutic time window. Curcumin, a polyphenol that is abundantly present in the rhizome of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), has shown promising neuroprotective effects in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral ischemia. In the central nervous system (CNS), neuroprotective effects of curcumin have been experimentally validated in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral ischemia. Curcumin can exert pleiotropic effects in the postischemic brain including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, vasculoprotective, and direct neuroprotective efficacies. Importantly, neuroprotective effects of curcumin has been reported in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models. A broad-spectrum neuroprotective efficacy of curcumin suggested that curcumin can be an appealing therapeutic strategy to treat cerebral ischemia. In this review, we aimed to address the pharmacotherapeutic potential of curcumin in cerebral ischemia including its cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection revealing curcumin as an appealing therapeutic candidate for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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18
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Subedi L, Gaire BP. Tanshinone IIA: A phytochemical as a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105661. [PMID: 33971269 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones, lipophilic diterpenes isolated from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, have diverse pharmacological activities against human ailments including neurological diseases. In fact, tanshinones have been used to treat heart diseases, stroke, and vascular diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. During the last decade, tanshinones have been the most widely studied phytochemicals for their neuroprotective effects against experimental models of cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's diseases. Importantly, tanshinone IIA, mostly studied tanshinone for biological activities, is recently reported to attenuate blood-brain barrier permeability among stroke patients, suggesting tanshinone IIA as an appealing therapeutic candidate for neurological diseases. Tanshinone I and IIA are also effective in experimental models of Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, and other neuroinflammatory diseases. In addition, several experimental studies suggested the pleiotropic neuroprotective effects of tanshinones such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and BBB protectant further value aiding to tanshinone as an appealing therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to compile the recent updates and cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection of tanshinone IIA in diverse neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Yoshioka Y, Kamata Y, Tominaga M, Umehara Y, Yoshida I, Matsuoka N, Takamori K. Extract of Scutellaria baicalensis induces semaphorin 3A production in human epidermal keratinocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250663. [PMID: 33905439 PMCID: PMC8078742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a disease-state-dependent manner, the histamine-resistant itch in dry skin-based skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and xerosis is mainly due to hyperinnervation in the epidermis. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a nerve repulsion factor expressed in keratinocytes and it suppresses nerve fiber elongation in the epidermis. Our previous studies have shown that Sema3A ointment inhibits epidermal hyperinnervation and scratching behavior and improves dermatitis scores in AD model mice. Therefore, we consider Sema3A as a key therapeutic target for improving histamine-resistant itch in AD and xerosis. This study was designed to screen a library of herbal plant extracts to discover compounds with potential to induce Sema3A in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) using a reporter gene assay, so that positive samples were found. Among the positive samples, only the extract of S. baicalensis was found to consistently increase Sema3A levels in cultured NHEKs in assays using quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. In evaluation of reconstituted human epidermis models, the level of Sema3A protein in culture supernatants significantly increased by application of the extract of S. baicalensis. In addition, we investigated which components in the extract of S. baicalensis contributed to Sema3A induction and found that baicalin and baicalein markedly increased the relative luciferase activity, and that baicalein had higher induction activity than baicalin. Thus, these findings suggest that S. baicalensis extract and its compounds, baicalin and baicalein, may be promising candidates for improving histamine-resistant itch via the induction of Sema3A expression in epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yoshioka
- Central R&D Laboratory, Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kamata
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshie Umehara
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Yoshida
- Central R&D Laboratory, Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuya Matsuoka
- Central R&D Laboratory, Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kumar R, Harilal S, Parambi DGT, Narayanan SE, Uddin MS, Marathakam A, Jose J, Mathew GE, Mathew B. Fascinating Chemopreventive Story of Wogonin: A Chance to Hit on the Head in Cancer Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:467-478. [PMID: 32338206 DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200427083040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, global havoc, is a group of debilitating diseases that strikes family as well as society. Cancer cases are drastically increasing these days. Despite many therapies and surgical procedures available, cancer is still difficult to control due to limited effective therapies or targeted therapies. Natural products can produce lesser side effects to the normal cells, which are the major demerit of chemotherapies and radiation. Wogonin, a natural product extracted from the plant, Scutellaria baicalensis has been widely studied and found with a high caliber to tackle most of the cancers via several mechanisms that include intrinsic as well as extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways, carcinogenesis diminution, telomerase activity inhibition, metastasis inhibition in the inflammatory microenvironment, anti-angiogenesis, cell growth inhibition and arrest of the cell cycle, increased generation of H2O2 and accumulation of Ca2+ and also as an adjuvant along with anticancer drugs. This article discusses the role of wogonin in various cancers, its synergism with various drugs, and the mechanism by which wogonin controls tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Seetha Harilal
- Department of Pharmacy, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Della G T Parambi
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siju E Narayanan
- P.G. Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government Medical College, Kannur-670503, India
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Akash Marathakam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National College of Pharmacy, Calicut, India
| | - Jobin Jose
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, NITTE Deemed to be University, Manglore, 575018, India
| | - Githa E Mathew
- Department of Pharmacology, Grace College of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, 678557, Kerala, India
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Subedi L, Gaire BP. Phytochemicals as regulators of microglia/macrophages activation in cerebral ischemia. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shen J, Li P, Liu S, Liu Q, Li Y, Sun Y, He C, Xiao P. Traditional uses, ten-years research progress on phytochemistry and pharmacology, and clinical studies of the genus Scutellaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113198. [PMID: 32739568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellaria (Lamiaceae), which includes approximately 360-469 accepted species, is widespread in Europe, North America, East Asia, and South America. Several species have a long history being used as traditional medicines to treat respiratory, peptic, neurological, and hepatic and gall diseases. The phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Scutellaria have been developed dramatically in the past ten years, and the traditional uses and clinical studies of the genus have not been systematically summarized. Therefore, it is especially valuable to review the current state of knowledge to provide a basis for further exploration of its medicinal potential. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to provide updated information on the ethnopharmacology, the ten-year research progress of phytochemistry and pharmacology, and clinical studies of Scutellaria and to explore the potential medicinal values and further studies of Scutellaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is based on published studies and books from the library and electronic sources, including SciFinder, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, the online ethnobotanical database, and ethnobotanical monographs. This literature is related to ethnopharmacology, the ten-year research progress on the phytochemistry and pharmacology, and clinical studies of Scutellaria. RESULTS A total of 50 species, 5 subspecies and 17 varieties of the genus Scutellaria are used as traditional medicine with various biological activities. In the past ten years, 208 chemical constituents have been identified from 16 species and 1 variety of the genus Scutellaria, such as neo-clerodane diterpenoids, sesterterpenoids, terpenoids, flavonoids. Pharmacological research has demonstrated that the extracts and compounds identified from this genus exhibit extensive biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial activities, effects on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases as well as hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects. The species S. baicalensis, S. barbata, and S. lateriflora and the main compounds baicalein, baicalin and wogonin are involved in clinical trials, which point the way for us to conduct further studies, such as study on the anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and other effects of Scutellaria. CONCLUSIONS The species included in the genus Scutellaria can be used to treat cancer, infection, hepatic disorders, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and other diseases. Some indications in traditional medicines have been confirmed by modern pharmacological studies, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective activity, and hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects. The available literature indicated that most of the bioactivities could be attributed to flavonoids and neo-clerodane diterpenoids. Although there are some uses of Scutellaria in clinical practice, the existing research on this genus is still limited. In order to expand the development of medicinal resources of Scutellaria, the already studied species in this genus are recommended for more comprehensive investigation on their active substances, pharmacological mechanisms, quality control, clinical use and new drug research. Additionally, it is necessary to study species that their chemical composition or pharmacological activity have not yet been investigated, especially those used in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Pei Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yuhua Sun
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, 830004, China.
| | - Chunnian He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wang W, Hu S, Cao Y, Chen R, Wang Z, Cao X. Selection and evaluation of reference genes for qRT-PCR of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi under different experimental conditions. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1115-1126. [PMID: 33511512 PMCID: PMC7842394 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a famous medicinal plant with its dried roots having been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal for more than 2000 years. Although its genome sequence has previously been published and molecular biology methods have been used to study this species, no suitable internal reference genes have been investigated for standardization of gene expression via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Here, the stabilities of 10 candidate reference genes, ACT11, ACT7, α-TUB, β-TUB, GAPDH, UBC, RPL, SAM, HSP70, and PP2A, were analyzed by four different procedures of GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. Their expression stabilities were evaluated under various conditions, including different tissue types (root, stem, leaf, and flower), hormone stimuli treatments (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid), and abiotic stresses (heavy metal, salt, drought, cold, and wounding). The results indicated that β-TUB was the most stable gene for all tested samples, while ACT11 was the most unstable. The most stable reference gene was not consistent under different conditions. β-TUB exhibited the highest stability for different tissue types and abiotic stresses, while for hormone stimuli treatments, ACT7 showed the highest stability. To confirm the applicability of suitable reference genes, we selected to SbF6H and SbF8H as target genes to analyze their expression levels in different tissues. This study helps to the accurate quantification of the relative expression levels of interest genes in S. baicalensis via qRT-PCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Suying Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of baicalin in cerebrovascular and neurological disorders. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:314-324. [PMID: 32858128 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play an extraordinary role in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders. Baicalin is one of the important flavonoids, which is extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Recently, numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that baicalin has salutary effects for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory and has been demonstrated to exert beneficial therapeutic properties in cerebrovascular and neurological diseases. In this review, we aim to discuss that baicalin exerts anti-inflammatory effects through multiple pathways and targets, thus affecting the production of a variety of inflammatory cytokines and neuroprotective process of neurological diseases; furthermore, the related targets of the anti-inflammatory effects of baicalin were analyzed via using the tools of network pharmacology, to provide theoretical basis and innovative ideas for the future clinical application of baicalin.
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Liu T, Luo J, Bi G, Du Z, Kong J, Chen Y. Antibacterial synergy between linezolid and baicalein against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in vivo. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104411. [PMID: 32745664 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can form biofilms, which prevents the penetration of antibiotics, decreasing their efficacy. This study investigated whether baicalein has synergistic antibacterial effects with linezolid in vivo. We cultivated MRSA 17546 biofilms on silicone implants and inserted them into the air pouches of rat models. The rats were treated with linezolid, baicalein, or a combination therapy for three consecutive days. All treatments reduced the number of colony-forming units (CFU) in the biofilms compared to the control (p < 0.05). However, by day two, the CFU counts were significantly lower in the combination group than in the individual treatment groups (p < 0.05). Histological analysis of the air pouches showed that the severity of the inflammatory cell infiltration was severe in the combination therapy group. In the combination group, the biofilm structure on the implant's surface was sparse and more free colonies could be seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); by day three, no obvious biofilm was observed. The serum levels of Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) were the lowest in the group where rats were treated with the combination of baicalein and linezolid (p < 0.05) compared to other groups. The results suggest that baicalein may inhibit the accessory gene regulator system, reducing the expression of SEA, thus lowering CRP and PCT levels. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was more pronounced when baicalein was combined with linezolid. These results provide an important basis for the development of a new combination regimen to treat patients with biofilm-associated MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangjuan Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guan Bi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhongye Du
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinliang Kong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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Wang ZY, Jiang ZM, Xiao PT, Jiang YQ, Liu WJ, Liu EH. The mechanisms of baicalin ameliorate obesity and hyperlipidemia through a network pharmacology approach. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 878:173103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Song X, Gong Z, Liu K, Kou J, Liu B, Liu K. Baicalin combats glutamate excitotoxicity via protecting glutamine synthetase from ROS-induced 20S proteasomal degradation. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101559. [PMID: 32473460 PMCID: PMC7260594 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many neuroprotective approaches targeting neurons in animal models fail to provide benefits for the treatment of ischemic stroke in clinic and glial cells have become the targets in some basic studies. Baicalin has neuroprotective effects but the mechanisms related to glial cells are not revealed. This study investigated whether and how baicalin can combat excitotoxicity via protecting the functions of astrocytes in early stage of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult by focusing on glutamine synthetase (GS). Experimental approach The role of baicalin was explored in primary astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Key results Mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activation led to an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via reverse electron transport (RET) under conditions of OGD/R or I/R, which increased the carbonylation and proteasomal degradation of GS in astrocytes. Treatment of baicalin decreased the oxidative stress mediated by SDH and reduced the subsequent loss of GS. This effect increased the glutamate disposal by astrocytes and protected neurons from excitotoxicity in response to I/R insults. Conclusions and implications Baicalin inactivated SDH to suppress ROS production and protected GS protein stability against oxidative stress, contributing to the improvement of the glutamate disposal and decrease in excitotoxicity. These results suggest that protection of GS stability in astrocytes might be an effective strategy to prevent neuronal injury in acute ischemic stroke. SDH activation induced the excessive ROS production during early reperfusion. Activated SDH-induced GS degradation by 20S proteasome impaired glutamate disposal. Baicalin inactivated SDH, decreased GS loss and suppressed excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrui Song
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zixuan Gong
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Kaili Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Junping Kou
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Heo SH, Song J, Kim BJ, Kim H, Chang DI. Rationale and design to assess the efficacy and safety of HT047 in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase II trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17655. [PMID: 31651889 PMCID: PMC6824685 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though several neuroprotective agents have been evaluated as potential treatments for acute ischemic stroke, none have demonstrated a definitive treatment efficacy, which remains elusive. HT047 is an herbal extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and Pueraria lobata, both of which have been widely used to treat ischemic stroke in traditional Korean medicine. The aims of this trial are to investigate whether HT047 can improve neurologic status, particularly motor function, in acute ischemic stroke patients, and to determine the safety of HT047. METHODS A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 3-arm parallel group, phase II trial will be conducted in patients who have had an acute ischemic stroke within the past 14 days. The participating patients must have a Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) motor score ≤55, with arm or leg weakness, and Korean version of the National Institutes of Health Stroke scale (K-NIHSS) score of ≥4 and ≤15. Seventy-eight participants will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio and given high-dose HT047 (750 mg 3 times a day), low-dose HT047 (500 mg 3 times a day), or a placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint is the change in FMA motor score between baseline and week 12. Secondary endpoints are as follows: the change in FMA motor score at weeks 4 and 8 from baseline; the change in FMA motor score at weeks 4, 8, and 12 from baseline according to the timing of treatment initiation (either within 1 week, or 1-2 weeks), or according to the presence of prognostic risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, etc); the change in K-NIHSS and Korean versions of the modified Rankin scale (K-mRS) and the modified Barthel index at weeks 4 and 12 from baseline; and the proportion of subjects at week 12 with a K-NIHSS score of 0 to 2, or with K-mRS scores of 0, ≤1, and ≤2. DISCUSSION This study is a 1st-in-human trial of HT047 to explore the efficacy and safety in acute ischemic stroke patients. The results will provide the appropriate dosage and evidence of therapeutic benefit of HT047 for stroke recovery. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02828540) Registered July 11, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyuk Heo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital
| | - Jungbin Song
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, Kyung Hee University College of Korean Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, Kyung Hee University College of Korean Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Il Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital
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The involvement of NF- κB/P38 pathways in Scutellaria baicalensis extracts attenuating of Escherichia coli K88-induced acute intestinal injury in weaned piglets. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:152-161. [PMID: 31006408 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts (SBE) on intestinal health in terms of morphology, barrier integrity and immune responses in weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli K88. A total of seventy-two weaned piglets were assigned into two groups to receive a basal diet without including antibiotic additives or the basal diet supplemented 1000 mg SBE/kg diet for 14 d. On day 15, twelve healthy piglets from each group were selected to expose to oral administration of either 10 ml 1 × 109 colony-forming units of E. coli K88 or the vehicle control. After 48 h of E.coli K88 challenge, blood was sampled, and then all piglets were killed humanely for harvesting jejunal and ileal samples. Dietary supplementation of SBE significantly decreased diarrhoea frequency and improved feed conversion ratio (P < 0·05). SBE supplementation to E.coli K88-challenged piglets improved villous height and villous height/crypt depth (P < 0·05), recovered the protein expression of occludin and zonula occludens-2 in both the jejunum and ileum (P < 0·05), and mitigated the increases in plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IgA and IgG (P < 0·05). Meanwhile, dietary SBE effectively inhibited the stimulation of NF-κB, P38 and TNF-α as well as IL-1β in the small intestine of piglets challenged by E. coli K88 and prevented the activation of NF-κB/P38 signalling pathways (P < 0·05). Collectively, SBE supplementation can potently attenuate diarrhoea in weaning piglets and decrease inflammatory cytokine expressions through inhibiting the NF-κB and P38 signalling pathways.
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Zhang L, Liu X, Yang H, Zhao R, Liu C, Zhang R, Zhang Q. Comparative pharmacokinetic study on phenolic acids and flavonoids in spinal cord injury rats plasma by UPLC-MS/MS after single and combined oral administration of danshen and huangqin extract. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 172:103-112. [PMID: 31029799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chinese medicinal herbs danshen and huangqin have attracted attention in spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. Purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of 4 phenolic acids and 4 flavonoids in SCI rat plasma after orally administrate danshen, huangqin and combined extract of these two herbs (CDH). Thus, a rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneously quantitative determination of tanshinol, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, salvianolic acid A, baicalein, baicalin, wogonin and wogonoside. After inducing a contusion injury by a weight-drop device, SCI rats were orally administrated a single dose (12.5 g/kg) of danshen, huangqin and CDH extracts, respectively. Then, blood samples at different time points were collected and analyzed. In CDH group, Cmax and AUC of tanshinol, protocatechualdehyde and protocatechuic acid significantly declined, while those of salvianolic acid A enhanced. These changes were beneficial for danshen to treat SCI. As for flavonoids, double peaks were observed in huangqin group, while this phenomenon disappeared in CDH group. Concomitantly, Cmax and AUC declined after administrated CDH. These alterations were due to influence of danshen active constituents on absorption and transportation process of flavonoids. Therefore, danshen and huangqin significantly influenced pharmacokinetic profile and parameters of each other, thus exert synergistic therapeutic effect in SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xifang Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine orthopaedic, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Ciucui Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
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Park C, Choi EO, Kim GY, Hwang HJ, Kim BW, Yoo YH, Park HT, Choi YH. Protective Effect of Baicalein on Oxidative Stress-induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis in RT4-D6P2T Schwann Cells. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:8-16. [PMID: 30662323 PMCID: PMC6332490 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.29692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to its high antioxidant activity, baicalein, a kind of flavonoid present in Radical Scutellariae, has various pharmacological effects. However, the protective effect against oxidative stress in Schwann cells, which plays an important role in peripheral neuropathy, has not yet been studied. In this study, the effects of baicalein on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in RT4-D6P2T Schwann cells were evaluated. Methods: Cell viability assay was performed using MTT assay and colony formation assay. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry analysis and DNA fragmentation assay. The effects on DNA damage and ATP content were analyzed by comet method and luminometer. In addition, changes in protein expression were observed by Western blotting. Results: Our results show that baicalein significantly inhibits H2O2-induced cytotoxicity through blocking reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. We also demonstrate that baicalein is to block H2O2-induced DNA damage as evidenced by inhibition of DNA tail formation and γH2AX phosphorylation. Moreover, baicalein significantly attenuated H2O2-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, and restored inhibition of ATP production. The suppression of apoptosis by baicalein in H2O2-stimulated cells was associated with reduction of increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activation of caspase-9 and -3, and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that baicalein eliminates H2O2-induced apoptosis through conservation of mitochondrial function by the removal of ROS. Therefore, it is suggested that baicalein protects Schwann cells from oxidative stress, and may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of peripheral neuropathy induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ok Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Nursing, Healthcare Sciences & Human Ecology, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
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Rehman MU, Wali AF, Ahmad A, Shakeel S, Rasool S, Ali R, Rashid SM, Madkhali H, Ganaie MA, Khan R. Neuroprotective Strategies for Neurological Disorders by Natural Products: An update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:247-267. [PMID: 30207234 PMCID: PMC6425075 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180911124605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has bestowed mankind with surplus resources (natural products) on land and water. Natural products have a significant role in the prevention of disease and boosting of health in humans and animals. These natural products have been experimentally documented to possess various biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. In vitro and in vivo studies have further established the usefulness of natural products in various preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders. Natural products include phytoconstituents, like polyphenolic antioxidants, found in herbs, fruits, nuts, vegetables and also in marine and freshwater flora. These phytoconstituents may potentially suppress neurodegeneration and improve memory as well as cognitive functions of the brain. Also, they are known to play a pivotal role in the prevention and cure of different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and other neuronal disorders. The large-scale neuro-pharmacological activities of natural products have been documented due to the result of either the inhibition of inflammatory processes, or the up-regulation of various cell survival proteins or a combination of both. Due to the scarcity of human studies on neuroprotective effects of natural products, this review focuses on the various established activities of natural products in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, and their potential neuro-therapeutic applications using the available knowledge in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rehan Khan
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase X, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India; E-mail:
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Jeong JY, Cha HJ, Choi EO, Kim CH, Kim GY, Yoo YH, Hwang HJ, Park HT, Yoon HM, Choi YH. Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway contributes to the protective effects of baicalein against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in HEI193 Schwann cells. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:145-155. [PMID: 30662338 PMCID: PMC6332480 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein, a flavonoid extracted from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi., has various pharmacological effects due to its high antioxidant activity. However, no study has yet been conducted on the protective efficacy of baicalein against oxidative stress in Schwann cells. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of baicalein on DNA damage and apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in HEI193 Schwann cells. For this purpose, HEI193 cells exposed to H2O2 in the presence or absence of baicalein were applied to cell viability assay, immunoblotting, Nrf2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, comet assay, and flow cytometry analyses. Our results showed that baicalein effectively inhibited H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage associated with the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Baicalein also weakened H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activated caspase-9 and -3, and degraded poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, baicalein increased not only the expression but also the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and promoted the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a critical target enzyme of Nrf2, although the expression of kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 was decreased. However, the inhibition of Nrf2 expression by transfection with Nrf2-siRNA transfection abolished the expression of HO-1 and antioxidant potential of baicalein. These results demonstrate that baicalein attenuated H2O2-induced apoptosis through the conservation of mitochondrial function while eliminating ROS in HEI193 Schwann cells, and the antioxidant efficacy of baicalein implies at least a Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway-dependent mechanism. Therefore, it is suggested that baicalein may have a beneficial effect on the prevention and treatment of peripheral neuropathy induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeob Jeong
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibution, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ok Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hong Kim
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibution, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Nursing, Healthcare Sciences & Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Tae Park
- Department of Physiology, Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Yoon
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibution, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
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Baicalin, the major component of traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis induces colon cancer cell apoptosis through inhibition of oncomiRNAs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14477. [PMID: 30262902 PMCID: PMC6160418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most frequently occurring cancers worldwide. Baicalin is isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and is its dominant flavonoid. Anticancer activity of baicalin has been evaluated in different types of cancers, especially in CRC. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the contribution of baicalin to the treatment of CRC are still unknown. Here, we confirmed that baicalin can effectively induce and enhance apoptosis in HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner and suppress tumour growth in xenografted nude mice. We further performed a miRNA microarray analysis of baicalin-treated and untreated HT-29 cells. The results showed that a large number of oncomiRs, including miR-10a, miR-23a, miR-30c, miR-31, miR-151a and miR-205, were significantly suppressed in baicalin-treated HT-29 cells. Furthermore, our in vitro and in vivo studies showed that baicalin suppressed oncomiRs by reducing the expression of c-Myc. Taken together, our study shows a novel mechanism for anti-cancer action of baicalin, that it induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells and suppresses tumour growth by reducing the expression of c-Myc and oncomiRs.
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Kim J, Cho J, Nam D, Kang JW, Lee S. Integrative Korean medicine as a possible conservative treatment for mild cervical spondylotic myelopathy: One-year follow-up case report (CARE-compliant). Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12249. [PMID: 30200156 PMCID: PMC6133613 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common spinal cord disorder in older patients. The purpose of this case report is to introduce conservative treatment with integrative Korean medicine (KM) as a possible alternative to surgery in patients with mild CSM. PATIENT CONCERNS An 81-year-old male with both hand weakness and dysesthesia was diagnosed with CSM and was recommended laminectomy. However, considering the patient's age and the underlying disease, he refused immediate surgery and preferred KM treatment DIAGNOSES:: The diagnosis of mild CSM was based on a modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score as well as the presence of compression on the spinal cord in magnetic resonance imaging findings INTERVENTIONS:: Integrative KM treatment consisting of acupuncture, acupotomy, Bee venom herbal acupuncture, cupping therapy, moxibustion, and herbal medicine was provided during the 12-week admission. OUTCOMES Clinical improvement was detected with a mJOA score (11 to 17), a numerical rating scale for dysesthesia intensity (5 to 2), finger escape sign (+/+ to +/-), grip and release test (11/14 to 32/31) and grasp power measured by dynamometer (3.1/9.7 to 10.8/18.3 kg) at 12 weeks. This improvement was maintained without surgery until 1 year. LESSONS This case suggests that integrative KM was a possible conservative management option for mild CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kim
- Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnostics
| | - Jungjae Cho
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Graduate School
| | - Dongwoo Nam
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Neuroprotective and Cognitive Enhancement Potentials of Baicalin: A Review. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060104. [PMID: 29891783 PMCID: PMC6025220 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by the gradual loss of neurons. The development of effective neuroprotective agents to prevent and control neurodegenerative diseases is specifically important. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in selecting flavonoid compounds as potential neuroprotective agents, owing to their high effectiveness with low side effects. Baicalin is one of the important flavonoid compounds, which is mainly isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (an important Chinese medicinal herb). In recent years, a number of studies have shown that baicalin has a potent neuroprotective effect in various in vitro and in vivo models of neuronal injury. In particular, baicalin effectively prevents neurodegenerative diseases through various pharmacological mechanisms, including antioxidative stress, anti-excitotoxicity, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, stimulating neurogenesis, promoting the expression of neuronal protective factors, etc. This review mainly focuses on the neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects of baicalin. The aim of the present review is to compile all information in relation to the neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects of baicalin and its molecular mechanisms of action in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
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EghbaliFeriz S, Taleghani A, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Central nervous system diseases and Scutellaria : a review of current mechanism studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:185-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Wang PQ, Liu Q, Xu WJ, Yu YN, Zhang YY, Li B, Liu J, Wang Z. Pure mechanistic analysis of additive neuroprotective effects between baicalin and jasminoidin in ischemic stroke mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:961-974. [PMID: 29345255 PMCID: PMC6256271 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both baicalin (BA) and jasminoidin (JA) are active ingredients in Chinese herb medicine Scutellaria baicalensis and Fructus gardeniae, respectively. They have been shown to exert additive neuroprotective action in ischemic stroke models. In this study we used transcriptome analysis to explore the pure therapeutic mechanisms of BA, JA and their combination (BJ) contributing to phenotype variation and reversal of pathological processes. Mice with middle cerebral artery obstruction were treated with BA, JA, their combination (BJ), or concha margaritifera (CM). Cerebral infarct volume was examined to determine the effect of these compounds on phenotype. Using the hippocampus microarray and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software, we exacted the differentially expressed genes, networks, pathways, and functions in positive-phenotype groups (BA, JA and BJ) by comparing with the negative-phenotype group (CM). In the BA, JA, and BJ groups, a total of 7, 4, and 11 specific target molecules, 1, 1, and 4 networks, 51, 59, and 18 canonical pathways and 70, 53, and 64 biological functions, respectively, were identified. Pure therapeutic mechanisms of BA and JA were mainly overlapped in specific target molecules, functions and pathways, which were related to the nervous system, inflammation and immune response. The specific mechanisms of BA and JA were associated with apoptosis and cancer-related signaling and endocrine and hormone regulation, respectively. In the BJ group, novel target profiles distinct from mono-therapies were revealed, including 11 specific target molecules, 10 functions, and 10 pathways, the majority of which were related to a virus-mediated immune response. The pure additive effects between BA and JA were based on enhanced action in virus-mediated immune response. This pure mechanistic analysis may provide a clearer outline of the target profiles of multi-target compounds and combination therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Regulatory Networks/drug effects
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/immunology
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Iridoids/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Systems Biology/methods
- Transcriptome/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-qian Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wen-juan Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ya-nan Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying-ying Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Gaire BP. Herbal Medicine in Ischemic Stroke: Challenges and Prospective. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 24:243-246. [PMID: 29696521 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines, mainly of plant source, are invaluable source for the discovery of new therapeutic agents for all sorts of human ailments. The complex pathogenesis of stroke and multifactorial effect of herbal medicine and their active constituents may suggest the promising future of natural medicine for stroke treatment. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, neuroprotective and vascular protective effect of herbal medicines are believed to be efficacious in stroke treatment. Herbs typically have fewer reported side effects than allopathic medicine, and may be safer to use over longer period of time. Herbal medicines are believed to be more effective for the longstanding health complaints, such as stroke. Several medicinal plants and their active constituents show the promising results in laboratory research. However failure in transformation of laboratory animal research to the clinical trials has created huge challenge for the use of herbal medicine in stroke. Until and unless scientifically comprehensive evidence of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicine in ischemic stroke patients is available, efforts should be made to continue implementing treatment strategies of proven effectiveness. More consideration should be paid to natural compounds that can have extensive therapeutic time windows, perfect pharmacological targets with few side effects. Herbal medicine has excellent prospective for the treatment of ischemic stroke, but a lot of effort should be invested to transform the success of animal research to human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Meng X, Mao Z, Li X, Zhong D, Li M, Jia Y, Wei J, Yang B, Zhou H. Baicalein decreases uric acid and prevents hyperuricemic nephropathy in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40305-40317. [PMID: 28445133 PMCID: PMC5522264 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein, a natural flavonoid, is structurally advantageous for binding to xanthine oxidoreductase. In our study, molecular docking analysis and Surface Plasmon Resonance revealed a direct interaction between baicalein and xanthine oxidoreductase. Moreover, 50 mg/kg/d baicalein treatment significantly suppressed the viability of xanthine oxidoreductase in hyperuricemia mouse model. The data showed that baicalein remarkably prevented renal dysfunction, ameliorated kidney fibrosis, alleviated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and oxidative stress in hyperuricemia mice. Thus, we concluded that baicalein executed a kidney-protection action in hyperuricemia and therefore may be used as a therapeutic alternative for hyperuricemic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yingli Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
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Potential chronic liver toxicity in rats orally administered an ethanol extract of Huangqin (Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis). J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Zhang Q, Zhang LX, An J, Yan L, Liu CC, Zhao JJ, Yang H. Huangqin flavonoid extraction for spinal cord injury in a rat model. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:2200-2208. [PMID: 30323153 PMCID: PMC6199921 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.241472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids from Huangqin (dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) have anti-inflammatory effects, and are considered useful for treatment of spinal cord injury. To verify this hypothesis, the T9–10 spinal cord segments of rats were damaged using Allen's method to establish a rat spinal cord injury model. Before model establishment, Huangqin flavonoid extraction (12.5 g/kg) was administered intragastrically for 1 week until 28 days after model establishment. Methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) was injected into the tail vein at 30 minutes after model establishment as a positive control. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale scores were used to assess hind limb motor function. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to detect pathological changes in the injured spinal cord. Immunofluorescence and western blot assays were performed to measure immunoreactivity and expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal marker neurofilament protein, microglial marker CD11b and astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein in the injured spinal cord. Huangqin flavonoid extraction markedly reduced spinal cord hematoma, inflammatory cell infiltration and cavities and scars, and increased the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale scores; these effects were identical to those of methylprednisolone. Huangqin flavonoid extraction also increased immunoreactivity and expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurofilament protein, and reduced immunoreactivity and expression levels of CD11b and glial fibrillary acidic protein, in the injured spinal cord. Overall, these data suggest that Huangqin flavonoid extraction can promote recovery of spinal cord injury by inducing brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurofilament protein expression, reducing microglia activation and regulating reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing An
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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44
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Liang W, Huang X, Chen W. The Effects of Baicalin and Baicalein on Cerebral Ischemia: A Review. Aging Dis 2017; 8:850-867. [PMID: 29344420 PMCID: PMC5758355 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, producing a high mortality and morbidity rate, is a common clinical disease. Enhancing the prevention and control of ischemic stroke is particularly important. Baicalin and its aglycon baicalein are flavonoids extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, an important traditional Chinese herb. In recent years, a growing body of evidences has shown that baicalin and baicalein could be effective in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that baicalin could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and distribute in cerebral nuclei. Through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic neuronal injury, numerous studies have demonstrated that baicalin and baicalein have salutary effect for neuroprotection. Especially, the studies on the pharmacological mechanism showed that baicalin and baicalein have several pharmacological activities, which include antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxicity effects, protection of the mitochondria, promoting neuronal protective factors expression and adult neurogenesis effects and many more. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of baicalin and baicalein in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at collecting all important information regarding the neuroprotective effect and its pharmacological mechanism of baicalin and baicalein in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models of ischemic neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, ChinaThese authors equally contributed to this work
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Yan B, Xu W, Su S, Zhu S, Zhu Z, Zeng H, Zhao M, Qian D, Duan JA. Comparative analysis of 15 chemical constituents in Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf from different regions in China by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3570-3581. [PMID: 28685933 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine containing multiple components, which has been extensively used in clinics to treat epidemic febrile disease and hyperactivity cough. To get a deeper understanding about Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf resources, we analyzed 15 chemical constituents in 35 batches of Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf from eight regions in China. A rapid, simple, and sensitive method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole electrospray tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the first time to simultaneously determine 15 chemical constituents (including phenolic acids and flavonoids) in Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf. Sufficient separation of 15 target constituents was achieved on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) column within 14 min under the optimized chromatographic conditions. The established method was validated and showed good linearity, precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery and was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of the 15 chemical constituents in these samples. Hierarchical clustering analysis and principal components analysis were performed to estimate and classify these samples based on the contents of the 15 chemical constituents. This study provided theoretical basis and scientific evidence for the development and utilization of Scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofei Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiting Zeng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Baicalin attenuates chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension via adenosine A 2A receptor-induced SDF-1/CXCR4/PI3K/AKT signaling. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:52. [PMID: 28774332 PMCID: PMC5543745 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baicalin, an important flavonoid in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extracts, exerts a variety of pharmacological effects. In this study, we explored the effects of baicalin on chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and investigated the mechanism underlying these effects. Moreover, we examined whether the inflammatory response was mediated by the A2A receptor (A2AR) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)-induced phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in vivo. Methods We established a hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) mouse model by subjecting wild-type (WT) and A2AR knockout (A2AR−/−) animals to chronic hypoxia, and we examined the effects of a 4-week treatment with baicalin or the A2AR agonist CGS21680 in these animals. Invasive hemodynamic parameters, the right ventricular hypertrophy index, pulmonary congestion, the pulmonary arterial remodeling index, blood gas parameters, A2AR expression, and the expression of SDF-1/CXCR4/PI3K/protein kinase B (PKB; AKT) signaling components were measured. Results Compared with WT mice, A2AR−/− mice exhibited increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricle-to-left ventricle plus septum [RV/(LV + S)] ratio, RV weight-to-body weight (RV/BW) ratio, and lung wet weight-to-body weight (Lung/BW) ratio in the absence of an altered mean carotid arterial pressure (mCAP). These changes were accompanied by increases in pulmonary artery wall area and thickness and reductions in arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) and hydrogen ion concentration (pH). In the HPH model, A2AR−/− mice displayed increased CXCR4, SDF-1, phospho-PI3K, and phospho-AKT expression compared with WT mice. Treating WT and A2AR−/− HPH mice with baicalin or CGS21680 attenuated the hypoxia-induced increases in RVSP, RV/(LV + S) and Lung/BW, as well as pulmonary arterial remodeling. Additionally, baicalin or CGS21680 alone could reverse the hypoxia-induced increases in CXCR4, SDF-1, phospho-PI3K, and phospho-AKT expression. Moreover, baicalin improved the hypoxemia induced by 4 weeks of hypoxia. Finally, we found that A2AR levels in WT lung tissue were enhanced by hypoxia and that baicalin up-regulated A2AR expression in WT hypoxic mice. Conclusions Baicalin exerts protective effects against clinical HPH, which are partly mediated through enhanced A2AR activity and down-regulated SDF-1/CXCR4-induced PI3K/AKT signaling. Therefore, the A2AR may be a promising target for baicalin in treating HPH.
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Park JR, Lee MC, Moon SC, Kim J, Ha KT, Park EJ, Hong C, Seo BD, Kim BJ. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi induces caspase-dependent apoptosis via mitogen activated protein kinase activation and the generation of reactive oxygen species signaling pathways in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627691 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract (SBGE) is used in traditional herbal medicine and has also been used clinically to ameliorate the symptoms of various inflammatory diseases and cancer. In women, breast cancer is one of the most common diseases and numerous women succumb to it. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism responsible for the SBGE‑induced apoptosis of MCF‑7 human breast cancer cells. SBGE was administered to cells at concentrations between 100 and 500 mg/ml, and cell viabilities were identified using an MTT assay. B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 X‑associated protein (Bax) family members were identified by western blotting, and the mRNA expression levels of the pro‑apoptosis genes Fas, Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α were assessed by reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction. It was identified that SBGE treatment for 24 h inhibited MCF‑7 proliferation and increased the sub‑G1 phase ratio. SBGE suppressed mitochondrial membrane potentials and SBGE‑induced apoptotic cell death was identified to be associated with downregulation of Bcl‑2, but upregulation of Bax. SBGE‑activated caspases 3 and 9, and increased reactive oxygen species generation. However, SBGE had no effect on the expression levels of Fas, FasL or TNF‑α. Furthermore, mitogen‑activated protein kinase and C‑Jun N‑terminal kinase inhibitors inhibited SBGE‑induced cell death. These results suggested that SBGE be considered as an agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ryeong Park
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Lee
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Moon
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Kim
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110‑799, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Do Seo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kyungwoon University College of Health, Gumi 730‑739, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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Anti-tumor activity of wogonin, an extract from Scutellaria baicalensis, through regulating different signaling pathways. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:15-40. [PMID: 28259249 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wogonin is a plant flavonoid compound extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis (Huang-Qin or Chinese skullcap) and has been studied thoroughly by many researchers till date for its anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-cancerous and neuro-protective properties. Numerous experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated wogonin's excellent tumor inhibitory properties. The anti-cancer mechanism of wogonin has been ascribed to modulation of various cell signaling pathways, including serine-threonine kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, p53-dependent/independent apoptosis, and inhibition of telomerase activity. Furthermore, wogonin also decreases DNA adduct formation with a carcinogenic compound 2-Aminofluorene and inhibits growth of drug resistant malignant cells and their migration and metastasis, without any side effects. Recently, newly synthesized wogonin derivatives have been developed with impressive anti-tumor activity. This review is the succinct appraisal of the pertinent articles on the mechanisms of anti-tumor properties of wogonin. We also summarize the potential of wogonin and its derivatives used alone or as an adjunct therapy for cancer treatment. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics and side effects of wogonin and its analogues have also been discussed.
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Therapeutic properties of Scutellaria baicalensis in db/db mice evaluated using Connectivity Map and network pharmacology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41711. [PMID: 28139721 PMCID: PMC5282526 DOI: 10.1038/srep41711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that an extract of Scutellaria baicalensis (ESB) has effects against obesity and hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetic animal model (db/db mouse). In the present study, we tried to explain the pharmacological effects of ESB by integrating gene expression information from db/db mouse liver with that of ESB-treated HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Using Connectivity Map (cmap) analysis, we found an inverse relationship in the pharmaceutical profiles based on gene expression between db/db mouse liver and ESB-treated HepG2 cells. This inverse relationship between the two data sets was also observed for pathway activities. Functional network analysis showed that biological functions associated with diabetes and lipid metabolism were commonly enriched in both data sets. We also observed a similarity in distribution of cmap enrichment scores between db/db mouse liver and human diabetic liver, whereas there was an inverse pattern of cmap enrichment scores in human diabetic liver compared with ESB-treated HepG2 cells. This relationship might explain the pharmacological activities of ESB against db/db mouse and possible effectiveness of ESB against human diabetes. We expect that our approach using in vitro cell lines could be applied in predicting the pharmacological effectiveness of herbal drugs in in vivo systems.
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Fernández-Calienes Valdés A, Monzote Fidalgo L, Sariego Ramos I, Marrero Delange D, Morales Rico CL, Mendiola Martínez J, Cuéllar AC. Antiprotozoal screening of the Cuban native plant Scutellaria havanensis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:3197-3202. [PMID: 27564587 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1216130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. (Lamiaceae) is a native medicinal herb with a history of use in Cuba. OBJECTIVE This study screens the antiprotozoal activity of S. havanensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chloroform and methanol extracts from leaves and stems were evaluated in vitro at doses between 0.015 and 200 μg/mL against protozoan parasites: Plasmodium berghei, Trichomonas vaginalis and Leishmania amazonensis. Chloroform and methanol extracts were characterized by GC/MS. Cytotoxicity against mouse peritoneal macrophages was tested in parallel. RESULTS Scutellaria havanensis extracts exhibited IC50 values between 7.7 and 32.2 μg/mL against trophozoites of P. berghei and T. vaginalis; while the extracts were inactive against L. amazonensis promastigotes. Trichomonicidal activity of methanol extract exhibited the best selectivity but chloroform extract showed the highest antiplasmodial, trichomonicidal and cytotoxic activity. The majority of compounds in the chloroform extract were hydroxy and/or methoxyflavones (77.96%), in particular, wogonin (48.27%). In methanol extract, wogonin (5.89%) was detected. Trichomonicidal effect of wogonin was moderate (IC50 = 56 μM) and unspecific with respect to macrophages (SI = 2). On the contrary, antiplasmodial activity of wogonin were particularly active (IC50 = 15 μM) demonstrating a higher selectivity index (SI = 7.4). CONCLUSIONS Wogonin is an active principle compound of the chloroform extract of S. havanensis against P. berghei and T. vaginalis trophozoites, whereas the methanol extract of S. havanensis should be investigated more deeply as a trichomonicide. Our findings suggest that wogonin is potentially useful for the development of antimalarial alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianet Monzote Fidalgo
- a Department of Parasitology , Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" , La Lisa , Havana , Cuba
| | - Idalia Sariego Ramos
- a Department of Parasitology , Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" , La Lisa , Havana , Cuba
| | | | | | - Judith Mendiola Martínez
- a Department of Parasitology , Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" , La Lisa , Havana , Cuba
| | - Armando Cuéllar Cuéllar
- c Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Pharmacy and Foods, University of Havana , Havana , Cuba
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