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Agostinete RR, Werneck AO, Narciso PH, Ubago-Guisado E, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Bielemann RM, Gobbo LA, Lynch BT, Fernandes RA, Vlachopoulos D. Resistance training presents beneficial effects on bone development of adolescents engaged in swimming but not in impact sports: ABCD Growth Study. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:247. [PMID: 38594697 PMCID: PMC11003018 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports practice during adolescence is important to enhance bone development, although it may provide different effects depending on the mechanical impact present in the sport. Besides, resistance training (RT) may also induce bone changes directly (via muscle contractions) and indirectly (via myokines). However, there have been no studies analyzing the longitudinal influence of engaging in sport with and without added mechanical load. Thus, this study aims to analyze the combined effects of sports participation and resistance training on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) accrual in adolescent athletes participating in swimming and impact sports for 12-months. METHODS This was a 12-month longitudinal study. The sample comprised 91 adolescents (21 females) aged 10 to 18 years, engaged in impact sports (basketball, tennis, track & field, baseball and gymnastics, n = 66) and non-impact sport (swimming, n = 25). The sample was divided according to resistance training participation: impact sports only (n = 45), impact sports + resistance training (n = 21), swimming-only (n = 17) and swimming + resistance training (n = 8). aBMD and soft tissues were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Generalized linear models analysis was used for the resistance training (RT) x type of sport interaction in predicting aBMD changes overtime, adjusting for maturation, sex and baseline aBMD. RESULTS After 12-months, all groups showed a significant increase in aBMD, except for the swimming groups (regardless of resistant training), which showed a significant loss in spine aBMD (-0.045 [-0.085 to -0.004] g/cm2 in swimming-only and - 0.047 [-0.073 to -0.021] g/cm2 in swimming + RT). In comparisons between groups, only swimming + RT group, compared with swimming-only group presented higher upper limbs aBMD (0.096 g/cm2 [0.074 to 0.118] in swimming + RT vs. 0.046 [0.032 to 0.060] g/cm2 in swimming only; p < 0.05) and whole body less head (WBLH) aBMD (0.039 [0.024 to 0.054] g/cm2 in swimming + RT vs. 0.017 [0.007 to 0.027] g/cm2 swimming-only; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Despite the significant gain in aBMD in all groups and body sites after 12-months, except for the spine site of swimmers, the results indicate that participation in RT seems to improve aBMD accrual in swimmers at the upper limbs and WBLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo R Agostinete
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - André O Werneck
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Narciso
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Esther Ubago-Guisado
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Renata M Bielemann
- Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition and Foods, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Gobbo
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory (LABSIM), Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Bruna Turi Lynch
- Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, Lander University, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Romulo Araújo Fernandes
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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Lim CL, Keong NLS, Yap MMC, Tan AWK, Tan CH, Lim WS. The effects of community-based exercise modalities and volume on musculoskeletal health and functions in elderly people. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1227502. [PMID: 37492640 PMCID: PMC10363600 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1227502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of different muscle loading exercise (MLEX) modes and volume on musculoskeletal health is not well-studied in older populations. Aim: Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of community-based MLEX modalities and volume on musculoskeletal health in elderly people. Methods: Elderly men (n = 86) and women (n = 170), age 50-82 years old, were assigned to the sedentary (SE, n = 60), muscle strengthening exercise (MSE, n = 71), aerobic exercise (AE, n = 62) and Tai Chi exercise (TCE, n = 63) groups, based on > 2 years of exercise history. Exercise volume was compared between "Minimum" ("Min" < 60 min/week), "Low" (60-120 min/week). "Moderate" (121-239 min/week) and "High" (240-720 min/week) volumes. Results: All three modes of MLEX were associated with lower percentage of body fat (BF%) and higher percentage of lean body mass (LBM%, p = 0.003 main effect of group, and p = 0.002 main effect of volume for both BF% and LBM%), but not with higher bone mineral density (BMD, total body, lumbar spine, total hip and neck of femur), than SE. TCE had a distinct advantage in trunk flexibility (p = 0.007 with MSE, p = 0.02 with AE, and p = 0.01 with SE), and both TCE (p = 0.03) and AE (p = 0.03) performed better than SE in the one-leg stand balance test. Isometric strength and throwing speed and peak power with a 2 kg power ball were higher in the MLEX than SE groups (p = 0.01), in the ranking order of MSE, AE and TCE. However, there was no difference in handgrip strength performance between the MLEX groups, which performed better than the SE participants. Accumulating >120 min/week of MLEX can promote body composition health and muscle functions, but 60 min/week of MSE alone may have equal or better outcomes in these parameters. Conclusion: Community-based MLEX classes may be used to mitigate age-related chronic disease that are associated with body composition and muscular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Margaret Mei Chan Yap
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin Wai Kit Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cher Heng Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Shiong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Geriatrics and Active Aging, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Glinkowski WM, Żukowska A, Glinkowska B. Quantitative Ultrasound Examination (QUS) of the Calcaneus in Long-Term Martial Arts Training on the Example of Long-Time Practitioners of Okinawa Kobudo/Karate Shorin-Ryu. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2708. [PMID: 36768074 PMCID: PMC9915411 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative research of bone tissue related to physical activity (PA) and sport has a preventive dimension. Increasing the parameters of bone tissue strength, especially reaching the maximum value of peak bone strength in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood due to practicing sports can contribute to maintaining bone health throughout life. Practicing martial arts (tai chi, traditional karate, judo, and boxing) can effectively improve the quality of bone and reduce the risk of falls and fractures. The study aimed to evaluate the calcaneus bones among Okinawa Kobudo/Karate Shorin-Ryu practitioners using the quantitative ultrasound method as an indicator for assessing bone fracture risk. Forty-four adult martial arts practitioners with a mean age of 36.4 participated in this study. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) with a portable Bone Ultrasonometer was used in this study. Speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and the stiffness index (SI) were measured. Subjects were assigned to two groups of black and color belts, according to the advancement in Kobudo/karate practice. The measurements of the SI, BUA, SOS, T-score, and Z-score were significantly higher in subjects from the advanced, long-term practice (black belts) (p < 0.05). The long-term martial arts training in traditional karate and Kobudo significantly impacts the parameters of the calcaneus quantitative ultrasound measurements. Significantly higher bone density was observed among the black belt holders. Long-term practice subjects achieved results far beyond the norm for their age groups. Further studies using non-invasive methods of bone quantification are needed to determine the specific conditions for preventing osteoporosis through physical activity, sports, and martial arts, particularly the duration of the activity, the magnitude of loads, and other related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech M. Glinkowski
- Center of Excellence “TeleOrto”, Telediagnostics and Treatment of Disorders and Injuries of the Locomotor System, Department of Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-581 Warsaw, Poland
- Polish Telemedicine and eHealth Society, 03-728 Warsaw, Poland
- Gabinet Lekarski, 03-728 Warsaw, Poland
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Pinto-Escalona T, Valenzuela PL, Esteban-Cornejo I, Martínez-de-Quel Ó. Sport Participation and Academic Performance in Young Elite Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15651. [PMID: 36497726 PMCID: PMC9737165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Strong evidence supports physical activity and fitness levels being positively associated with cognitive performance and overall academic performance in youth. This also applies to sports participation. However, whether participation in sports at the elite level is associated with greater academic performance remains unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to compare the academic performance of young elite athletes to that of control students, as well as to analyze whether the type of sport mediates these results. Between 2010 and 2019, all students from the last Baccalaureate course of the Spanish Elite Sport High School-which also includes non-elite athletes and recreational athlete students, who were categorized as controls-participated in this study. Academic performance was assessed through both the grade point average of the two last Baccalaureate courses and through the average grades from the University Entrance Examinations. Athletes were categorized attending to different sport classifications. A total of 1126 adolescents (570 girls, 18.2 ± 0.6 years) participated in the study, of which 483 and 643 were categorized as elite athletes and control students, respectively. Elite athletes attained a lower overall academic performance than controls (p < 0.001), which was confirmed for both sexes (p < 0.001). These differences were separately confirmed for most academic subjects (p < 0.05), as well as when attending to different sport classifications (all p > 0.05). Young elite athletes attained a lower academic performance than their non-elite peers, regardless of their type of sport. These findings highlight the importance of programs aimed at facilitating dual careers among young elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Pinto-Escalona
- Didactics of Languages, Arts and Physical Education Department, Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Martínez-de-Quel
- Didactics of Languages, Arts and Physical Education Department, Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sciences for Physical Activity and Sport (INEF), Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Patel H, Woods L, Teesdale-Spittle P, Dennison E. A cross-sectional study of the relationship between recreational sporting activity and calcaneal bone density in adolescents and young adults. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:218-226. [PMID: 33724899 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1903819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood and adolescence are critical periods of bone development. Sporting activity is thought to impact peak bone mass acquisition, but most studies have used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess bone health and reported associations between bone mass and elite sporting activity. The objective of this study was instead to assess the relationship between recreational sporting activity (RSA) and another bone assessment, calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (cQUS), in adolescents and young adults. METHODS We related recreational sporting activity, assessed through a lifestyle questionnaire, to heel ultrasound bone parameters in a cohort of New Zealand students aged 16-35 years. Complete datasets with data on all relevant confounders (body mass index (BMI), pubertal timing, smoking status, and alcohol consumption) were available for 452 participants. cQUS was performed using a Lunar Achilles EX II machine to obtain bone parameters, broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and speed of sound (SOS); stiffness index (SI) was derived from these measures. All descriptive statistics and statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results are presented as p-values and 95% CI. RESULTS Reported lifetime sport participation declined after an individual's mid-teens. Bone cQUS parameters (SI and BUA and T-score) were all positively associated with BMI, and current physical activity (SI, SOS, BUA, T-score, and Z-score) with SI and SOS measures most strongly associated with current high impact and past recreational sporting activity (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Calcaneal heel ultrasound bone parameters were associated with physical activity, with SI and SOS rather than BUA more strongly related to current and past recreational sporting activity in young New Zealand adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansa Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Woods
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Elaine Dennison
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand & MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton, UK
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Mathisen TF, Kumar RS, Svantorp-Tveiten KME, Sundgot-Borgen J. Empowered, Yet Vulnerable: Motives for Sport Participation, Health Correlates, and Experience of Sexual Harassment in Female Combat-Sport Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10050068. [PMID: 35622477 PMCID: PMC9145297 DOI: 10.3390/sports10050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To explore motives for combat sport participation, weight regulation practices, symptoms of low energy availability (LEA), disordered eating (DE) or eating disorders (ED), and any experiences with sexual harassment (SH) among female combat-sport athletes. Methods: In total, 29 athletes were recruited by social media and in clubs. Participants responded to a questionnaire on health behavior and mental health and completed diet registration and a DXA-scan. Results: Most athletes started combat sports to feel empowered and experienced an inclusive milieu, but the frequency of health issues was high. A total of 21−67% had symptoms of ED, suffered from injuries, had low site-specific BMD, and/or symptoms of LEA. Athletes had insufficient intake of energy and nutrients, and <50% received any dietary information or guidance from their clubs. Most athletes complied with favorable weight-loss strategies; still, >20% used unfavorable methods and rapid weight-loss periods. A total of 70% of the athletes had experienced SH, of which 41% experienced SH within the combat-sport context. Conclusion: Combat sport offers an inclusive milieu, which may increase women’s health and confidence; still, our results indicates a need for actions to safeguard female combat-sport athletes’ mental and physical health, implying a cultural change within the community of combat sport and a need for increased health and nutrition literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Fostervold Mathisen
- Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organization, Østfold University College, 1671 Fredrikstad, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Radhika Singh Kumar
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | | | - Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.E.S.-T.); (J.S.-B.)
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Liu F, Gao L. THE EFFECT OF SPORTS IN PROMOTING THE ENHANCEMENT OF ADULT BONE DENSITY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228022021_0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Exercise is an important part of osteoporosis treatment. A moderate amount of exercise can improve bone metabolism, improve bone biomechanics and increase bone density. Objective: To study the effects of different sports on adult bone mineral density. Methods: We selected volunteers to perform different exercises and used quantitative ultrasound and bioelectrical impedance methods to test the volunteers. Results: Exercise can increase the content of lean body mass in body composition and reduce body fat percentage. The calcaneal bone mineral density of physical education students is positively correlated with low body weight. Conclusion: Exercise can promote the bone mineral density of young adults. Stronger weight-bearing exercises can better promote the increase of bone density. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lulu Gao
- Media University of Henan, China
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Fu Z, Gao L. HIGH INTENSITY SPORTS PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTHY BONE TISSUE. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127072021_0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise can promote the growth and development of bones and delay bone loss; it is more effective when started young. Objective: This paper analyzes the impact of human exercise on human bone health. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted on elementary school students, and basic physical fitness monitoring was conducted. The physical fitness monitoring indicators covered ten items such as height and weight. Results: After the questionnaire survey and physical examination, it was found that there are differences in various physiological indicators between students who exercise frequently compared with students who exercise less frequently. Conclusion: Physical exercise can promote skeletal tissue development, therefore, young people should increase the practice of physical exercise. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghu Fu
- Chongqing College of Mobile Communications, China
| | - Lijun Gao
- Chongqing College of Mobile Communications, China
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Agostinete RR, Fernandes RA, Narciso PH, Maillane-Vanegas S, Werneck AO, Vlachopoulos D. Categorizing 10 Sports According to Bone and Soft Tissue Profiles in Adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2673-2681. [PMID: 32735110 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Considering the different loading and training characteristics of the sports practiced during growth, it is important to specify and categorize the bone and soft tissue adaptations in adolescent athletes. This study aimed to categorize 10 different loading sports and a nonsport group and identify the differences in bone density and soft tissues. METHODS The sample included 625 adolescents (10 to 17 yr of age) of 10 sports (soccer, basketball, volleyball, track and field, judo, karate, kung fu, gymnastics, baseball, and swimming) and a nonsport group. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessed areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), and soft tissues (lean soft tissue and fat mass). The results were adjusted for sex, peak height velocity status, lean soft tissue, fat mass, and weekly training volume. RESULTS The comparisons among groups showed that soccer had the highest whole-body aBMD (mean ± SEM: 1.082 ± 0.007 g·cm) and lower limb aBMD (1.302 ± 0.010 g·cm). Gymnastics presented the highest upper limb aBMD (0.868 ± 0.012 g·cm) and whole-body BMAD (0.094 ± 0.001 g·cm). Swimming presented the lowest aBMD values in all skeletal sites (except at the upper limbs) and whole-body BMAD. The soft tissue comparisons showed that soccer players had the highest lean soft tissue (43.8 ± 0.7 kg). The lowest fat mass was found in gymnasts (8.04 ± 1.0 kg). CONCLUSION The present study investigated and categorized for the first time 10 different sports according to bone density and soft tissue profiles. Soccer and gymnastics sport groups were found to have the highest bone density in most body segments, and both sports were among the groups with the lowest fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, BRAZIL
| | - Romulo Araújo Fernandes
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, BRAZIL
| | - Pedro Henrique Narciso
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, BRAZIL
| | - Santiago Maillane-Vanegas
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, BRAZIL
| | - André Oliveira Werneck
- Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, BRAZIL
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
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The Mediating Role of Lean Soft Tissue in the Relationship between Somatic Maturation and Bone Density in Adolescent Practitioners and Non-Practitioners of Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063008. [PMID: 33804074 PMCID: PMC8000751 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the mediating effect of lean soft tissue (LST) in the association between somatic maturation and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in adolescents by sex and sport participation. The sample included 558 adolescents (401 males, mean age of 14.0 years) that were practitioners of sports (11 sport modalities, n = 402) and a non-sport group (n = 157). Somatic maturation was assessed by using a validated peak height velocity prediction equation. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess aBMD (upper and lower limbs, spine and total body less head—TBLH) and LST. For both sexes, LST mediated the association between somatic maturation and aBMD at all skeletal sites (mediation percentage ranging from 36.3% to 75.4%). For sport and non-sport groups, the LST also mediated the association between somatic maturation and aBMD at all skeletal sites (mediation percentage ranging from 51.6% to 85.6%). The direct effect was observed in all groups, except for lower limbs and TBLH in the non-sport group. The association between somatic maturation and aBMD was mediated by LST in adolescents of both sexes and regardless of involvement in organized sports. Our findings highlighted the role of improving LST to mitigate the association of somatic maturation with aBMD.
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