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Sani F, Shojaei S, Tabatabaei SA, Khorraminejad-Shirazi M, Latifi M, Sani M, Azarpira N. CAR-T cell-derived exosomes: a new perspective for cancer therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:174. [PMID: 38886844 PMCID: PMC11184895 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell adoptive immunotherapy is a promising cancer treatment that uses genetically engineered T cells to attack tumors. However, this therapy can have some adverse effects. CAR-T cell-derived exosomes are a potential alternative to CAR-T cells that may overcome some limitations. Exosomes are small vesicles released by cells and can carry a variety of molecules, including proteins, RNA, and DNA. They play an important role in intercellular communication and can be used to deliver therapeutic agents to cancer cells. The application of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes could make CAR-T cell therapy more clinically controllable and effective. Exosomes are cell-free, which means that they are less likely to cause adverse reactions than CAR-T cells. The combination of CAR-T cells and exosomes may be a more effective way to treat cancer than either therapy alone. Exosomes can deliver therapeutic agents to cancer cells where CAR-T cells cannot reach. The appropriate application of both cellular and exosomal platforms could make CAR-T cell therapy a more practicable treatment for cancer. This combination therapy could offer a safe and effective way to treat a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Sani
- Shiraz Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shojaei
- School of Medicine, Shiraz Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadhossein Khorraminejad-Shirazi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student research committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mona Latifi
- Department of Physiological Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mahsa Sani
- Shiraz Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Shiraz Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Khalili Street, P.O. Box: 7193711351, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Hu M, Liu H, Zhang Y, Lu D, Zheng L, Wang Y, Chen S, Liu T. Preparation and evaluation of the PD0721‑DOX antibody‑drug conjugate targeting EGFRvIII to inhibit glioblastoma. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:254. [PMID: 38682116 PMCID: PMC11046186 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is prominently expressed in various epithelial tumors. PD0721, a single-chain antibody (scFv), has been developed to specifically target EGFRvIII. Although doxorubicin (DOX) is an essential treatment approach for glioblastoma (GBM), its toxic effects and limited targeting capabilities are a challenge. To overcome the above limitations, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been developed to exploit the specificity of monoclonal antibodies in directing potent cytotoxic drugs to tumor cells expressing the target antigens. The present study aimed to conjugate DOX with PD0721 scFv to construct a PD0721-DOX ADC targeting EGFRvIII and examine its targeting effect and in vitro anti-GBM activity. PD0721-DOX ADC was generated by combining PD0721 scFv with DOX, using dextran T-10 as a linker. The drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) was measured by ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). A series of techniques, including cytotoxicity assays, immunofluorescence, cell internalization and flow cytometry assays were employed to evaluate the targeting efficacy and anti-GBM activity of the PD0721-DOX ADC. Following the conjugation of PD0721 scFv with DOX, the UV-Vis results showed a noticeable red shift in the maximum absorbance. The DAR of PD0721 scFv and DOX was 9.23:1. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that DK-MG cells treatment with PD0721-DOX ADC at 10 and 20 µg/ml significantly increased cytotoxicity compared with U-87MG ATCC cells (all P<0.01). Confocal microscopy revealed distinct green and red fluorescence in EGFRvIII-expressing DK-MG cells, while no fluorescence was observed in EGFRvIII negative U-87MG ATCC cells. Furthermore, compared with U-87MG ATCC cells, DK-MG cells showed effective internalization of the PD0721-DOX ADC (P<0.001). Finally, flow cytometric analyses indicated that the PD0721-DOX ADC significantly promoted the apoptosis of DK-MG cells compared with U-87MG ATCC cells (P<0.01). In summary, the current study suggested that the PD0721-DOX ADC could exhibit a notable targeting efficacy and potent anti-GBM activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yubing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Dingyan Lu
- Engineering Research Center for The Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education)/National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Chen
- Engineering Research Center for The Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education)/National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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3
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Gao F, You X, Yang L, Zou X, Sui B. Boosting immune responses in lung tumor immune microenvironment: A comprehensive review of strategies and adjuvants. Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:280-308. [PMID: 38525925 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2024.2333275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The immune system has a substantial impact on the growth and expansion of lung malignancies. Immune cells are encompassed by a stroma comprising an extracellular matrix (ECM) and different cells like stromal cells, which are known as the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). TME is marked by the presence of immunosuppressive factors, which inhibit the function of immune cells and expand tumor growth. In recent years, numerous strategies and adjuvants have been developed to extend immune responses in the TIME, to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we outline the present knowledge of immune evasion mechanisms in lung TIME, explain the biology of immune cells and diverse effectors on these components, and discuss various approaches for overcoming suppressive barriers. We highlight the potential of novel adjuvants, including toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, phytochemicals, nanocarriers, and oncolytic viruses, for enhancing immune responses in the TME. Ultimately, we provide a summary of ongoing clinical trials investigating these strategies and adjuvants in lung cancer patients. This review also provides a broad overview of the current state-of-the-art in boosting immune responses in the TIME and highlights the potential of these approaches for improving outcomes in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing You
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Da Qing Long Nan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiangni Zou
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bowen Sui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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4
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Ge S, Zhao Y, Liang J, He Z, Li K, Zhang G, Hua B, Zheng H, Guo Q, Qi R, Shi Z. Immune modulation in malignant pleural effusion: from microenvironment to therapeutic implications. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:105. [PMID: 38475858 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy have become the focus and frontier of tumor research, and the immune checkpoint inhibitors has provided novel strategies for tumor treatment. Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common end-stage manifestation of lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma and other thoracic malignancies, which is invasive and often accompanied by poor prognosis, affecting the quality of life of affected patients. Currently, clinical therapy for MPE is limited to pleural puncture, pleural fixation, catheter drainage, and other palliative therapies. Immunization is a new direction for rehabilitation and treatment of MPE. The effusion caused by cancer cells establishes its own immune microenvironment during its formation. Immune cells, cytokines, signal pathways of microenvironment affect the MPE progress and prognosis of patients. The interaction between them have been proved. The relevant studies were obtained through a systematic search of PubMed database according to keywords search method. Then through screening and sorting and reading full-text, 300 literatures were screened out. Exclude irrelevant and poor quality articles, 238 literatures were cited in the references. In this study, the mechanism of immune microenvironment affecting malignant pleural effusion was discussed from the perspectives of adaptive immune cells, innate immune cells, cytokines and molecular targets. Meanwhile, this study focused on the clinical value of microenvironmental components in the immunotherapy and prognosis of malignant pleural effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Ge
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhongning He
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kai Li
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, No.10 Yangfangdiantieyilu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qiujun Guo
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Runzhi Qi
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Zhan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Wang S, Wei W, Yuan Y, Guo J, Liang D, Zhao X. Cell-Surface GRP78-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Eliminate Lung Cancer Tumor Xenografts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:564. [PMID: 38203736 PMCID: PMC10779323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common and intractable malignancies. It is associated with low survival rates despite existing treatments, indicating that new and more effective therapies are urgently needed such as the chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy. The cell-surface glucose-regulated protein 78 (csGRP78) is expressed in various hematological malignancies and solid tumor cells including lung cancer in response to cancer-related endoplasmic reticulum stress, while GRP78 is restricted to inside the normal cells. Here, we detected the prominent expression of csGRP78 in both lung cancer cell lines, A549 and H1299, as well as cancer stemlike cells derived from A549 by immunofluorescence. Next, a csGRP78-targeted CAR was constructed, and the transduced CAR-T cells were tested for their potency to kill the two lung cancer cell lines and derived stemlike cells, which was correlated with specific interferon γ release in vitro. Finally, we found that csGRP78 CAR-T cells also efficiently killed both lung cancer cells and cancer stemlike cells, resulting into the elimination of tumor xenografts in vivo, neither with any evidence of relapse after 63 days of tumor clearance nor any detrimental impact on other body organs we examined. Our study reveals the capacity of csGRP78 as a therapeutic target and offers valuable insight into the development of csGRP78 CAR-T cells as potential therapy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Targeting Therapy & Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (W.W.); (Y.Y.); (J.G.); (D.L.)
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Ma HY, Das J, Prendergast C, De Jong D, Braumuller B, Paily J, Huang S, Liou C, Giarratana A, Hosseini M, Yeh R, Capaccione KM. Advances in CAR T Cell Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9019-9038. [PMID: 37998743 PMCID: PMC10670348 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first approval by the FDA in 2017, tremendous progress has been made in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, the adoptive transfer of engineered, CAR-expressing T lymphocyte. CAR T cells are all composed of three main elements: an extracellular antigen-binding domain, an intracellular signaling domain responsible for T cell activation, and a hinge that joins these two domains. Continuous improvement has been made in CARs, now in their fifth generation, particularly in the intracellular signaling domain responsible for T cell activation. CAR T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Nonetheless, the use of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors has not attained comparable levels of success. Here we review the challenges in achieving effective CAR T cell therapy in solid tumors, and emerging CAR T cells that have shown great promise for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A growing number of clinical trials have been conducted to study the effect of CAR T cell therapy on NSCLC, targeting different types of surface antigens. They include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mesothelin (MSLN), prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), and mucin 1 (MUC1). Potential new targets such as erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma A2 (EphA2), tissue factor (TF), and protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) are currently under investigation in clinical trials. The challenges in developing CAR T for NSCLC therapy and other approaches for enhancing CAR T efficacy are discussed. Finally, we provide our perspective on imaging CAR T cell action by reviewing the two main radionuclide-based CAR T cell imaging techniques, the direct labeling of CAR T cells or indirect labeling via a reporter gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yun Ma
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medica Center, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.Y.M.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Jeeban Das
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Conor Prendergast
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medica Center, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.Y.M.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | | | - Brian Braumuller
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medica Center, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.Y.M.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Jacienta Paily
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medica Center, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.Y.M.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Sophia Huang
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medica Center, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.Y.M.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Connie Liou
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medica Center, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.Y.M.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Anna Giarratana
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medica Center, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.Y.M.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Mahdie Hosseini
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medica Center, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.Y.M.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Randy Yeh
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Capaccione
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medica Center, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.Y.M.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
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7
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Blaquier JB, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Ricciuti B, Mezquita L, Cardona AF, Recondo G. Tackling Osimertinib Resistance in EGFR-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3579-3591. [PMID: 37093192 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The current landscape of targeted therapies directed against oncogenic driver alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is expanding. Patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC can derive significant benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, including the third-generation EGFR TKI osimertinib. However, invariably, all patients will experience disease progression with this therapy mainly due to the adaptation of cancer cells through primary or secondary molecular mechanisms of resistance. The comprehension and access to tissue and cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing have fueled the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to prevent and overcome resistance to osimertinib in the clinical setting. Herein, we review the biological and clinical implications of molecular mechanisms of osimertinib resistance and the ongoing development of therapeutic strategies to overcome or prevent resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bautista Blaquier
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology, Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Ortiz-Cuaran
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Biagio Ricciuti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Felipe Cardona
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research-FICMAC, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
- Direction of Research and Education, Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo Cancer Treatment and Research Cancer-CTIC, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Recondo
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology, Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Medical Oncology Department, Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Li G, Liao G, Xie J, Liu B, Li X, Qiu M. Overexpression of SMAD7 improves the function of EGFR-targeted human CAR-T cells against non-small-cell lung cancer. Respirology 2023; 28:869-880. [PMID: 37376985 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recent advancements in immunotherapy led to the development of Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. CAR-T cell therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is hindered by overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGFβ) in the cancer cells that have a negative regulatory role on T-cells activity. This study characterized CAR-T with overexpression of mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 7 (SMAD), a negative regulator of TGFβ downstream signalling. METHODS We have generated three types of CAR-T: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-CAR-T, EGFR-dominant-negative TGFbeta receptor 2 (DNR)-CAR-T, and EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T by transducing human T-cells with the lentivirus constructs. We characterized the proliferation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, activation profile, and lysis capacity in co-cultures with A549 lung carcinoma cells with and without TGFβ neutralizing antibodies. We also tested the therapeutic potential of EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T in the A549 cells tumour-bearing mice model. RESULTS Both EGFR-DNR-CAR-T and EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T demonstrated a higher proliferation rate and lysis capacity to A549 than traditional EGFR-CAR-T. Neutralization of TGFβ by the antibodies resulted in increased performance of EGFR-CAR-T. In vivo, both EGFR-DNR-CAR-T and EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T resulted in complete tumour resorption by day 20, whereas conventional CAR-T only has a partial effect. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the high efficacy and resistance to negative TGFβ regulation of EGFR-SMAD7-CAR-T comparable with EGFR-DNR-CAR-T and without the systemic effect of TGFβ inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guoliang Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jinbao Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Minglian Qiu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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9
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Dagar G, Gupta A, Masoodi T, Nisar S, Merhi M, Hashem S, Chauhan R, Dagar M, Mirza S, Bagga P, Kumar R, Akil ASAS, Macha MA, Haris M, Uddin S, Singh M, Bhat AA. Harnessing the potential of CAR-T cell therapy: progress, challenges, and future directions in hematological and solid tumor treatments. J Transl Med 2023; 21:449. [PMID: 37420216 PMCID: PMC10327392 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cancer treatments use nonspecific drugs and monoclonal antibodies to target tumor cells. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, however, leverages the immune system's T-cells to recognize and attack tumor cells. T-cells are isolated from patients and modified to target tumor-associated antigens. CAR-T therapy has achieved FDA approval for treating blood cancers like B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, large B-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma by targeting CD-19 and B-cell maturation antigens. Bi-specific chimeric antigen receptors may contribute to mitigating tumor antigen escape, but their efficacy could be limited in cases where certain tumor cells do not express the targeted antigens. Despite success in blood cancers, CAR-T technology faces challenges in solid tumors, including lack of reliable tumor-associated antigens, hypoxic cores, immunosuppressive tumor environments, enhanced reactive oxygen species, and decreased T-cell infiltration. To overcome these challenges, current research aims to identify reliable tumor-associated antigens and develop cost-effective, tumor microenvironment-specific CAR-T cells. This review covers the evolution of CAR-T therapy against various tumors, including hematological and solid tumors, highlights challenges faced by CAR-T cell therapy, and suggests strategies to overcome these obstacles, such as utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing and artificial intelligence to optimize clinical-grade CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Dagar
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab.), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ashna Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab.), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ravi Chauhan
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab.), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Manisha Dagar
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sameer Mirza
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, 182320, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab.), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.
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10
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Maher J. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy for Patients with Lung Cancer: Current Perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:515-532. [PMID: 37425981 PMCID: PMC10327905 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s341179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T-cells has achieved unprecedented efficacy in selected hematological cancers. However, solid tumors such as lung cancer impose several additional challenges to the attainment of clinical success using this emerging therapeutic modality. Lung cancer is the biggest cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 1.8 million deaths worldwide each year. Obstacles to the development of CAR T-cell immunotherapy for lung cancer include the selection of safe tumor-selective targets, accounting for the large number of candidates that have been evaluated thus far. Tumor heterogeneity is also a key hurdle, meaning that single target-based approaches are susceptible to therapeutic failure through the emergence of antigen null cancers. There is also a need to enable CAR T-cells to traffic efficiently to sites of disease, to infiltrate tumor deposits and to operate within the hostile tumor microenvironment formed by solid tumors, resisting the onset of exhaustion. Multiple immune, metabolic, physical and chemical barriers operate at the core of malignant lesions, with potential for further heterogeneity and evolution in the face of selective therapeutic pressures. Although the extraordinarily adaptable nature of lung cancers has recently been unmasked, immunotherapy using immune checkpoint blockade can achieve long-term disease control in a small number of patients, establishing clinical proof of concept that immunotherapies can control advanced lung carcinomas. This review summarizes pre-clinical CAR T-cell research that is specifically focused on lung cancer in addition to published and ongoing clinical trial activity. A number of advanced engineering strategies are also described which are designed to bridge the gap to the attainment of meaningful efficacy using genetically engineered T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maher
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 2UD, UK
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11
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Chen Y, Huang P, Niu M, Tian C, Zhang T, Peng Z. Regeneration of T cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells for CAR-T cell medicated immunotherapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1159507. [PMID: 37274170 PMCID: PMC10233047 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1159507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell treatment involves in vitro production of T cells from patient blood with synthetic receptors specific to a cancer antigen. They circumvent the major histocompatibility complex to recognize the tumor antigen, reducing hematologic malignancy remission rates by 80%. Considering the efficacy of CAR-T treatment, the present work aimed at generating functional clusters of differentiation (CD)8 + T cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and to generate hiPS-CAR-T cells with high antigen-specific cytotoxicity. Methods: The Alkaline phosphatase assay and MycoEasy rapid mycoplasma detection kit was implemented for detection of hiPSCs and mycoplasma, respectively. The CD34+ HSPCs were harvested in AggreWellTM 400 using a 37-micron reversible strainer. Likewise, the lymphoid progenitor and CD4+CD8+ DP T cells were also harvested. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to mark cytotoxicity and ELISA was used to detect IFN-γ secretion. Further, flow cytometry and transwell chambers were used to assess cell cycle, and migration and invasion. Finally, the in vivo antitumor effects of the CAR-T cells were evaluated using experimental animals (mice). Results: Results revealed that a serum-free, feeder layer-free differentiation system significantly yielded hiPSC-based T cell immunotherapy with interleukin-2, interleukin-15, and activators at the differentiation stage to promote the maturation of these cells into human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS)-T cells. The infection of hiPSCs with the CD19 CAR lentivirus resulted in the production of the hiPSC-CAR-T cells. We validated the function of hiPS-CAR-T cells in vivo and in vitro experimentation which revealed no significant differences in cell morphology and function between hiPSC-derived hiPS-CAR-T cells and peripheral blood-derived CAR-T cells. Conclusion: This study developed a culture method that is efficient and clinically useful to make functional CD8+ T cells from hiPSC and to get hiPS-CAR-T cells with high antigen-specific cytotoxicity that are not very different from CAR T cells found in peripheral blood. As a result, our findings may open the way for the clinical use of hiPSC to create functional CD8+ T and hiPS-CAR-T cells cells for use in cell-based cancer therapy.
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12
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CAR-T-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Promising Development of CAR-T Anti-Tumor Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041052. [PMID: 36831396 PMCID: PMC9954490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous population of plasma membrane-surrounded particles that are released in the extracellular milieu by almost all types of living cells. EVs are key players in intercellular crosstalk, both locally and systemically, given that they deliver their cargoes (consisting of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, miRNAs, and DNA fragments) to target cells, crossing biological barriers. Those mechanisms further trigger a wide range of biological responses. Interestingly, EV phenotypes and cargoes and, therefore, their functions, stem from their specific parental cells. For these reasons, EVs have been proposed as promising candidates for EV-based, cell-free therapies. One of the new frontiers of cell-based immunotherapy for the fight against refractory neoplastic diseases is represented by genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) lymphocytes, which in recent years have demonstrated their effectiveness by reaching commercialization and clinical application for some neoplastic diseases. CAR-T-derived EVs represent a recent promising development of CAR-T immunotherapy approaches. This crosscutting innovative strategy is designed to exploit the advantages of genetically engineered cell-based immunotherapy together with those of cell-free EVs, which in principle might be safer and more efficient in crossing biological and tumor-associated barriers. In this review, we underlined the potential of CAR-T-derived EVs as therapeutic agents in tumors.
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13
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Huang Z, Dewanjee S, Chakraborty P, Jha NK, Dey A, Gangopadhyay M, Chen XY, Wang J, Jha SK. CAR T cells: engineered immune cells to treat brain cancers and beyond. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:22. [PMID: 36721153 PMCID: PMC9890802 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors rank among the most challenging type of malignancies to manage. The current treatment protocol commonly entails surgery followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, however, the median patient survival rate is poor. Recent developments in immunotherapy for a variety of tumor types spark optimism that immunological strategies may help patients with brain cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells exploit the tumor-targeting specificity of antibodies or receptor ligands to direct the cytolytic capacity of T cells. Several molecules have been discovered as potential targets for immunotherapy-based targeting, including but not limited to EGFRvIII, IL13Rα2, and HER2. The outstanding clinical responses to CAR T cell-based treatments in patients with hematological malignancies have generated interest in using this approach to treat solid tumors. Research results to date support the astounding clinical response rates of CD19-targeted CAR T cells, early clinical experiences in brain tumors demonstrating safety and evidence for disease-modifying activity, and the promise for further advances to ultimately assist patients clinically. However, several variable factors seem to slow down the progress rate regarding treating brain cancers utilizing CAR T cells. The current study offers a thorough analysis of CAR T cells' promise in treating brain cancer, including design and delivery considerations, current strides in clinical and preclinical research, issues encountered, and potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoufang Huang
- grid.452437.3Department of Hematology, Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- grid.216499.10000 0001 0722 3459Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Pratik Chakraborty
- grid.216499.10000 0001 0722 3459Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- grid.412552.50000 0004 1764 278XDepartment of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- grid.412537.60000 0004 1768 2925Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Moumita Gangopadhyay
- grid.502979.00000 0004 6087 8632Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126 India
| | - Xuan-Yu Chen
- grid.264091.80000 0001 1954 7928Institute for Biotechnology, St. John’s University, Queens, New York, 11439 USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Jiangyin People’s Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, 214400 China
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- grid.412552.50000 0004 1764 278XDepartment of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India ,grid.448792.40000 0004 4678 9721Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413 India ,grid.449906.60000 0004 4659 5193Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007 India
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14
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Zhang K, Chen H, Li F, Huang S, Chen F, Li Y. Bright future or blind alley? CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1045024. [PMID: 36761757 PMCID: PMC9902507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1045024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells therapy has emerged as a significant breakthrough in adoptive immunotherapy for hematological malignancies with FDA approval. However, the application of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors remains challenging, mostly due to lack of suitable CAR-T target antigens, insufficient trafficking and extravasation to tumor sites, and limited CAR-T survival in the hostile tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, we reviewed the development of CARs and the clinical trials in solid tumors. Meanwhile, a "key-and-lock" relationship was used to describe the recognition of tumor antigen via CAR T cells. Some strategies, including dual-targets and receptor system switches or filter, have been explored to help CAR T cells matching targets specifically and to minimize on-target/off-tumor toxicities in normal tissues. Furthermore, the complex TME restricts CAT T cells activity through dense extracellular matrix, suppressive immune cells and cytokines. Recent innovations in engineered CARs to shield the inhibitory signaling molecules were also discussed, which efficiently promote CAR T functions in terms of expansion and survival to overcome the hurdles in the TME of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Oncology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Graduate School, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Oncology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fuqiang Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Breast Cancer Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Oncology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Graduate School, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Yi Li,
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15
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Min J, Long C, Zhang L, Duan J, Fan H, Chu F, Li Z. c-Met specific CAR-T cells as a targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer cell A549. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9216-9232. [PMID: 35378051 PMCID: PMC9161852 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2058149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is considered to be one of the most prevalent and fatal malignancies, with a poor survival rate. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) cell therapy is one of the most exciting directions in the field of Cellular immunotherapy. Therefore, CAR-T cells that target c-Met have been developed for use in NSCLC therapy and might be a potential therapeutic strategy. The anti c-Met ScFv structure was fused with the transmembrane and intracellular domains. Using a lentiviral vector to load the c-Met CAR gene, then transfected the c-Met CAR lentiviral into human T cells to obtain the second generation c-Met CAR-T expressing CARs stably. In vitro co-culture, experiments revealed that CAR-T cells have high proliferative activity and the potential to secrete cytokines (IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ). c-Met CAR-T cells showed special cellular cytotoxicity in LDH release assay. A subcutaneous tumor model in nude mice was used to test the anticancer effectiveness of c-Met CAR-T cells in vivo. For c-Met positive NSCLC tissue, according to tumor volume, weight, fluorescence intensity, and immunohistochemical detection, c-Met CAR-T cells had stronger tumor growth suppression compared to untransduced T cells. HE staining revealed that c-Met CAR-T cells did not produced side effects in nude mice. Taken together, we provided useful method to generate c-Met CAR- T cells, which exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity against NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, providing a new therapeutic avenue for treating NSCLC clinically. Highlights(1) c-Met CAR-T capable of stably expressing c-Met CARs were constructed. (2) c-Met CAR-T have strong anti-tumor ability and proliferation ability in vitro. (3) c-Met CAR-T can effectively inhibit the growth of A549 cells subcutaneous xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Min
- Department of Basic Medical, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, AH, China
| | - Chirong Long
- Department of Basic Medical, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, AH, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, AH, China
| | - Jiakang Duan
- Department of Hepatological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, AH, China
| | - Honglian Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, AH, China
| | - Fei Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, AH, China
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, AH, China
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16
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Chan LY, Dass SA, Tye GJ, Imran SAM, Wan Kamarul Zaman WS, Nordin F. CAR-T Cells/-NK Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy and the Potential of MSC to Enhance Its Efficacy: A Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040804. [PMID: 35453554 PMCID: PMC9024487 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) plays a dynamic role in targeting tumour-associated antigens in cancer cells. This novel therapeutic discovery combines fragments of monoclonal antibodies with the signalling and co-stimulatory domains that have been modified to its current fourth generation. CAR has been widely implemented in T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells immunotherapy. The significant advancement in CAR technology is evident based on numerous ongoing clinical trials on CAR-T/-NK cells and successful CAR-related products such as Kymriah (Novartis) and Yescarta (Kite Pharma, Gilead). Another important cell-based therapy is the engineering of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Researchers have been exploring MSCs and their innate homing abilities to tumour sites and secretion cytokines that bridge both CAR and MSC technologies as a therapeutic agent. This combination allows for both therapies to overcome each one’s flaw as an immunotherapy intervention. Herein, we have provided a concise review on the background of CAR and its applications in different cancers, as well as MSCs’ unique ability as delivery vectors for cancer therapy and the possibility of enhancing the CAR-immune cells’ activity. Hence, we have highlighted throughout this review the synergistic effects of both interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ler Yie Chan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (L.Y.C.); (S.A.M.I.)
- INTEC Education College, Jalan Senangin Satu 17/2A, Seksyen 17, Shah Alam 40200, Malaysia
| | - Sylvia Annabel Dass
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia; (S.A.D.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia; (S.A.D.); (G.J.T.)
| | - Siti A. M. Imran
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (L.Y.C.); (S.A.M.I.)
| | - Wan Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering (CIME), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (L.Y.C.); (S.A.M.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-91457670
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17
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Chen L, Chen F, Li J, Pu Y, Yang C, Wang Y, Lei Y, Huang Y. CAR-T cell therapy for lung cancer: Potential and perspective. Thorac Cancer 2022; 13:889-899. [PMID: 35289077 PMCID: PMC8977151 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the highest incidence and mortality of all cancers around the world. In the present immunotherapy era, an increasing number of immunotherapeutic agents including monoclonal antibody‐targeted drugs have been used in the clinical treatment of malignancy, but it still has many limitations. Chimeric antigen receptor‐modified T (CAR‐T) cells, a novel adoptive immunotherapy strategy, have not only been used successfully against hematological tumors, but have also opened up new avenues for immunotherapy of solid tumors, including lung cancer. However, targeting lung cancer‐specific antigens using engineered CAR‐T cells is complicated by the lack of proper tumor‐specific antigens, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, a low level of CAR‐T cell infiltration into tumor tissues, along with off‐target effect, etc. Simultaneously, the clinical application of CAR‐T cells remains limited because of many challenges such as tumor lysis syndrome, neurotoxicity syndrome, and cytokine release syndrome. In this review, we outline the basic structure and generation characteristic of CAR‐T cells and summarize the common tumor‐associated antigens in clinical trials of CAR‐T cell therapy for lung cancer, and point out the current challenges and new strategies, aiming to provide new ideas and approaches for the pre‐clinical experiments and clinical trials of CAR‐T cell therapy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Fukun Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jindan Li
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yongzhu Pu
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Conghui Yang
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yujie Lei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yunchao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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18
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Xu C, Ju D, Zhang X. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy: challenges and opportunities in lung cancer. Antib Ther 2022; 5:73-83. [PMID: 35372786 PMCID: PMC8972219 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the paradigm in hematological malignancies treatment, driving an ever-expanding number of basic research and clinical trials of genetically engineering T cells to treat solid tumors. CAR T-cell therapies based on the antibodies targeting Mesothelin, CEA, EGFR, EGFR, MUC1, DLL3, and emerging novel targets provide promising efficacy for lung cancer patients. However, clinical application of CAR T-cell therapy against lung cancer remains limited on account of physical and immune barriers, antigen escape and heterogeneity, on-target off-tumor toxicity, and many other reasons. Understanding the evolution of CAR structure and the generalizable requirements for manufacturing CAR T cells as well as the interplay between lung tumor immunology and CAR T cells will improve clinical translation of this therapeutic modality in lung cancer. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest advances in CAR T-cell therapy in lung cancer, focusing on the CAR structure, target antigens, challenges, and corresponding new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Xu
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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19
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Budi HS, Ahmad FN, Achmad H, Ansari MJ, Mikhailova MV, Suksatan W, Chupradit S, Shomali N, Marofi F. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for tumor immunotherapy; recent progress. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:40. [PMID: 35093187 PMCID: PMC8800342 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the overexpression or amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with poor prognosis in a myriad of human tumors, recent studies have focused on HER2-targeted therapies. Deregulation in HER2 signaling pathways is accompanied by sustained tumor cells growth concomitant with their migration and also tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by stimulation of proliferation of a network of blood vessels. A large number of studies have provided clear evidence that the emerging HER2-directed treatments could be the outcome of patients suffering from HER2 positive breast and also gastric/gastroesophageal cancers. Thanks to its great anti-tumor competence, immunotherapy using HER2-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expressing immune cell has recently attracted increasing attention. Human T cells and also natural killer (NK) cells can largely be found in the tumor microenvironment, mainly contributing to the tumor immune surveillance. Such properties make them perfect candidate for genetically modification to express constructed CARs. Herein, we will describe the potential targets of the HER2 signaling in tumor cells to clarify HER2-mediated tumorigenesis and also discuss recent findings respecting the HER2-specific CAR-expressing immune cells (CAR T and CAR NK cell) for the treatment of HER2-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Setia Budi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132 Indonesia
| | | | - Harun Achmad
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wanich Suksatan
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210 Thailand
| | - Supat Chupradit
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Xiao BF, Zhang JT, Zhu YG, Cui XR, Lu ZM, Yu BT, Wu N. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Lung Cancer: Potential and Challenges. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782775. [PMID: 34790207 PMCID: PMC8591168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has exhibited a substantial clinical response in hematological malignancies, including B-cell leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Therefore, the feasibility of using CAR-T cells to treat solid tumors is actively evaluated. Currently, multiple basic research projects and clinical trials are being conducted to treat lung cancer with CAR-T cell therapy. Although numerous advances in CAR-T cell therapy have been made in hematological tumors, the technology still entails considerable challenges in treating lung cancer, such as on−target, of−tumor toxicity, paucity of tumor-specific antigen targets, T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment, and low infiltration level of immune cells into solid tumor niches, which are even more complicated than their application in hematological tumors. Thus, progress in the scientific understanding of tumor immunology and improvements in the manufacture of cell products are advancing the clinical translation of these important cellular immunotherapies. This review focused on the latest research progress of CAR-T cell therapy in lung cancer treatment and for the first time, demonstrated the underlying challenges and future engineering strategies for the clinical application of CAR-T cell therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Fan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Tao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Run Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ben-Tong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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Khorasani ABS, Sanaei MJ, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. CAR T cell therapy in solid tumors; with an extensive focus on obstacles and strategies to overcome the challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108260. [PMID: 34678690 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The application of the CAR T cell therapy in hematologic malignancies holds prosperous results that intensified the unprecedented enthusiasm to employ this fascinating strategy in other types of human malignancies. Although the researchers invested a great deal of effort to exploit the utmost efficacy of these cells in the context of solid tumors, few articles reviewed obstacles and opportunities. The current review aims to provide comprehensive literature of recent advances of CAR T cell therapy in a wide range of solid tumors; and also, to discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on this topic. Despite promising results, several radical obstacles are on the way of this approach. This review discusses the most important drawbacks and also responds to questions on how the intrinsic features of solid tumors in addition to the tumor microenvironment-related challenges and the immune-relating adverse effects can curb satisfactory outcomes of CAR T cells. The last section allocates a special focus on innovative and contemporary policies which have already been adopted to surmount these challenges. Finally, we comment on the future research aspects in which the efficacy, as well as the safety of CAR T cell therapy, might be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Xue T, Zhao X, Zhao K, Lu Y, Yao J, Ji X. Immunotherapy for lung cancer: Focusing on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. Curr Probl Cancer 2021; 46:100791. [PMID: 34538649 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2021.100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Besides traditional treatment strategies, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy for lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer incidence and death, immunotherapy has also emerged as a new treatment strategy. The goal of immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system responses against cancer, using various approaches such as therapeutic vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and T-cell therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, one of the most popular cancer immunotherapy approaches in the last decade, are genetically engineered T-cells to redirect patients' immune responses to recognize and eliminate tumor-associated antigens (TAA)-expressing tumor cells. CAR-T cell therapy provides promising benefits in lung tumors. In this review, we summarize different immunotherapy approaches for lung cancer, the structure of CAR-T cells, currently undergoing CARs in clinical trials, and various TAAs are being investigated as potential targets in designing CAR-T cells for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqing Xue
- Department of Pain and Intervention Management, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Yao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xianguo Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhao L, Ma L, Chen X, Liu Z. Psychological nursing intervention improve the mental health status of young patients with lung cancer surgery during the perioperative period. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26736. [PMID: 34397814 PMCID: PMC8341278 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the effects of psychological nursing on improving the mental health status of young patients with lung cancer surgery during the perioperative period. METHODS seventy-eight young patients (From February 2018 to February 2019) underwent lung cancer operation were selected. All these patients were randomly allocated to intervention group and control group. The patients in the control group were treated with general routine care. The patients in the intervention group were treated with a comprehensive and systematic family participation psychological nursing. The mental health status of the patients in the 2 groups were compared and analyzed. RESULTS The self-rating anxiety scale scores and self-rating depression scale scores of patients were significantly reduced in the intervention group compared with the control group (P < .05). The scores of somatization, obsessive symptoms, interpersonal relationship, depression, anxiety, hostile, phobic neurosis, stubborn, paranoia and psychosis were also significantly reduced in the intervention group compared with the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSION the comprehensive and systematic psychological nursing intervention improved the mental health status of young patients with lung cancer surgery during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Lina Ma
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Departments of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, P.R. China
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Phase I clinical trial of EGFR-specific CAR-T cells generated by the piggyBac transposon system in advanced relapsed/refractory non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:3725-3734. [PMID: 34032893 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I clinical trial is designed to assess the safety and feasibility of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell generated by the piggyBac transposon system in advanced relapsed/refractory non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Compared to viral systems, the piggyBac transposon system is a simpler, more economical, and alternative way to introduce chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgenes into T cells. METHODS This study recruited nine patients with advanced relapsed/refractory EGFR-positive NSCLC for two cycles of the piggyBac-generated EGFR-CAR T cells at dose of 1 × 106 cells/kg or 3 × 106 cells/kg of body weight. The patients were monitored for adverse events, clinical response, and persistence of plasma GFR-CAR T cells. RESULTS Infusions of piggyBac-generated EGFR-CAR T cells were well tolerated in all nine patients. The most common adverse events were grade 1 to 3 fever and there were no patients who experienced grade 4 adverse events or serious cytokine release syndrome. After treatment, eight of nine patients showed detectable EGFR-CAR T cells in their peripheral blood. One patient showed a partial response and lasted for more than 13 months, while six had stable disease, and two had progressed disease. The progression-free survival of these nine patients was 7.13 months (95% CI 2.71-17.10 months), while the median overall survival was 15.63 months (95% CI 8.82-22.03 months). CONCLUSION This Phase I clinical trial revealed that the non-viral piggyBac transposon system-engineered EGFR-CAR T-cell therapy is feasible and safe in treatment of EGFR-positive advanced relapsed/refractory NSCLC patients. Future study will assess it in more patients or even possibly with a higher dose. Trial registration number NCT03182816.
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Jin L, Cao L, Zhu Y, Cao J, Li X, Zhou J, Liu B, Zhao T. Enhance anti-lung tumor efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor-T cells by ectopic expression of C-C motif chemokine receptor 6. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:803-812. [PMID: 36654137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells have limited therapeutic efficacy against solid tumors, partially due to their limited ability to reach and invade into the neoplastic foci. By gene expression profiling interactive analysis, we identified that the C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 20 is highly expressed in lung and other most incidence and/or mortality cancers such as colon, rectum, stomach, and liver cancers. Forced expression of C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), the biunique receptor of CCL20, results in robust trafficking of CAR-T cells toward CCL20-secreting tumor cells. In a lung cancer xenograft mouse model, CCR6-expressing CAR-T cells efficiently migrate to and infiltrate into solid tumors upon infusion, leading to effective tumor clearance and significantly prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. In addition, culturing CCR6-CAR-T cells with interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 further improved their anti-lung cancer activity. Our findings provide supporting evidence for the clinical development of chemokine receptor-engineered CAR-T cells for solid tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiani Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Translational Medicine Center of Stem Cells, 307-Ivy Translational Medicine Center, Laboratory of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tongbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Marofi F, Motavalli R, Safonov VA, Thangavelu L, Yumashev AV, Alexander M, Shomali N, Chartrand MS, Pathak Y, Jarahian M, Izadi S, Hassanzadeh A, Shirafkan N, Tahmasebi S, Khiavi FM. CAR T cells in solid tumors: challenges and opportunities. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:81. [PMID: 33494834 PMCID: PMC7831265 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CARs are simulated receptors containing an extracellular single-chain variable fragment (scFv), a transmembrane domain, as well as an intracellular region of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in association with a co-stimulatory signal. MAIN BODY Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are genetically engineered T cells to express a receptor for the recognition of the particular surface marker that has given rise to advances in the treatment of blood disorders. The CAR T cells obtain supra-physiological properties and conduct as "living drugs" presenting both immediate and steady effects after expression in T cells surface. But, their efficacy in solid tumor treatment has not yet been supported. The pivotal challenges in the field of solid tumor CAR T cell therapy can be summarized in three major parts: recognition, trafficking, and surviving in the tumor. On the other hand, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) interferes with T cell activity in terms of differentiation and exhaustion, and as a result of the combined use of CARs and checkpoint blockade, as well as the suppression of other inhibitor factors in the microenvironment, very promising results were obtained from the reduction of T cell exhaustion. CONCLUSION Nowadays, identifying and defeating the mechanisms associated with CAR T cell dysfunction is crucial to establish CAR T cells that can proliferate and lyse tumor cells severely. In this review, we discuss the CAR signaling and efficacy T in solid tumors and evaluate the most significant barriers in this process and describe the most novel therapeutic methods aiming to the acquirement of the promising therapeutic outcome in non-hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roza Motavalli
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vladimir A. Safonov
- The Laboratory of Biogeochemistry and Environment, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina 19 Street, Moscow, Russian Federation 119991
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Markov Alexander
- Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen Industrial University, Tyumen, Russian Federation
| | - Navid Shomali
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Yashwant Pathak
- Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Mostafa Jarahian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Izadi
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Naghmeh Shirafkan
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhang L, Li H, Zhang F, Wang S, Li G. [CAR-T Immunotherapy and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Bottleneck and Dawn]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2020; 23:916-920. [PMID: 32810975 PMCID: PMC7583876 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.103.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
伴随人们对威胁人类健康的非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)更深入的病理生理和发病机制的全新理解,NSCLC治疗已进入一个新时代。从传统以手术、放化疗为基础的治疗过渡到以个体化精准化的靶向治疗和安全性及效能更高的免疫治疗。免疫检查点抑制剂疗法已经被批准为晚期NSCLC一线或者二线的治疗方案,并且取得非同凡响的临床效果。然而,其他类型的免疫治疗在NSCLC中鲜有探索。嵌合抗原受体修饰T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells, CAR-T cells)在治疗几种血液系统恶性肿瘤方面表现不俗。然而,其在治疗包括NSCLC在内的实体瘤患者方面却不甚理想。本综述旨在系统阐释CAR-T在NSCLC治疗中的最新进展,主要包括:CAR分子靶标选择、CAR-T功能增强及相关毒性的管理以及CAR-T治疗NSCLC的困境及展望,旨在为NSCLC的免疫治疗开拓新的视角和独特的思路,为肿瘤免疫治疗大厦添砖加瓦。
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Feiyue Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Gaofeng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China
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Zahran AM, Hetta HF, Mansour S, Saad ES, Rayan A. Reviving up dendritic cells can run cancer immune wheel in non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective two-arm study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:733-742. [PMID: 32918587 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related deaths. Dendritic cells (DCs) are heterogeneous components of innate immunity that play a crucial role in the anti-tumor T cell immunity and may represent a promising approach for tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of the two major subsets of DCs; plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and monocytic dendritic cells (mDCs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NCSLC) and correlating them with different clinicopathologic features and survival outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a case-controlled one, included 50 patients with denovo pathologically confirmed NSCLC and 20 healthy controls of comparable age and gender. After diagnosis and staging of patients, the frequency of DCs was evaluated using flow cytometry. RESULTS We unveiled significantly reduced levels of pDCs (P = 0.024), and mDCs (P = 0.013) in NSCLC patients compared to controls. Furthermore, there was a significant accumulation of pDCs in non-metastatic patients compared to metastatic ones (P < 0.0001), while there was no significant (P = 0.6) differences in mDCs, and mDCs/pDCs ratio (P = 0.9). There was a Significant negative correlation (r = - 0.3, P = 0.04) between OS and mDCs. On the other hand, there was a significantly higher OS with pDCs ≥ 0.82 compared to patients with pDCs < 0.82, log rank Ch2 = 12.128, P < 0.0001. CONCLUSION Despite the controversy about the prognostic role of pDCs not only in NSCLC but also in other solid tumors, our study sheds light on the possible prognostic impact of pDCs and mDCs on treatment outcomes of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Zahran
- Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA.
| | - Shimaa Mansour
- Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Ereny S Saad
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Amal Rayan
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
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LunX-CAR T Cells as a Targeted Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:361-370. [PMID: 32405534 PMCID: PMC7210386 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carries a high mortality, and efficacious therapy is lacking. Therapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has been used efficaciously against hematologic malignancies, but the curative effect against solid tumors is not satisfactory. A lack of antigen targets is one of the main reasons for this limited efficacy. Previously, we showed that lung-specific X (LUNX; also known as BPIFA1, PLUNC, and SPLUNC1) is overexpressed in lung cancer cells. Here, we constructed a CAR-T-cell-based strategy to target LunX (CARLunX T cells). CAR T cells were developed so that, upon specific recognition of LunX, they secreted cytokines and killed LunX-positive NSCLC cells. In vitro, CARLunX T cells displayed enhanced toxicity toward NSCLC lines and production of cytokines and showed specific LunX-dependent recognition of NSCLC cells. Adoptive transfer of CARLunX T cells induced regression of established metastatic lung cancer xenografts and prolonged survival. CARLunX T cells could infiltrate into the tumor. Also, we constructed a patient-derived xenograft model of lung cancer. After therapy with CARLunX T cells, tumor growth was suppressed, and survival was prolonged significantly. Together, our findings offer preclinical evidence of the immunotherapeutic targeting of LunX as a strategy to treat NSCLC.
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Remon J, Passiglia F, Ahn MJ, Barlesi F, Forde PM, Garon EB, Gettinger S, Goldberg SB, Herbst RS, Horn L, Kubota K, Lu S, Mezquita L, Paz-Ares L, Popat S, Schalper KA, Skoulidis F, Reck M, Adjei AA, Scagliotti GV. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Thoracic Malignancies: Review of the Existing Evidence by an IASLC Expert Panel and Recommendations. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15:914-947. [PMID: 32179179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past 10 years, a deeper understanding of the immune landscape of cancers, including immune evasion processes, has allowed the development of a new class of agents. The reactivation of host antitumor immune response offers the potential for long-term survival benefit in a portion of patients with thoracic malignancies. The advent of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), both as single agents and in combination with chemotherapy, and more recently, the combination of ICI, anti-programmed cell death protein 1, and anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 antibody, have led to breakthrough therapeutic advances for patients with advanced NSCLC, and to a lesser extent, patients with SCLC. Encouraging activity has recently emerged in pretreated patients with thymic carcinoma (TC). Conversely, in malignant pleural mesothelioma, pivotal positive signs of activity have not been fully confirmed in randomized trials. The additive effects of chemoradiation and immunotherapy suggested intriguing potential for therapeutic synergy with combination strategies. This has led to the introduction of ICI consolidation therapy in stage III NSCLC, creating a platform for future therapeutic developments in earlier-stage disease. Despite the definitive clinical benefit observed with ICI, primary and acquired resistance represent well-known biological phenomena, which may affect the therapeutic efficacy of these agents. The development of innovative strategies to overcome ICI resistance, standardization of new patterns of ICI progression, identification of predictive biomarkers of response, optimal treatment duration, and characterization of ICI efficacy in special populations, represent crucial issues to be adequately addressed, with the aim of improving the therapeutic benefit of ICI in patients with thoracic malignancies. In this article, an international panel of experts in the field of thoracic malignancies discussed these topics, evaluating currently available scientific evidence, with the final aim of providing clinical recommendations, which may guide oncologists in their current practice and elucidate future treatment strategies and research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Remon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (HM-CIOCC), Hospital HM Delfos, HM Hospitales, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Passiglia
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, AOU S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Multidisciplinary Oncology and Therapeutic Innovations Department, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CRCM, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick M Forde
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward B Garon
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Translational Research in Oncology US Network, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott Gettinger
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sarah B Goldberg
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roy S Herbst
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Leora Horn
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kaoru Kubota
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sanjay Popat
- Medical Oncology Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Medical Oncology Department, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ferdinandos Skoulidis
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Martin Reck
- Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center of Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Alex A Adjei
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Giorgio V Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, AOU S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy.
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Rutkowska A, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E, Janik K, Włodarczyk A, Rieske P. EGFR vIII: An Oncogene with Ambiguous Role. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1092587. [PMID: 32089685 PMCID: PMC7024087 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1092587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) seems to constitute the perfect therapeutic target for glioblastoma (GB), as it is specifically present on up to 28-30% of GB cells. In case of other tumor types, expression and possible role of this oncogene still remain controversial. In spite of EGFRvIII mechanism of action being crucial for the design of small active anticancer molecules and immunotherapies, i.e., CAR-T technology, it is yet to be precisely defined. EGFRvIII is known to be resistant to degradation, but it is still unclear whether it heterodimerizes with EGF-activated wild-type EGFR (EGFRWT) or homodimerizes (including covalent homodimerization). Constitutive kinase activity of this mutated receptor is relatively low, and some researchers even claim that a nuclear, but not a membrane function, is crucial for its activity. Based on the analyses of recurrent tumors that are often lacking EGFRvIII expression despite its initial presence in corresponding primary foci, this oncogene is suggested to play a marginal role during later stages of carcinogenesis, while even in primary tumors EGFRvIII expression is detected only in a small percentage of tumor cells, undermining the rationality of EGFRvIII-targeting therapies. On the other hand, EGFRvIII-positive cells are resistant to apoptosis, more invasive, and characterized with enhanced proliferation rate. Moreover, expression of this oncogenic receptor was also postulated to be a marker of cancer stem cells. Opinions regarding the role that EGFRvIII plays in tumorigenesis and for tumor aggressiveness are clearly contradictory and, therefore, it is crucial not only to determine its mechanism of action, but also to unambiguously define its role at early and advanced cancer stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Janik
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
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Yu X, Liu J. Effects of high-quality nursing care for patients with lung cancer during the perioperative period: A protocol of systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e18132. [PMID: 31770247 PMCID: PMC6890368 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study will explore the effects of high-quality nursing care (HQNC) for patients with lung cancer (LC) during the perioperative period (PPP). METHODS A literature search will be performed at Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure since its inception until October 1, 2019. All electronic databases will be searched with no restrictions of language and publication status. Two authors will perform study selection, data collection, and study quality assessment, respectively. We will use RevMan 5.3 software for statistical analysis. RESULTS This study will summarize the latest evidence on assessing the depression, anxiety, quality of life, and adverse events of HQNC in patients with LC during PPP. CONCLUSION The results of this study may provide helpful evidence of HQNC on psychological effects in patients with LC during PPP. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42019155982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yu
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
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Wang JB, Huang X, Li FR. Impaired dendritic cell functions in lung cancer: a review of recent advances and future perspectives. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019; 39:43. [PMID: 31307548 PMCID: PMC6631514 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-019-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key factors providing protective immunity against lung tumors and clinical trials have proven that DC function is reduced in lung cancer patients. It is evident that the immunoregulatory network may play a key role in the failure of the immune response to terminate tumors. Lung tumors likely employ numerous strategies to suppress DC-based anti-tumor immunity. Here, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding on lung tumor-induced immunosuppression in DCs, which affects the initiation and development of T-cell responses. We also describe which existing measures to restore DC function may be useful for clinical treatment of lung tumors. Furthering our knowledge of how lung cancer cells alter DC function to generate a tumor-supportive environment will be essential in order to guide the design of new immunotherapy strategies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Wang
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen Road North, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen, 218020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xue Huang
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen Road North, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen, 218020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Rong Li
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, 1017 Dongmen Road North, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen, 218020, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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