1
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Cardini A. Allometry and phylogenetic divergence: Correspondence or incongruence? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39045807 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The potential connection between trends of within species variation, such as those of allometric change in morphology, and phylogenetic divergence has been a central topic in evolutionary biology for more than a century, including in the context of human evolution. In this study, I focus on size-related shape change in craniofacial proportions using a sample of more than 3200 adult Old World monkeys belonging to 78 species, of which 2942 specimens of 51 species are selected for the analysis. Using geometric morphometrics, I assess whether the divergence in the direction of static allometries increases in relation to phyletic differences. Because both small samples and taxonomic sampling may bias the results, I explore the sensitivity of the main analyses to the inclusion of more or less taxa depending on the choice of a threshold for the minimum sample size of a species. To better understand the impact of sampling error, I also use randomized subsampling experiments in the largest species samples. The study shows that static allometries vary broadly in directions without any evident phylogenetic signal. This variation is much larger than previously found in ontogenetic trajectories of Old World monkeys, but the conclusion of no congruence with phylogenetic divergence is the same. Yet, the effect of sampling error clearly contributes to inaccuracies and tends to magnify the differences in allometric change. Thus, morphometric research at the boundary between micro- and macro-evolution in primates, and more generally in mammals, critically needs very large and representative samples. Besides sampling error, I suggest other non-mutually exclusive explanations for the lack of correspondence between allometric and phylogenetic divergence in Old World monkeys, and also discuss why directions might be more variable in static compared to ontogenetic trajectories. Even if allometric variation may be a poor source of information in relation to phylogeny, the evolution of allometry is a fascinating subject and the study of size-related shape changes remains a fundamental piece of the puzzle to understand morphological variation within and between species in primates and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Centre for Forensic Anatomy and Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Welsh IC, Feiler ME, Lipman D, Mormile I, Hansen K, Percival CJ. Palatal segment contributions to midfacial anterior-posterior growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.03.560703. [PMID: 37873353 PMCID: PMC10592893 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Anterior-posterior (A-P) elongation of the palate is a critical aspect of integrated midfacial morphogenesis. Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions drive secondary palate elongation that is coupled to the periodic formation of signaling centers within the rugae growth zone (RGZ). However, the relationship between RGZ driven morphogenetic processes, the differentiative dynamics of underlying palatal bone mesenchymal precursors, and the segmental organization of the upper jaw has remained enigmatic. A detailed ontogenetic study of these relationships is important, because palatal segment growth is a critical aspect of normal midfacial growth, can be modified to produce dysmorphology, and is a likely basis for evolutionary differences in upper jaw morphology. Variation in palatal-segment specific growth may also underlie known differences in palatal segment proportions between inbred mouse strains. We completed a combined whole mount gene expression and morphometric analysis of normal murine palatal growth dynamics and their association with palatal segment elongation and resulting upper jaw morphology. Our results demonstrated that the first formed palatal ruga (ruga 1), found just posterior to the RGZ, maintained an association with important nasal, neurovascular and palatal structures throughout early midfacial development; suggesting that these features are positioned at a proximal source of embryonic midfacial directional growth. Our detailed characterization of midfacial morphogenesis revealed a one-to-one relationship between palatal segments and upper jaw bones during the earliest stages of palatal elongation. Growth of the maxillary anlage within the anterior secondary palate is uniquely coupled to RGZ-driven morphogenesis that more than doubles the length of this palatal segment prior to palatal shelf fusion. Our results also demonstrate that the future maxillary-palatine suture, approximated by the position ruga 1 and consistently associated with the palatine anlage, forms predominantly via the posterior differentiation of the maxilla within the expanding anterior secondary palate. Our complementary ontogenetic comparison of three inbred mouse strains identified small but significant strain-specific differences in early embryonic palatal segment contributions to the upper jaw. Although early palatal segment specific growth is not primarily responsible for adult differences in upper jaw morphology between these strains, our ontogenetic series of measurements provide a useful foundation for understanding the impact of background genetic effects on facial shape and elongation. In combination, our results provide a novel and particularly detailed picture of the earliest spatiotemporal dynamics of intramembranous midfacial skeletal specification and differentiation within the context of the surrounding palatal segment A-P elongation and associated rugae formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Welsh
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Maria E. Feiler
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790
| | - Danika Lipman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary
| | - Isabel Mormile
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790
| | - Karissa Hansen
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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3
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Hanegraef H, Spoor F. Maxillary morphology of chimpanzees: Captive versus wild environments. J Anat 2024; 244:977-994. [PMID: 38293709 PMCID: PMC11095307 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphological studies typically avoid using osteological samples that derive from captive animals because it is assumed that their morphology is not representative of wild populations. Rearing environments indeed differ between wild and captive individuals. For example, mechanical properties of the diets provided to captive animals can be drastically different from the food present in their natural habitats, which could impact cranial morphology and dental health. Here, we examine morphological differences in the maxillae of wild versus captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) given the prominence of this species in comparative samples used in human evolution research and the key role of the maxilla in such studies. Size and shape were analysed using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods based on computed tomography scans of 94 wild and 30 captive specimens. Captive individuals have on average larger and more asymmetrical maxillae than wild chimpanzees, and significant differences are present in their maxillary shapes. A large proportion of these shape differences are attributable to static allometry, but wild and captive specimens still differ significantly from each other after allometric size adjustment of the shape data. Levels of shape variation are higher in the captive group, while the degree of size variation is likely similar in our two samples. Results are discussed in the context of ontogenetic growth trajectories, changes in dietary texture, an altered social environment, and generational differences. Additionally, sample simulations show that size and shape differences between chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are exaggerated when part of the wild sample is replaced with captive chimpanzees. Overall, this study confirms that maxillae of captive chimpanzees should not be included in morphological or taxonomic analyses when the objective is to characterise the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Hanegraef
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Fred Spoor
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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4
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Holmes MA, Terhune CE, Chalk-Wilayto J, Yoakum CB, Taylor P, Ramirez R, Solís MP, Polvadore TA, Ross CF, Taylor AB, Fogaca MD, Laird MF. Ontogenetic changes in jaw leverage and skull shape in tufted and untufted capuchins. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21705. [PMID: 38704727 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The ontogeny of feeding is characterized by shifting functional demands concurrent with changes in craniofacial anatomy; relationships between these factors will look different in primates with disparate feeding behaviors during development. This study examines the ontogeny of skull morphology and jaw leverage in tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin monkeys. Unlike Cebus, Sapajus have a mechanically challenging diet and behavioral observations of juvenile Sapajus suggest these foods are exploited early in development. Landmarks were placed on three-dimensional surface models of an ontogenetic series of Sapajus and Cebus skulls (n = 53) and used to generate shape data and jaw-leverage estimates across the tooth row for three jaw-closing muscles (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid) as well as a weighted combined estimate. Using geometric morphometric methods, we found that skull shape diverges early and shape is significantly different between Sapajus and Cebus throughout ontogeny. Additionally, jaw leverage varies with age and position on the tooth row and is greater in Sapajus compared to Cebus when calculated at the permanent dentition. We used two-block partial least squares analyses to identify covariance between skull shape and each of our jaw muscle leverage estimates. Sapajus, but not Cebus, has significant covariance between all leverage estimates at the anterior dentition. Our findings show that Sapajus and Cebus exhibit distinct craniofacial morphologies early in ontogeny and strong covariance between leverage estimates and craniofacial shape in Sapajus. These results are consistent with prior behavioral and comparative work suggesting these differences are a function of selection for exploiting mechanically challenging foods in Sapajus, and further emphasize that these differences appear quite early in ontogeny. This research builds on prior work that has highlighted the importance of understanding ontogeny for interpreting adult morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Holmes
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janine Chalk-Wilayto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - Caitlin B Yoakum
- Department of Anatomy, Arkansas College of Health Education, Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA
| | - Parker Taylor
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rocio Ramirez
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan P Solís
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Taylor A Polvadore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | | | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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The Predictable Complexity of Evolutionary Allometry. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Schroeder L, Elton S, Ackermann RR. Skull variation in Afro-Eurasian monkeys results from both adaptive and non-adaptive evolutionary processes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12516. [PMID: 35869137 PMCID: PMC9307787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Afro-Eurasian monkeys originated in the Miocene and are the most species-rich modern primate family. Molecular and fossil data have provided considerable insight into their evolutionary divergence, but we know considerably less about the evolutionary processes that underlie these differences. Here, we apply tests developed from quantitative genetics theory to a large (n > 3000) cranio-mandibular morphometric dataset, investigating the relative importance of adaptation (natural selection) and neutral processes (genetic drift) in shaping diversity at different taxonomic levels, an approach applied previously to monkeys of the Americas, apes, hominins, and other vertebrate taxa. Results indicate that natural selection, particularly for differences in size, plays a significant role in diversifying Afro-Eurasian monkeys as a whole. However, drift appears to better explain skull divergence within the subfamily Colobinae, and in particular the African colobine clade, likely due to habitat fragmentation. Small and declining population sizes make it likely that drift will continue in this taxon, with potentially dire implications for genetic diversity and future resilience in the face of environmental change. For the other taxa, many of whom also have decreasing populations and are threatened, understanding adaptive pressures similarly helps identify relative vulnerability and may assist with prioritising scarce conservation resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Schroeder
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Sarah Elton
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Rebecca Rogers Ackermann
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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7
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Toyoda N, Ito T, Sato T, Nishimura T. Ontogenetic differences in mandibular morphology of two related macaque species and its adaptive implications. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3430-3440. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Toyoda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Tamaki Sato
- Faculty of Education Tokyo Gakugei University Tokyo Japan
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8
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Geiger M. Pattern and pace of morphological change due to variable human impact: the case of Japanese macaques. Primates 2021; 62:955-970. [PMID: 34403015 PMCID: PMC8526449 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human impact influences morphological variation in animals, as documented in many captive and domestic animal populations. However, there are different levels of human impact, and their influence on the pattern and rate of morphological variation remains unclear. This study contributes to the ongoing debate via the examination of cranial and mandibular shape and size variation and pace of change in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). This species is ideal for tackling such questions because different wild, wild-provisioned, and captive populations have been monitored and collected over seven decades. Linear measurements were taken on 70 skulls from five populations, grouped into three 'human impact groups' (wild, wild-provisioned, and captive). This made it possible to investigate the pattern and pace of skull form changes among the human impact groups as well as over time within the populations. It was found that the overall skull shape tends to differ among the human impact groups, with captive macaques having relatively longer rostra than wild ones. Whether these differences are a result of geographic variation or variable human impact, related to nutritional supply and mechanical properties of the diet, is unclear. However, this pattern of directed changes did not seem to hold when the single captive populations were examined in detail. Although environmental conditions have probably been similar for the two examined captive populations (same captive locality), skull shape changes over the first generations in captivity were mostly different. This varying pattern, together with a consistent decrease in body size in the captive populations over generations, points to genetic drift playing a role in shaping skull shape and body size in captivity. In the captive groups investigated here, the rates of change were found to be high compared to literature records from settings featuring different degrees of human impact in different species, although they still lie in the range of field studies in a natural context. This adds to the view that human impact might not necessarily lead to particularly fast rates of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Simons EA, Frost SR. Ontogenetic allometry and scaling in catarrhine crania. J Anat 2021; 238:693-710. [PMID: 33084028 PMCID: PMC7855087 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies of ontogenetic allometry, ontogenetic scaling has often been invoked to explain cranial morphological differences between smaller and larger forms of closely related taxa. These scaled variants in shape have been hypothesized to be the result of the extension or truncation of common growth allometries. In this scenario, change in size is the determining factor, perhaps under direct selection, and changes in cranial shapes are byproducts, not under direct selection themselves. However, many of these conclusions are based on studies that used bivariate generalizations of shape. Even among multivariate analyses of growth allometries, there are discrepancies as to the prevalence of ontogenetic scaling among primates, how shared the trajectories need to be, and which taxa evince properties of scaled variants. In this investigation, we use a large, comparative ontogenetic sample, geometric morphometric methods, and multivariate statistical tests to examine ontogenetic allometry and evaluate if differences in cranial shape among closely related catarrhines of varying sizes are primarily driven by size divergence, that is, ontogenetic scaling. We then evaluate the hypothesis of size as a line of least evolutionary resistance in catarrhine cranial evolution. We found that patterns of ontogenetic allometry vary among taxa, indicating that ontogenetic scaling sensu stricto does not often account for most morphological differences and that large and small taxa within clades are generally not scaled variants. The presence of a variety of ontogenetic pathways for the evolution of cranial shapes provides indirect evidence for selection acting directly on the cranial shape, rather than on size alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Simons
- Department of AnthropologyBuffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology LabUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
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10
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Simons EA. Testing the Giles hypothesis using geometric morphometrics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 174:744-751. [PMID: 33393687 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Giles hypothesis posits that differences in the cranial morphology of Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla are largely the result of allometric scaling. However, previous support for the Giles hypothesis was based on bivariate plots of linear measurements. This investigation uses geometric morphometric methods to retest this hypothesis and its prediction that extending the ontogenetic trajectory of a chimpanzee would produce an adult gorilla-like cranial morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three 3D cranial landmarks were collected from an ontogenetic series of 76 Pan troglodytes and 58 Gorilla gorilla specimens. Ontogenetic trajectories of cranial shape change were computed via multivariate regression of Procrustes aligned coordinates against LnCS (size vector) and molar eruption stage (developmental vector). These two vectors were then used in developmental simulations to extend the ontogenetic trajectories of adult chimpanzees. Allometric trajectories of chimpanzees and gorillas were also directly compared using Procrustes ANOVA. RESULTS Pan and Gorilla significantly differ in their allometric trajectories, and none of the Pan developmental simulations resembled actual adult gorillas. Additionally, the more the Pan developmental vector was extended, the more morphologically distinct the simulations became from actual adult gorillas. DISCUSSION Taken together, these results do not support the Giles hypothesis that allometric scaling is primarily responsible for observed morphological differences between chimpanzee and gorilla crania. This investigation demonstrates that neither "growing" a chimpanzee to the size of a gorilla, nor extending a chimpanzee's developmental shape trajectory will result in an adult gorilla-like cranial morphology as they differ in their patterns of allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Simons
- Department of Anthropology, Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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11
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Le Maître A, Grunstra NDS, Pfaff C, Mitteroecker P. Evolution of the Mammalian Ear: An Evolvability Hypothesis. Evol Biol 2020; 47:187-192. [PMID: 32801400 PMCID: PMC7399675 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulated within the temporal bone and comprising the smallest elements of the vertebrate skeleton, the ear is key to multiple senses: balance, posture control, gaze stabilization, and hearing. The transformation of the primary jaw joint into the mammalian ear ossicles is one of the most iconic transitions in vertebrate evolution, but the drivers of this complex evolutionary trajectory are not fully understood. We propose a novel hypothesis: The incorporation of the bones of the primary jaw joint into the middle ear has considerably increased the genetic, regulatory, and developmental complexity of the mammalian ear. This increase in the number of genetic and developmental factors may, in turn, have increased the evolutionary degrees of freedom for independent adaptations of the different functional ear units. The simpler ear anatomy in birds and reptiles may be less susceptible to developmental instabilities and disorders than in mammals but also more constrained in its evolution. Despite the tight spatial entanglement of functional ear components, the increased "evolvability" of the mammalian ear may have contributed to the evolutionary success and adaptive diversification of mammals in the vast diversity of ecological and behavioral niches observable today. A brief literature review revealed supporting evidence for this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Le Maître
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- PALEVOPRIM - UMR 7262CNRS INEE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicole D. S. Grunstra
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- KLI Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Mammal Collection, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cathrin Pfaff
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- KLI Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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12
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Comparing Rates of Linage Diversification with Rates of Size and Shape Evolution in Catarrhine Crania. Evol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Nishimura T, Morimoto N, Ito T. Shape variation in the facial part of the cranium in macaques and African papionins using geometric morphometrics. Primates 2019; 60:401-419. [PMID: 31468228 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macaques are one of the most successful nonhuman primates, and morphological distinctions from their close relatives, African papionins, are easily detected by the naked eye. Nevertheless, evolutionary allometry often accounts for a large amount of the total variation and potentially hides and precludes the detection of morphological distinctions that exist between macaques and African papionins, thus distorting their phyletic comparison. Geometric morpgometric analyses were performed using landmark coordinates in cranial samples from macaques (N = 135) and African papionins (N = 152) to examine the variation in their facial shape. A common allometric trend was confirmed to represent a moderately long face in macaques as being small-to-moderate-bodied papionins. Macaques possessed many features that were distinct from those of African papionins, while they simultaneously showed a large intrageneric variation in every feature, which precluded the separation of some groups of macaques from African papionins. This study confirmed that a moderately smooth sagittal profile is present in non-Sulawesi macaques. It also confirmed that a well-developed anteorbital drop is distinct in Mandrillus and Theropithecus, but it showed that Papio resembles macaques regarding this feature. This finding showed that apparently equivalent features which can be detected by the naked eye were probably formed by different combinations of the principal patterns. It should be noted that the differences detected here between macaques and African papionins are revealed after appropriate adjustments are made to eliminate the allometric effects over the shape features. While landmark data sets still need to be customized for specific studies, the information provided by this article is expected to help such customization and to improve future phyletic evaluation of the fossil papionins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimura
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashiralkawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
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14
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Joganic JL, Heuzé Y. Allometry and advancing age significantly structure craniofacial variation in adult female baboons. J Anat 2019; 235:217-232. [PMID: 31070786 PMCID: PMC6637449 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate craniofacial growth is traditionally assumed to cease upon maturation or at least be negligible, whereas bony remodeling is typically associated with advanced adult age and, in particular, tooth loss. Therefore, size and shape of the craniofacial skeleton of young and middle-aged adults should be stable. However, research on both modern and historic human samples suggests that portions of the CFS exhibit age-related changes in mature individuals, both related to and independent of tooth loss. These results demonstrate that the age-category 'adult' is heterogeneous, containing individuals demonstrating post-maturational age-related variation, but the topic remains understudied outside of humans and in the cranial vault and base. Our research quantifies variation in a sample of captive adult female baboons (n = 97) in an effort to understand how advancing age alters the mature CFS. Craniometric landmarks and sliding semilandmarks were collected from computed tomography (CT) scans of adult baboons aged 7-32 years old. To determine whether craniofacial morphology is sensitive to aging mechanisms and whether any such effects are differentially distributed throughout the cranium, geometric morphometric techniques were employed to compare the shapes of various cranial regions among individuals of increasing age. Unexpectedly, the biggest form differences were observed between young and middle-aged adults, rather than between adults with full dentitions and those with some degree of tooth loss. Shape variation was greatest in masticatory and nuchal musculature attachment areas. Our results indicate that the craniofacial skeleton changes form during adulthood in baboons, raising interesting questions about the molecular and biological mechanisms governing these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Joganic
- CNRSMCCPACEAUMR5199University of BordeauxPessacFrance
- Department of AnthropologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Yann Heuzé
- CNRSMCCPACEAUMR5199University of BordeauxPessacFrance
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15
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Kamaluddin SN, Tanaka M, Wakamori H, Nishimura T, Ito T. Phenotypic plasticity in the mandibular morphology of Japanese macaques: captive-wild comparison. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181382. [PMID: 31417687 PMCID: PMC6689643 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the accumulating evidence suggesting the importance of phenotypic plasticity in diversification and adaptation, little is known about plastic variation in primate skulls. The present study evaluated the plastic variation of the mandible in Japanese macaques by comparing wild and captive specimens. The results showed that captive individuals are square-jawed with relatively longer tooth rows than wild individuals. We also found that this shape change resembles the sexual dimorphism, indicating that the mandibles of captive individuals are to some extent masculinized. By contrast, the mandible morphology was not clearly explained by ecogeographical factors. These findings suggest the possibility that perturbations in the social environment in captivity and resulting changes of androgenic hormones may have influenced the development of mandible shape. As the high plasticity of social properties is well known in wild primates, social environment may cause the inter- and intra-population diversity of skull morphology, even in the wild. The captive-wild morphological difference detected in this study, however, can also be possibly formed by other untested sources of variation (e.g. inter-population genetic variation), and therefore this hypothesis should be validated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norsyuhada Kamaluddin
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hikaru Wakamori
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Ontogeny and phylogeny of the cercopithecine cranium: A geometric morphometric approach to comparing shape change trajectories. J Hum Evol 2018; 124:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Mandibular ramus shape variation and ontogeny in Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:55-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Joganic JL, Willmore KE, Richtsmeier JT, Weiss KM, Mahaney MC, Rogers J, Cheverud JM. Additive genetic variation in the craniofacial skeleton of baboons (genus Papio) and its relationship to body and cranial size. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:269-285. [PMID: 29154459 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determining the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and genetic correlations among them is important for understanding morphological evolution patterns. We address two questions regarding papionin evolution: (1) what effect do body and cranial size, age, and sex have on phenotypic (VP ) and additive genetic (VA ) variation in baboon crania, and (2) how might additive genetic correlations between craniofacial traits and body mass affect morphological evolution? MATERIALS AND METHODS We use a large captive pedigreed baboon sample to estimate quantitative genetic parameters for craniofacial dimensions (EIDs). Our models include nested combinations of the covariates listed above. We also simulate the correlated response of a given EID due to selection on body mass alone. RESULTS Covariates account for 1.2-91% of craniofacial VP . EID VA decreases across models as more covariates are included. The median genetic correlation estimate between each EID and body mass is 0.33. Analysis of the multivariate response to selection reveals that observed patterns of craniofacial variation in extant baboons cannot be attributed solely to correlated response to selection on body mass, particularly in males. DISCUSSION Because a relatively large proportion of EID VA is shared with body mass variation, different methods of correcting for allometry by statistically controlling for size can alter residual VP patterns. This may conflate direct selection effects on craniofacial variation with those resulting from a correlated response to body mass selection. This shared genetic variation may partially explain how selection for increased body mass in two different papionin lineages produced remarkably similar craniofacial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Joganic
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, (PACEA), UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | - Katherine E Willmore
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth M Weiss
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Mahaney
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Martín-Serra A, Figueirido B, Palmqvist P. Non-decoupled morphological evolution of the fore- and hindlimb of sabretooth predators. J Anat 2017; 231:532-542. [PMID: 28703361 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized organisms are useful for exploring the combined effects of selection of functional traits and developmental constraints on patterns of phenotypic integration. Sabretooth predators are one of the most interesting examples of specialization among mammals. Their hypertrophied, sabre-shaped upper canines and their powerfully built forelimbs have been interpreted as adaptations to a highly specialized predatory behaviour. Given that the elongated and laterally compressed canines of sabretooths were more vulnerable to fracture than the shorter canines of conical-tooth cats, it has been long hypothesized that the heavily muscled forelimbs of sabretooths were used for immobilizing prey before developing a quick and precise killing bite. However, the effect of this unique adaptation on the covariation between the fore- and the hindlimb has not been explored in a quantitative fashion. In this paper, we investigate if the specialization of sabretooth predators decoupled the morphological variation of their forelimb with respect to their hindlimb or, in contrast, both limbs vary in the same fashion as in conical-tooth cats, which do not show such extreme adaptations in their forelimb. We use 3D geometric morphometrics and different morphological indices to compare the fore- and hindlimb of conical- and sabretooth predators. Our results indicate that the limb bones of sabretooth predators covary following the same trend of conical-tooth cats. Therefore, we show that the predatory specialization of sabretooth predators did not result in a decoupling of the morphological evolution of their fore- and hindlimbs. The role of developmental constraints and natural selection on this coordinate variation between the fore- and the hindlimb is discussed in the light of this new evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Serra
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Borja Figueirido
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Paul Palmqvist
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Simons EA, Frost SR. Constructing cranial ontogenetic trajectories: A comparison of growth, development, and chronological age proxies using a known-age sample ofMacaca mulatta. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:296-308. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Simons
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97402
| | - Stephen R. Frost
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97402
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Martín-Serra A, Figueirido B, Pérez-Claros JA, Palmqvist P. Patterns of morphological integration in the appendicular skeleton of mammalian carnivores. Evolution 2015; 69:321-40. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Serra
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga; Campus de Teatinos s/n, 20971-Málaga Spain
| | - Borja Figueirido
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga; Campus de Teatinos s/n, 20971-Málaga Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga; Campus de Teatinos s/n, 20971-Málaga Spain
| | - Paul Palmqvist
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga; Campus de Teatinos s/n, 20971-Málaga Spain
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Esteve-Altava B, Rasskin-Gutman D. Beyond the functional matrix hypothesis: a network null model of human skull growth for the formation of bone articulations. J Anat 2014; 225:306-16. [PMID: 24975579 PMCID: PMC4166971 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial sutures and synchondroses form the boundaries among bones in the human skull, providing functional, developmental and evolutionary information. Bone articulations in the skull arise due to interactions between genetic regulatory mechanisms and epigenetic factors such as functional matrices (soft tissues and cranial cavities), which mediate bone growth. These matrices are largely acknowledged for their influence on shaping the bones of the skull; however, it is not fully understood to what extent functional matrices mediate the formation of bone articulations. Aiming to identify whether or not functional matrices are key developmental factors guiding the formation of bone articulations, we have built a network null model of the skull that simulates unconstrained bone growth. This null model predicts bone articulations that arise due to a process of bone growth that is uniform in rate, direction and timing. By comparing predicted articulations with the actual bone articulations of the human skull, we have identified which boundaries specifically need the presence of functional matrices for their formation. We show that functional matrices are necessary to connect facial bones, whereas an unconstrained bone growth is sufficient to connect non-facial bones. This finding challenges the role of the brain in the formation of boundaries between bones in the braincase without neglecting its effect on skull shape. Ultimately, our null model suggests where to look for modified developmental mechanisms promoting changes in bone growth patterns that could affect the development and evolution of the head skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Esteve-Altava
- Theoretical Biology Research Group, Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Diego Rasskin-Gutman
- Theoretical Biology Research Group, Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
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23
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Terhune CE, Robinson CA, Ritzman TB. Ontogenetic variation in the mandibular ramus of great apes and humans. J Morphol 2014; 275:661-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Chris A. Robinson
- Department of Biology; Bronx Community College, City University of New York; Bronx New York
| | - Terrence B. Ritzman
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
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Ito T, Nishimura T, Takai M. Ecogeographical and phylogenetic effects on craniofacial variation in macaques. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:27-41. [PMID: 24449333 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The widespread and complex ecogeographical diversity of macaques may have caused adaptive morphological convergence among four phylogenetic subgroups, making their phylogenetic relationships unclear. We used geometric morphometrics and multivariate analyses to test the null hypothesis that craniofacial morphology does not vary with ecogeographical and phylogenetic factors. As predicted by Bergmann's rule, size was larger for the fascicularis and sinica groups in colder environments. No clear size cline was observed in the silenus and sylvanus groups. An allometric pattern was observed across macaques, indicating that as size increases, rounded faces become more elongated. However, the elevation was differentiated within each of the former two groups and between the silenus and sylvanus groups, and the slope decreased in each of the two northern species of the fascicularis group. All allometric changes resulted in the similar situation of the face being more rounded in animals inhabiting colder zones and/or in animals having a larger body size than that predicted from the overarching allometric pattern. For non-allometric components, variations in prognathism were significantly correlated with dietary differences; variations in localized shape components in zygomatics and muzzles were significantly correlated with phylogenetic differences among the subgroups. The common allometric pattern was probably influenced directly or indirectly by climate-related factors, which are pressures favoring a more rounded face in colder environments and/or a more elongated face in warmer environments. Allometric dissociation could have occurred several times in Macaca even within a subgroup because of their wide latitudinal distributions, critically impairing the taxonomic utility of craniofacial elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
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Martín-Serra A, Figueirido B, Palmqvist P. A three-dimensional analysis of morphological evolution and locomotor performance of the carnivoran forelimb. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85574. [PMID: 24454891 PMCID: PMC3893248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, three-dimensional landmark-based methods of geometric morphometrics are used for estimating the influence of phylogeny, allometry and locomotor performance on forelimb shape in living and extinct carnivorans (Mammalia, Carnivora). The main objective is to investigate morphological convergences towards similar locomotor strategies in the shape of the major forelimb bones. Results indicate that both size and phylogeny have strong effects on the anatomy of all forelimb bones. In contrast, bone shape does not correlate in the living taxa with maximum running speed or daily movement distance, two proxies closely related to locomotor performance. A phylomorphospace approach showed that shape variation in forelimb bones mainly relates to changes in bone robustness. This indicates the presence of biomechanical constraints resulting from opposite demands for energetic efficiency in locomotion -which would require a slender forelimb- and resistance to stress -which would be satisfied by a robust forelimb-. Thus, we interpret that the need of maintaining a trade-off between both functional demands would limit shape variability in forelimb bones. Given that different situations can lead to one or another morphological solution, depending on the specific ecology of taxa, the evolution of forelimb morphology represents a remarkable "one-to-many mapping" case between anatomy and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martín-Serra
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Borja Figueirido
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Paul Palmqvist
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Terhune CE, Kimbel WH, Lockwood CA. Postnatal temporal bone ontogeny inPan,Gorilla, andHomo, and the implications for temporal bone ontogeny inAustralopithecus afarensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:630-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Community and Family Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham; NC; 27710
| | - William H. Kimbel
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe; AZ; 85287-4101
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Turley K, Frost SR. The Shape and Presentation of the Catarrhine Talus: A Geometric Morphometric Analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:877-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology; University of Oregon; Eugene Oregon
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