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Bayraktar G, Bartolini M, Bolognesi ML, Erdoğan MA, Armağan G, Bayır E, Şendemir A, Bagetta D, Alcaro S, Alptüzün V. Novel multifunctional tacrine-donepezil hybrids against Alzheimer's disease: Design synthesis and bioactivity studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300575. [PMID: 38593283 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A series of tacrine-donepezil hybrids were synthesized as potential multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) compounds. For this purpose, tacrine and the benzylpiperidine moiety of donepezil were fused with a hydrazone group to achieve a small library of tacrine-donepezil hybrids. In agreement with the design, all compounds showed inhibitory activity toward both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Kinetic studies on the most potent cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors within the series showed a mixed-type inhibition mechanism on both enzymes. Also, the docking studies indicated that the compounds inhibit ChEs by dual binding site (DBS) interactions. Notably, tacrine-donepezil hybrids also exhibited significant neuroprotection against H2O2-induced cell death in a differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line at concentrations close to their IC50 values on ChEs and showed high to medium blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability on human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HBEC-5i). Besides, the compounds do not cause remarkable toxicity in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, the compounds were predicted to also have good bioavailability. Among the tested compounds, H4, H16, H17, and H24 stand out with their biological profile. Taken together, the proposed novel tacrine-donepezil scaffold represents a promising starting point for the development of novel anti-ChE multifunctional agents against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülşah Bayraktar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mumin Alper Erdoğan
- Department of Physiology, Katip Celebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güliz Armağan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ece Bayır
- Ege University Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center (EGE-MATAL), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Şendemir
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Donatella Bagetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vildan Alptüzün
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Jevtić II, Suručić RV, Tovilović-Kovačević G, Zogović N, Kostić-Rajačić SV, Andrić DB, Penjišević JZ. Multi-target potential of newly designed tacrine-derived cholinesterase inhibitors: Synthesis, computational and pharmacological study. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 101:117649. [PMID: 38401458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Simple and scalable synthetic approach was used for the preparation of thirteen novel tacrine derivatives consisting of tacrine and N-aryl-piperidine-4-carboxamide moiety connected by a five-methylene group linker. An anti-Alzheimer disease (AD) potential of newly designed tacrine derivatives was evaluated against two important AD targets, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). In vitro pharmacological evaluation showed strong ChE inhibitory activity of all compounds, with IC50 values ranging from 117.5 to 455 nM for AChE and 34 to 324 nM for BuChE. As a representative of the series with the best cytotoxicity / ChE inhibitory activity ratio, expressed as the selectivity index (SI), 2-chlorobenzoyl derivative demonstrated mixed-type inhibition on AChE and BuChE, suggesting binding to both CAS and PAS of the enzymes. It also exhibited antioxidant capacity and neuroprotective potential against amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity in the culture of neuron-like cells. In-depth computational analysis corroborated well with in vitro ChE inhibition, illuminating that all compounds exhibit significant potential in targeting both enzymes. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that 2-chlorobenzoyl derivative, created complexes with AChE and BuChE that demonstrated sufficient stability throughout the observed MD simulation. Computationally predicted ADME properties indicated that these compounds should have good blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, an important factor for CNS-targeting drugs. Overall, all tested compounds showed promising pharmacological behavior, highlighting the multi-target potential of 2-chlorobenzoyl derivative which should be further investigated as a new lead in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana I Jevtić
- University of Belgrade-Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Relja V Suručić
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Medicine, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Gordana Tovilović-Kovačević
- University of Belgrade-Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nevena Zogović
- University of Belgrade-Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Slađana V Kostić-Rajačić
- University of Belgrade-Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Deana B Andrić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Z Penjišević
- University of Belgrade-Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Misiachna A, Svobodova B, Netolicky J, Chvojkova M, Kleteckova L, Prchal L, Novak M, Hrabinova M, Kucera T, Muckova L, Moravcova Z, Karasova JZ, Pejchal J, Blazek F, Malinak D, Hakenova K, Krausova BH, Kolcheva M, Ladislav M, Korabecny J, Pahnke J, Vales K, Horak M, Soukup O. Phenoxytacrine derivatives: Low-toxicity neuroprotectants exerting affinity to ifenprodil-binding site and cholinesterase inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116130. [PMID: 38218127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Tacrine (THA), a long withdrawn drug, is still a popular scaffold used in medicinal chemistry, mainly for its good reactivity and multi-targeted effect. However, THA-associated hepatotoxicity is still an issue and must be considered in drug discovery based on the THA scaffold. Following our previously identified hit compound 7-phenoxytacrine (7-PhO-THA), we systematically explored the chemical space with 30 novel derivatives, with a focus on low hepatotoxicity, anticholinesterase action, and antagonism at the GluN1/GluN2B subtype of the NMDA receptor. Applying the down-selection process based on in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic data, two candidates, I-52 and II-52, selective GluN1/GluN2B inhibitors thanks to the interaction with the ifenprodil-binding site, have entered in vivo pharmacodynamic studies. Finally, compound I-52, showing only minor affinity to AChE, was identified as a lead candidate with favorable behavioral and neuroprotective effects using open-field and prepulse inhibition tests, along with scopolamine-based behavioral and NMDA-induced hippocampal lesion models. Our data show that compound I-52 exhibits low toxicity often associated with NMDA receptor ligands, and low hepatotoxicity, often related to THA-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Misiachna
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Svobodova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Netolicky
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Chvojkova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kleteckova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novak
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Moravcova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Blazek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Hakenova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hrcka Krausova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marharyta Kolcheva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Ladislav
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Rodriguez-Mogeda C, van Ansenwoude CMJ, van der Molen L, Strijbis EMM, Mebius RE, de Vries HE. The role of CD56 bright NK cells in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:48. [PMID: 38350967 PMCID: PMC10865604 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a potential role for natural killer (NK) cells in neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the precise function of NK cells in these diseases remains ambiguous. The existence of two NK cell subsets, CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells, complicates the understanding of the contribution of NK cells in neurodegeneration as their functions within the context of neurodegenerative diseases may differ significantly. CD56bright NK cells are potent cytokine secretors and are considered more immunoregulatory and less terminally differentiated than their mostly cytotoxic CD56dim counterparts. Hence, this review focusses on NK cells, specifically on CD56bright NK cells, and their role in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it explores the mechanisms underlying their ability to enter the central nervous system. By consolidating current knowledge, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the role of CD56bright NK cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Elucidating their impact on neurodegeneration may have implications for future therapeutic interventions, potentially ameliorating disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rodriguez-Mogeda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chaja M J van Ansenwoude
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart van der Molen
- IQ Health Science Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M M Strijbis
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Khudina OG, Grishchenko MV, Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Boltneva NP, Rudakova EV, Lushchekina SV, Shchegolkov EV, Borisevich SS, Burgart YV, Saloutin VI, Charushin VN. Conjugates of amiridine and thiouracil derivatives as effective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase with the potential to block β-amyloid aggregation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300447. [PMID: 38072670 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
New amiridine-thiouracil conjugates with different substituents in the pyrimidine fragment (R = CH3 , CF2 Н, CF3 , (CF2 )2 H) and different spacer lengths (n = 1-3) were synthesized. The conjugates rather weakly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and exhibit high inhibitory activity (IC50 up to 0.752 ± 0.021 µM) and selectivity to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which increases with spacer elongation; the lead compounds are 11c, 12c, and 13c. The conjugates are mixed-type reversible inhibitors of both cholinesterases and practically do not inhibit the structurally related off-target enzyme carboxylesterase. The results of molecular docking to AChE and BChE are consistent with the experiment on enzyme inhibition and explain the structure-activity relationships, including the rather low anti-AChE activity and the high anti-BChE activity of long-chain conjugates. The lead compounds displace propidium from the AChE peripheral anion site (PAS) at the level of the reference compound donepezil, which agrees with the mixed-type mechanism of AChE inhibition and the main mode of binding of conjugates in the active site of AChE due to the interaction of the pyrimidine moiety with the PAS. This indicates the ability of the studied conjugates to block AChE-induced aggregation of β-amyloid, thereby exerting a disease-modifying effect. According to computer calculations, all synthesized conjugates have an ADME profile acceptable for drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga G Khudina
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Maria V Grishchenko
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Galina F Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Natalia P Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Elena V Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sofya V Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry (IPAC RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Shchegolkov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sophia S Borisevich
- Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yanina V Burgart
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Victor I Saloutin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N Charushin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Kappenberg YG, Nogara PA, Stefanello FS, Delgado CP, Rocha JBT, Zanatta N, Martins MAP, Bonacorso HG. 1,2,3-Triazolo[4,5-b]aminoquinolines: Design, synthesis, structure, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity, and molecular docking of novel modified tacrines. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106704. [PMID: 37453239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient [4 + 2] cyclization protocol to synthesize a series of twelve examples of 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]aminoquinolines (5) as novel structurally modified tacrines was obtained by reacting readily accessible precursors (i.e., 3-alky(aryl)-5-amino-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbonitriles (3)) and selected cycloalkanones (4) of five-, six-, and seven-membered rings. We evaluated the AChE and BChE inhibitory activity of the novel modified tacrines 5, and the compound derivatives from cyclohexanone (4b) showed the best AChE and BChE inhibitory activities. Specifically, 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]aminoquinolines 5bb obtained from 3-methyl-carbonitrile (3b) showed the highest AChE (IC50 = 12.01 μM), while 5ib from 3-sulfonamido-carbonitrile (3i) was the most significant inhibitor for BChE (IC50 = 1.78 μM). In general, the inhibitory potency of compound 5 was weaker than the pure tacrine reference, and our findings may help to design and develop novel anticholinesterase drugs based on modified tacrines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri G Kappenberg
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pablo A Nogara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 - Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Instituto Federal Sul-Rio-Grandense (IFSul), 96418-400- Bagé, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Stefanello
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cássia P Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 - Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 - Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nilo Zanatta
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos A P Martins
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Helio G Bonacorso
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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7
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Hatami M, Basri Z, Sakhvidi BK, Mortazavi M. Thiadiazole – A promising structure in design and development of anti-Alzheimer agents. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110027. [PMID: 37011500 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of effective multitargeted agents in treating Alzheimer disease (AD) has always been a hot topic in the field of drug discovery. Since AD is a multifactorial disorder, various key hidden players such as deficit of acetylcholine (ACh), tau-protein aggregation, and oxidative stress have been associated with the incidence and progress of AD. In pursuit of improving efficacy and expanding the range of pharmacological activities of current AD drugs, the molecular hybridization method is also used intensively. Five-membered heterocyclic systems such as thiadiazole scaffolds have previously been shown to have therapeutic activity. Thiadiazole analogs as an anti-oxidant compound have been known to include a wide range of biological activity from anti-cancer to anti-Alzheimer properties. The suitable pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of the thiadiazole scaffold have introduced it as a therapeutic target in medicinal chemistry. The current review portrays the critical role of the thiadiazole scaffold in the design of various compounds with potential effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the rationale used behind hybrid-based design strategies and the outcomes achieved through the hybridization of Thiadiazole analogs with various core structures have been discussed. In addition, the data in the present review may help researchers in the design of new multidrug combinations that may provide new options for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hatami
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Basri
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Batool Khani Sakhvidi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
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8
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Gollapalli P, Rao ASJ, Manjunatha H, Selvan GT, Shetty P, Kumari NS. Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Strategy to Decode Bioactive Ingredients and Molecular Mechanisms from Zingiber officinale as Phyto-therapeutics against Neurological Diseases. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2023; 20:e250822207996. [PMID: 36028974 DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666220825141356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bioactive constituents from Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) have shown a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), which manifests as progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the binding ability and the pharmaco-therapeutic potential of Z. officinale with AD disease targets by molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation approaches. METHODS By coupling enormous available phytochemical data and advanced computational technologies, the possible molecular mechanism of action of these bioactive compounds was deciphered by evaluating phytochemicals, target fishing, and network biological analysis. RESULTS As a result, 175 bioactive compounds and 264 human target proteins were identified. The gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis and molecular docking were used to predict the basis of vital bioactive compounds and biomolecular mechanisms involved in the treatment of AD. Amongst selected bioactive compounds, 10- Gingerdione and 1-dehydro-[8]-gingerdione exhibited significant anti-neurological properties against AD targeting amyloid precursor protein with docking energy of -6.0 and -5.6, respectively. CONCLUSION This study suggests that 10-Gingerdione and 1-dehydro-[8]-gingerdione strongly modulates the anti-neurological activity and are associated with pathological features like amyloid-β plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau protein are found to be critically regulated by these two target proteins. This comprehensive analysis provides a clue for further investigation of these natural compounds' inhibitory activity in drug discovery for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Gollapalli
- Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore-575018, Karnataka, India
- Center for Bioinformatics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore-575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditya S J Rao
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570017, Karnataka, India
| | - Hanumanthappa Manjunatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560056, India
| | - Gnanasekaran Tamizh Selvan
- Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore-575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveenkumar Shetty
- Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore-575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Nalilu Suchetha Kumari
- 1Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore-575018, Karnataka, India
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9
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Dolezal R. Accuracy and precision of binding free energy prediction for a tacrine related lead inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase with an arsenal of supercomputerized molecular modelling methods: a comparative study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11291-11319. [PMID: 34323654 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1957716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, advanced computational chemistry methods offer various strategies for revealing prospective hit structures in drug development essentially through accurate binding free energy predictions. After the era of molecular docking and quantitative structure-activity relationships, much interest has been lately oriented to perturbed molecular dynamic approaches like replica exchange with solute tempering and free energy perturbation (REST/FEP) and the potential of the mean force with adaptive biasing and accelerated weight histograms (PMF/AWH). Both of these receptor-based techniques can exploit exascale CPU&GPU supercomputers to achieve high throughput performance. In this fundamental study, we have compared the predictive power of a panel of supercomputerized molecular modelling methods to distinguish the major binding modes and the corresponding binding free energies of a promising tacrine related potential antialzheimerics in human acetylcholinesterase. The binding free energies were estimated using flexible molecular docking, molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/GBSA/PBSA), transmutation REST/FEP with 12 x 5 ns/λ windows, annihilation FEP with 20 x 5 ns/λ steps, PMF with weight histogram analysis method (WHAM) and 40 x 5 ns samples, and PMF/AWH with 10 x 100 ns replicas. Confrontation of the classical approaches such as canonical molecular dynamics and molecular docking with alchemical calculations and steered molecular dynamics enabled us to show how large errors in ΔG predictions can be expected if these in silico methods are employed in the elucidation of a common case of enzyme inhibition.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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10
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Kumar N, Gupta P, Bansal S. Progress and Development of Carbazole Scaffold Based as Potential Anti-
Alzheimer Agents Using MTDL Approach. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220314144219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease (NDs) found in old age people with associated
most common symptom dementia. MTDLs (Multi-Target Direct Ligand strategy) is based on a combination
of two or more bioactive pharmacophores into a single molecule and this phenomenon has received a
great attention in the new era of modern drug discovery and emerging as a choice to treat this complex
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In last fifteen years, many research groups designed, and synthesized new
carbazole integrated molecules linked with other bioactive pharmacophores like thiazoles, carvedilol, α-
naphthylaminopropan-2-ol, tacrine, ferulic acid, piperazine, coumarin, chalcones, stilbene, benzyl piperidine,
adamantane, quinoline, phthalocyanines, α-amino phosphonate, thiosemicarbazones, hydrazones,
etc. derivatives using MTDLs approach to confront AD. The present review entails the scientific data on
carbazole hybrids as potential Anti-Alzheimer activities from 2007 to 2021 that have shown potential
anti-Alzheimer activities through multiple target pathways thereby promising hope for new drug development
to confront AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Sanskar College of Pharmacy and Research (SCPR), NH-24, Ahead Masuri Canal, Ghaziabad 201302, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Sahil Bansal
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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11
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Synthesis and study of the biological activity of thiourea-containing amiridine derivatives as potential multi-target drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Sepehri S, Saeedi M, Larijani B, Mahdavi M. Recent developments in the design and synthesis of benzylpyridinium salts: Mimicking donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Chem 2022; 10:936240. [PMID: 36226120 PMCID: PMC9549744 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.936240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an advanced and irreversible degenerative disease of the brain, recognized as the key reason for dementia among elderly people. The disease is related to the reduced level of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain that interferes with memory, learning, emotional, and behavior responses. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission are responsible for the creation and progression of numerous neurochemical and neurological illnesses such as AD. Aim: Herein, focusing on the fact that benzylpyridinium salts mimic the structure of donepezil hydrochlorideas a FDA-approved drug in the treatment of AD, their synthetic approaches and inhibitory activity against cholinesterases (ChEs) were discussed. Also, molecular docking results and structure–activity relationship (SAR) as the most significant concept in drug design and development were considered to introduce potential lead compounds. Key scientific concepts: AChE plays a chief role in the end of nerve impulse transmission at the cholinergic synapses. In this respect, the inhibition of AChE has been recognized as a key factor in the treatment of AD, Parkinson’s disease, senile dementia, myasthenia gravis, and ataxia. A few drugs such as donepezil hydrochloride are prescribed for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction and memory loss caused by AD. Donepezil hydrochloride is a piperidine-containing compound, identified as a well-known member of the second generation of AChE inhibitors. It was established to treat AD when it was assumed that the disease is associated with a central cholinergic loss in the early 1980s. In this review, synthesis and anti-ChE activity of a library of benzylpyridinium salts were reported and discussed based on SAR studies looking for the most potent substituents and moieties, which are responsible for inducing the desired activity even more potent than donepezil. It was found that linking heterocyclic moieties to the benzylpyridinium salts leads to the potent ChE inhibitors. In this respect, this review focused on the recent reports on benzylpyridinium salts and addressed the structural features and SARs to get an in-depth understanding of the potential of this biologically improved scaffold in the drug discovery of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Sepehri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- *Correspondence: Saghi Sepehri, ; Mohammad Mahdavi,
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Saghi Sepehri, ; Mohammad Mahdavi,
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13
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Coumarin derivatives against amyloid-beta 40 – 42 peptide and tau protein. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In preclinical studies, simple coumarins (scoparone, limettin) and furanocoumarins (imperatorin, xanthotoxin, bergapten) have already found to demonstrate procognitive abilities. This suggests that they hold antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and inhibitory action towards acetylcholinesterase activities. However, little is known about their influence on the amyloidal structure formation, the leading cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In vitro and in cellulo assays were applied to evaluate the effect of selected coumarins on the different stages of Aβ40/42 and tau protein aggregation. Kinetic analyses were performed to evaluate their inhibiting abilities in time. Limettin revealed the most potent inhibiting profile towards Aβ40 aggregation, however, all tested compounds presented low influence on Aβ42 and tau protein aggregation inhibition. Despite the preliminary stage of the project, the promising effects of coumarins on Aβ40 aggregation were shown. This suggests the coumarin scaffold can serve as a potential multitarget agent in AD treatment, but further studies are required to confirm this.
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14
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Evaluation of novel multifunctional organoselenium compounds as potential cholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Kaur Gulati H, Choudhary S, Kumar N, Ahmed A, Bhagat K, Vir Singh J, Singh A, Kumar A, Singh Bedi PM, Singh H, Mukherjee D. Design, Synthesis, biological investigations and molecular interactions of triazole linked tacrine glycoconjugates as Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with reduced hepatotoxicity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 118:105479. [PMID: 34801945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tacrine is a known Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors having hepatotoxicity as main liability associated with it. The present study aims to reduce its hepatotoxicity by synthesizing tacrine linked triazole glycoconjugates via Huisgen's [3 + 2] cycloaddition of anomeric azides and terminal acetylenes derived from tacrine. A series of triazole based glycoconjugates containing both acetylated (A-1 to A-7) and free sugar hydroxyl groups (A-8 to A-14) at the amino position of tacrine were synthesized in good yield taking aid from molecular docking studies and evaluated for their in vitro AChE inhibition activity as well as hepatotoxicity. All the hybrids were found to be non-toxic on HePG2 cell line at 200 μM (100 % cell viability) as compared to tacrine (35 % cell viability) after 24 h of incubation period. Enzyme kinetic studies carried out for one of the potent hybrids in the series A-1 (IC50 0.4 μM) revealed its mixed inhibition approach. Thus, compound A-1 can be used as principle template to further explore the mechanism of action of different targets involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) which stands as an adequate chemical probe to be launched in an AD drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Sushil Choudhary
- PK-PD Toxicology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India; Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Ajaz Ahmed
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jatinder Vir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- PK-PD Toxicology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India; Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-IIIM), Jammu 180001, India.
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16
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Oliveira de Santana QL, Santos Evangelista TC, Imhof P, Ferreira SB, Fernández-Bolaños JG, Sydnes MO, Lopéz Ó, Lindbäck E. Tacrine-sugar mimetic conjugates as enhanced cholinesterase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2322-2337. [PMID: 33645607 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02588g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have used the Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition reaction to obtain two families of bivalent heterodimers where tacrine is connected to an azasugar or iminosugar, respectively, via linkers of variable length. The heterodimers were investigated as cholinesterase inhibitors and it was found that their activity increased with the length of the linker. Two of the heterodimers were significantly stronger acetylcholinesterase inhibitors than the monomeric tacrine. Molecular modelling indicated that the longer heterodimers fitted better into the active gorge of acetylcholinesterase than the shorter counterparts and the former provided more efficient simultaneous interaction with the tryptophan residues in the catalytic anionic binding site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic binding site (PAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quelli Larissa Oliveira de Santana
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway. and Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tereza C Santos Evangelista
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway. and Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Petra Imhof
- Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg Computer Chemistry Center, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Baptista Ferreira
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José G Fernández-Bolaños
- Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González 1, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Magne O Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Óscar Lopéz
- Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González 1, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Emil Lindbäck
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway.
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17
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Rani A, Singh A, Kaur J, Singh G, Bhatti R, Gumede N, Kisten P, Singh P, Sumanjit, Kumar V. 1H-1,2,3-triazole grafted tacrine-chalcone conjugates as potential cholinesterase inhibitors with the evaluation of their behavioral tests and oxidative stress in mice brain cells. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105053. [PMID: 34120027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present paper explicates the synthesis of 1H-1,2,3-triazole tethered tacrine-chalcone conjugates and evaluation of their AChE and BuChE inhibitory activity. In-vitroAChE inhibition assay revealed three compounds, 9h, 9i, and 11f, being more potent than the standard drug tacrine and further evaluated against butyrylcholinesterase. The present study was extended to investigate the anti-amnestic effect of promising compoundson scopolamine-induced behavioral and neurochemical changes in mice. Inclined plane model and Elevated plus-maze model were performed to assess general limb motor activity and anxiety-like behavior, respectively, in mice pre-treated with scopolamine. Oxidative stress parameters reduced glutathione contents (GSH) and lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) in the brain homogenates as estimated using ex-vivo studies. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were performed for the potent compounds to decipher the mechanism of observed activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Amandeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Jashanpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Njabulo Gumede
- Department of Chemistry, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs 4026, South Africa
| | - Prishani Kisten
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sumanjit
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
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18
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Design and synthesis of novel tacrine-indole hybrids as potential multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:785-804. [PMID: 33829876 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors report on the synthesis and biological evaluation of new compounds whose structure combines tacrine and indole moieties. Tacrine-indole heterodimers were designed to inhibit cholinesterases and β-amyloid formation, and to cross the blood-brain barrier. The most potent new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were compounds 3c and 4d (IC50 = 25 and 39 nM, respectively). Compound 3c displayed considerably higher selectivity for acetylcholinesterase relative to human plasma butyrylcholinesterase in comparison to compound 4d (selectivity index: IC50 [butyrylcholinesterase]/IC50 [acetylcholinesterase] = 3 and 0.6, respectively). Furthermore, compound 3c inhibited β-amyloid-dependent amyloid nucleation in the yeast-based prion nucleation assay and displayed no dsDNA destabilizing interactions with DNA. Compounds 3c and 4d displayed a high probability of crossing the blood-brain barrier. The results support the potential of 3c for future development as a dual-acting therapeutic agent in the prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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19
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Kumawat A, Raheem S, Ali F, Dar TA, Chakrabarty S, Rizvi MA. Organoselenium Compounds as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Evidence and Mechanism of Mixed Inhibition. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1531-1541. [PMID: 33538163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are actively used for the effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In recent years, the neuroprotective effects of organoselenium compounds such as ebselen and diselenides on the AChE activity have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents. In this work, we have carried out systematic kinetic and intrinsic fluorescence assays in combination with docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the mixed inhibition of AChE by ebselen and diphenyl diselenide (DPDSe) molecules. Our MD simulations demonstrate significant heterogeneity in the binding modes and allosteric hotspots for DPDSe on AChE due to non-specific interactions. We have further identified that both ebselen and DPDSe can strongly bind around the peripheral anionic site (PAS), leading to non-competitive inhibition similar to other PAS-binding inhibitors. We also illustrate the entry of the DPDSe molecule into the gorge through a "side door", which offers an alternate entry point for AChE inhibitors as compared to the usual substrate entry point of the gorge. Together with results from experiments, these simulations provide mechanistic insights into the mixed type of inhibition for AChE using DPDSe as a promising inhibitor for AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumawat
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Shabnam Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Fasil Ali
- Department of Clinical Bio-Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tanveer Ali Dar
- Department of Clinical Bio-Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Masood Ahmad Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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20
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Gontijo VS, Viegas FPD, Ortiz CJC, de Freitas Silva M, Damasio CM, Rosa MC, Campos TG, Couto DS, Tranches Dias KS, Viegas C. Molecular Hybridization as a Tool in the Design of Multi-target Directed Drug Candidates for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:348-407. [PMID: 31631821 PMCID: PMC7457438 DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191021124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDs) are progressive multifactorial neurological pathologies related to neuronal impairment and functional loss from different brain regions. Currently, no effective treatments are available for any NDs, and this lack of efficacy has been attributed to the multitude of interconnected factors involved in their pathophysiology. In the last two decades, a new approach for the rational design of new drug candidates, also called multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy, has emerged and has been used in the design and for the development of a variety of hybrid compounds capable to act simultaneously in diverse biological targets. Based on the polypharmacology concept, this new paradigm has been thought as a more secure and effective way for modulating concomitantly two or more biochemical pathways responsible for the onset and progress of NDs, trying to overcome low therapeutical effectiveness. As a complement to our previous review article (Curr. Med. Chem. 2007, 14 (17), 1829-1852. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986707781058805), herein we aimed to cover the period from 2008 to 2019 and highlight the most recent advances of the exploitation of Molecular Hybridization (MH) as a tool in the rational design of innovative multifunctional drug candidate prototypes for the treatment of NDs, specially focused on AD, PD, HD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Flávia P Dias Viegas
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Cindy Juliet Cristancho Ortiz
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Silva
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Caio Miranda Damasio
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Mayara Chagas Rosa
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Thâmara Gaspar Campos
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Dyecika Souza Couto
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Viegas
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
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21
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Siafaka PI, Bülbül EÖ, Mutlu G, Okur ME, Karantas ID, Okur NÜ. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems and their Potential in Alzheimer’s Disease Management. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:360-373. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200618150046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neuropathological disease with symptoms such as language problems,
confusion as to place or time, loss of interest in activities, which were previously enjoyed, behavioral
changes, and memory loss. Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia affect almost
46.8 million people globally and are estimated to strike about 131.5 million people in 2050. It has been
reported that Alzheimer's is the sixth main cause of mortality. The most used drugs, which are currently
approved by the Food, and Drug Administration for Alzheimer’s disease are donepezil, rivastigmine,
galantamine, memantine, and the combination of donepezil and memantine. However, most of
the drugs present various adverse effects. Recently, the transdermal drug delivery route has gained increasing
attention as an emerging tool for Alzheimer's disease management. Besides, transdermal drug
delivery systems seem to provide hope for the management of various diseases, due to the advantages
that they offer in comparison with oral dosage forms. Herein, the current advancements in transdermal
studies with potent features to achieve better Alzheimer's disease management are presented. Many
researchers have shown that the transdermal systems provide higher efficiency since the first-pass hepatic
metabolism effect can be avoided and a prolonged drug release rate can be achieved. In summary,
the transdermal administration of Alzheimer's drugs is an interesting and promising topic, which
should be further elaborated and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panoraia I. Siafaka
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ece Ö. Bülbül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökce Mutlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet E. Okur
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ioannis D. Karantas
- Hippokration General Hospital, 2nd Clinic of Internal Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Neslihan Ü. Okur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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New Hybrids of 4-Amino-2,3-polymethylene-quinoline and p-Tolylsulfonamide as Dual Inhibitors of Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase and Potential Multifunctional Agents for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173915. [PMID: 32867324 PMCID: PMC7504258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
New hybrid compounds of 4-amino-2,3-polymethylene-quinoline containing different sizes of the aliphatic ring and linked to p-tolylsulfonamide with alkylene spacers of increasing length were synthesized as potential drugs for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). All compounds were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with selectivity toward BChE. The lead compound 4-methyl-N-(5-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-acridin-9-ylamino)-pentyl)-benzenesulfonamide (7h) exhibited an IC50 (AChE) = 0.131 ± 0.01 µM (five times more potent than tacrine), IC50(BChE) = 0.0680 ± 0.0014 µM, and 17.5 ± 1.5% propidium displacement at 20 µM. The compounds possessed low activity against carboxylesterase, indicating a likely absence of unwanted drug-drug interactions in clinical use. Kinetics studies were consistent with mixed-type reversible inhibition of both cholinesterases. Molecular docking demonstrated dual binding sites of the conjugates in AChE and clarified the differences in the structure-activity relationships for AChE and BChE inhibition. The conjugates could bind to the AChE peripheral anionic site and displace propidium, indicating their potential to block AChE-induced β-amyloid aggregation, thereby exerting a disease-modifying effect. All compounds demonstrated low antioxidant activity. Computational ADMET profiles predicted that all compounds would have good intestinal absorption, medium blood-brain barrier permeability, and medium cardiac toxicity risk. Overall, the results indicate that the novel conjugates show promise for further development and optimization as multitarget anti-AD agents.
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23
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Zagórska A, Jaromin A. Perspectives for New and More Efficient Multifunctional Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E3337. [PMID: 32717806 PMCID: PMC7435667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous research efforts at every level, globally, there is still a lack of effective drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The biochemical mechanisms of this devastating neurodegenerative disease are not yet clearly understood. This review analyses the relevance of multiple ligands in drug discovery for AD as a versatile toolbox for a polypharmacological approach to AD. Herein, we highlight major targets associated with AD, ranging from acetylcholine esterase (AChE), beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, monoamine oxidases (MAOs), metal ions in the brain, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, the third subtype of histamine receptor (H3 receptor), to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), along with a summary of their respective relationship to the disease network. In addition, a multitarget strategy for AD is presented, based on reported milestones in this area and the recent progress that has been achieved with multitargeted-directed ligands (MTDLs). Finally, the latest publications referencing the enlarged panel of new biological targets for AD related to the microglia are highlighted. However, the question of how to find meaningful combinations of targets for an MTDLs approach remains unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland;
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24
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Gupta SP, Patil VM. Recent Studies on Design and Development of Drugs Against Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Based on Inhibition of BACE-1 and Other AD-causative Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1195-1213. [PMID: 32297584 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200416091623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases and has been hypothesized to be a protein misfolding disease. In the generation of AD, β-secretase, γ-secretase, and tau protein play an important role. A literature search reflects ever increasing interest in the design and development of anti-AD drugs targeting β-secretase, γ-secretase, and tau protein. OBJECTIVE The objective is to explore the structural aspects and role of β-secretase, γ-secretase, and tau protein in AD and the efforts made to exploit them for the design of effective anti-AD drugs. METHODS The manuscript covers the recent studies on design and development of anti-AD drugs exploiting amyloid and cholinergic hypotheses. RESULTS Based on amyloid and cholinergic hypotheses, effective anti-AD drugs have been searched out in which non-peptidic BACE1 inhibitors have been most prominent. CONCLUSION Further exploitation of the structural aspects and the inhibition mechanism for β-secretase, γ-secretase, and tau protein and the use of cholinergic hypothesis may lead still more potent anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut-250005, India
| | - Vaishali M Patil
- Computer Aided Drug Design Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad-201206, Uttar Pradesh, India
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25
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Celik I, Erol M, Temiz Arpaci O, Sezer Senol F, Erdogan Orhan I. Evaluation of Activity of Some 2,5-Disubstituted Benzoxazole Derivatives against Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase and Tyrosinase: ADME Prediction, DFT and Comparative Molecular Docking Studies. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1737827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Meryem Erol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Temiz Arpaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sezer Senol
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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26
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Ansari F, Ghasemi JB, Niazi A. Three Dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship and Pharmacophore Modeling of Tacrine Derivatives as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Treatment. Med Chem 2020; 16:155-168. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190513100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Three dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship and pharmacophore
modeling are studied for tacrine derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Methods:
The three dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship and pharmacophore
methods were used to model the 68 derivatives of tacrine as human acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
The effect of the docked conformer of each molecule in the enzyme cavity was investigated on the
predictive ability and statistical quality of the produced models.
Results:
The whole data set was divided into two training and test sets using hierarchical clustering
method. 3D-QSAR model, based on the comparative molecular field analysis has good statistical
parameters as indicated by q2 =0.613, r2 =0.876, and r2pred =0.75. In the case of comparative
molecular similarity index analysis, q2, r2 and r2pred values were 0.807, 0.96, and 0.865 respectively.
The statistical parameters of the models proved that the inhibition data are well fitted and
they have satisfactory predictive abilities.
Conclusion :
The results from this study illustrate the reliability of using techniques in exploring
the likely bonded conformations of the ligands in the active site of the protein target and improve
the understanding over the structural and chemical features of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Jahan B. Ghasemi
- Drug Design in Silico Lab, School of Sciences, Chemistry Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Niazi
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Boltneva NP, Lushchekina SV, Rudakova EV, Stupina TS, Terentiev AA, Serkov IV, Proshin AN, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Bachurin SO, Richardson RJ. Conjugates of tacrine and 1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives as new potential multifunctional agents for Alzheimer’s disease treatment: Synthesis, quantum-chemical characterization, molecular docking, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Alzheimer's Disease Pharmacotherapy in Relation to Cholinergic System Involvement. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010040. [PMID: 31888102 PMCID: PMC7022522 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease, a major and increasing global health challenge, is an irreversible, progressive form of dementia, associated with an ongoing decline of brain functioning. The etiology of this disease is not completely understood, and no safe and effective anti-Alzheimer’s disease drug to prevent, stop, or reverse its evolution is currently available. Current pharmacotherapy concentrated on drugs that aimed to improve the cerebral acetylcholine levels by facilitating cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibiting cholinesterase. These compounds, recognized as cholinesterase inhibitors, offer a viable target across key sign domains of Alzheimer’s disease, but have a modest influence on improving the progression of this condition. In this paper, we sought to highlight the current understanding of the cholinergic system involvement in Alzheimer’s disease progression in relation to the recent status of the available cholinesterase inhibitors as effective therapeutics.
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29
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Fancellu G, Chand K, Tomás D, Orlandini E, Piemontese L, Silva DF, Cardoso SM, Chaves S, Santos MA. Novel tacrine-benzofuran hybrids as potential multi-target drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 35:211-226. [PMID: 31760822 PMCID: PMC7567501 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1689237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pursuing the widespread interest on multi-target drugs to combat Alzheimer´s disease (AD), a new series of hybrids was designed and developed based on the repositioning of the well-known acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, tacrine (TAC), by its coupling to benzofuran (BF) derivatives. The BF framework aims to endow the conjugate molecules with ability for inhibition of AChE (bimodal way) and of amyloid-beta peptide aggregation, besides providing metal (Fe, Cu) chelating ability and concomitant extra anti-oxidant activity, for the hybrids with hydroxyl substitution. The new TAC-BF conjugates showed very good activity for AChE inhibition (sub-micromolar range) and good capacity for the inhibition of self- and Cu-mediated Aβ aggregation, with dependence on the linker size and substituent groups of each main moiety. Neuroprotective effects were also found for the compounds through viability assays of neuroblastoma cells, after Aβ1-42 induced toxicity. Structure-activity relationship analysis provides insights on the best structural parameters, to take in consideration for future studies in view of potential applications in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Fancellu
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Karam Chand
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel Tomás
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Luca Piemontese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Diana F Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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30
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The chemistry toolbox of multitarget-directed ligands for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Roldán-Peña JM, Romero-Real V, Hicke J, Maya I, Franconetti A, Lagunes I, Padrón JM, Petralla S, Poeta E, Naldi M, Bartolini M, Monti B, Bolognesi ML, López Ó, Fernández-Bolaños JG. Tacrine-O-protected phenolics heterodimers as multitarget-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease: Selective subnanomolar BuChE inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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El Aissouq A, Toufik H, Stitou M, Ouammou A, Lamchouri F. In Silico Design of Novel Tetra-Substituted Pyridinylimidazoles Derivatives as c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase-3 Inhibitors, Using 2D/3D-QSAR Studies, Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Management of oxidative stress and other pathologies in Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2491-2513. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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González JF, Alcántara AR, Doadrio AL, Sánchez-Montero JM. Developments with multi-target drugs for Alzheimer's disease: an overview of the current discovery approaches. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:879-891. [PMID: 31165654 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1623201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia among older adults, is a chronic neurodegenerative pathology that causes a progressive loss of cognitive functioning with a decline of rational skills. It is well known that AD is multifactorial, so there are many different pharmacological targets that can be pursued. Areas covered: The authors highlight the strategic value of privileged scaffolds in a multi-target lead compound generation against AD, exploring the concept of multi-target design, with a special emphasis on hybrid compounds. Hence, the most promising building blocks for designing and synthesizing hybrid anti-AD drugs are shown, while also presenting the more advanced hybrid compounds. Expert opinion: The available therapeutic arsenal for AD, designed under the traditional paradigm of 'one-drug/one target/one-disease', is based on the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to increase acetylcholine (ACh) levels. However, this classical approach has not been sufficiently effective when used to treat any multifactor-depending pathology (cancer, diabetes or AD). The multi-target drug concept has been quickly adopted by medicinal chemists. The basic research developments reported in recent years are a solid foundation that will pave the way for the construction of future AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F González
- a Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- a Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Antonio L Doadrio
- a Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose María Sánchez-Montero
- a Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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35
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Insights into the Potential Role of Mercury in Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:511-533. [PMID: 30877448 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg), which is a non-essential element, is considered a highly toxic pollutant for biological systems even when present at trace levels. Elevated Hg exposure with the growing release of atmospheric pollutant Hg and rising accumulations of mono-methylmercury (highly neurotoxic) in seafood products have increased its toxic potential for humans. This review aims to highlight the potential relationship between Hg exposure and Alzheimer's disease (AD), based on the existing literature in the field. Recent reports have hypothesized that Hg exposure could increase the potential risk of developing AD. Also, AD is known as a complex neurological disorder with increased amounts of both extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, which may also be related to lifestyle and genetic variables. Research reports on AD and relationships between Hg and AD indicate that neurotransmitters such as serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate are dysregulated in patients with AD. Many researchers have suggested that AD patients should be evaluated for Hg exposure and toxicity. Some authors suggest further exploration of the Hg concentrations in AD patients. Dysfunctional signaling pathways in AD and Hg exposure appear to be interlinked with some driving factors such as arachidonic acid, homocysteine, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate, hydrogen peroxide, glucosamine glycans, glutathione, acetyl-L carnitine, melatonin, and HDL. This evidence suggests the need for a better understanding of the relationship between AD and Hg exposure, and potential mechanisms underlying the effects of Hg exposure on regional brain functions. Also, further studies evaluating brain functions are needed to explore the long-term effects of subclinical and untreated Hg toxicity on the brain function of AD patients.
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