1
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Wichaiyo S, Saengklub N. Alterations of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 function in response to SGLT2 inhibitors: what is the evidence? Heart Fail Rev 2022; 27:1973-1990. [PMID: 35179683 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-022-10220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes and describes the current evidence addressing how sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors alter the function of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE-1), in association with their protective effects against adverse cardiovascular events. In the heart, SGLT2 inhibitors modulate the function of NHE-1 (either by direct inhibition or indirect attenuation of protein expression), which promotes cardiac contraction and an enhanced energy supply, in association with improved mitochondrial function, reduced inflammation/oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stress, and attenuated fibrosis and apoptotic/autophagic cell death. The vasodilating effect of SGLT2 inhibitors has also been proposed due to NHE-1 inhibition. Moreover, platelet-expressed NHE-1 might serve as a target for SGLT2 inhibitors, since these drugs and selective NHE-1 inhibitors produce comparable activity against adenosine diphosphate-stimulated platelet activation. Overall, it is promising that the modulation of the functions of NHE-1 on the heart, blood vessels, and platelets may act as a contributing pathway for the cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetes and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surasak Wichaiyo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Nakkawee Saengklub
- Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Cao Q, Lei H, Yang M, Wei L, Dong Y, Xu J, Nasser M, Liu M, Zhu P, Xu L, Zhao M. Impact of Cardiovascular Diseases on COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e930032. [PMID: 33820904 PMCID: PMC8035813 DOI: 10.12659/msm.930032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause broke out, and currently more than 150 countries around the world have been affected. Globally, as of 5: 46 pm CET, 6 November 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) had reported 48 534 508 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 1 231 017 deaths. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is the most important medical challenge in decades. Previous research mainly focused on the exploration of lung changes. However, with development of the disease and deepening research, more and more patients showed cardiovascular diseases, even in those without respiratory symptoms, and some researchers have found that underlying cardiovascular diseases increase the risk of infection. Although the related mechanism is not thoroughly studied, based on existing research, we speculate that the interaction between the virus and its receptor, inflammatory factors, various forms of the stress response, hypoxic environment, and drug administration could all induce the development of cardiac adverse events. Interventions to control these pathogenic factors may effectively reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. This review summarizes the latest research on the relationship between COVID-19 and its associated cardiovascular complications, and we also explore possible mechanisms and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtai Cao
- Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - HanYu Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland).,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - MengLing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland).,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Le Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland).,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - YinMiao Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - JiaHao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland).,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Mi Nasser
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - MengQi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland).,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - LinYong Xu
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - MingYi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
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3
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Ahmed NS, Lopes-Pires M, Pugh N. Zinc: an endogenous and exogenous regulator of platelet function during hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelets 2020; 32:880-887. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1840540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Shahed Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Pugh
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Violi F, Pastori D, Pignatelli P, Cangemi R. SARS-CoV-2 and myocardial injury: a role for Nox2? Intern Emerg Med 2020; 15:755-758. [PMID: 32399954 PMCID: PMC7214847 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be complicated by myocardial injury but at-risk patients as well as mechanism of disease are unclear. We gathered data regarding troponin levels in the so far reported SARS-CoV-2 patients and found a large variability in terms of troponin levels, patients with more severe disease, as those treated by ICU, presenting with higher percentage of troponin elevation. However, lack of prospective studies hampers adequate analysis of risk factors of myocardial damage. Previous study demonstrated that Nox2 is up-regulated in pneumonia and closely associated with troponin elevation suggesting Nox2 activation as mechanism eliciting myocardial damage; data in SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking. We hypothesize that SARS-Cov-2 may induce myocardial injury via Nox2-related ROS production and that analysis and eventually targeting Nox2 may be a novel approach to manage SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Violi
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniele Pastori
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cangemi
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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5
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Naime ACA, Bonfitto PHL, Solon C, Lopes-Pires ME, Anhê GF, Antunes E, Marcondes S. Tumor necrosis factor alpha has a crucial role in increased reactive oxygen species production in platelets of mice injected with lipopolysaccharide. Platelets 2019; 30:1047-1052. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1588241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Antunes Naime
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. L. Bonfitto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolina Solon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Lopes-Pires
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriel F. Anhê
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sisi Marcondes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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6
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Steinz MM, Persson M, Aresh B, Olsson K, Cheng AJ, Ahlstrand E, Lilja M, Lundberg TR, Rullman E, Möller KÄ, Sandor K, Ajeganova S, Yamada T, Beard N, Karlsson BC, Tavi P, Kenne E, Svensson CI, Rassier DE, Karlsson R, Friedman R, Gustafsson T, Lanner JT. Oxidative hotspots on actin promote skeletal muscle weakness in rheumatoid arthritis. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126347. [PMID: 30920392 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle weakness in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) adds to their impaired working abilities and reduced quality of life. However, little molecular insight is available on muscle weakness associated with RA. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the disease pathogenesis of RA. Here we show that oxidative post-translational modifications of the contractile machinery targeted to actin result in impaired actin polymerization and reduced force production. Using mass spectrometry, we identified the actin residues targeted by oxidative 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) or malondialdehyde adduct (MDA) modifications in weakened skeletal muscle from mice with arthritis and patients afflicted by RA. The residues were primarily located to three distinct regions positioned at matching surface areas of the skeletal muscle actin molecule from arthritis mice and RA patients. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations revealed that these areas, here coined "hotspots", are important for the stability of the actin molecule and its capacity to generate filaments and interact with myosin. Together, these data demonstrate how oxidative modifications on actin promote muscle weakness in RA patients and provide novel leads for targeted therapeutic treatment to improve muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten M Steinz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Persson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bejan Aresh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Olsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ahlstrand
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mats Lilja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy R Lundberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Rullman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Sofia Ajeganova
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nicole Beard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Björn Cg Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Pasi Tavi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ellinor Kenne
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ran Friedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Li W, Li L, Chopp M, Venkat P, Zacharek A, Chen Z, Landschoot-Ward J, Yan T, Chen J. Intracerebral Hemorrhage Induces Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice Without Primary Cardiac Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:965. [PMID: 30524357 PMCID: PMC6256175 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life threatening stroke subtype and a worldwide health problem. In this study, we investigate brain-heart interaction after ICH in mice and test whether ICH induces cardiac dysfunction in the absence of primary cardiac disease. We also investigate underlying mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in mediating cardiac dysfunction post-ICH in mice. Methods: Male, adult (3–4 m) C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sham surgery or ICH using an autologous blood injection model (n = 16/group). Cardiac function was evaluated at 7 and 28 days after ICH using echocardiography (n = 8/group per time point). Western blot and immunostaining analysis were employed to assess oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the heart. Results: Mice subjected to ICH exhibited significantly decreased cardiac contractile function measured by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) at 7 and 28 days after ICH compared to sham-control mice (p < 0.05). ICH induced cardiac dysfunction was significantly worse at 28 days than at 7 days after ICH (p < 0.05). ICH in mice significantly increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammatory factor expression and inflammatory cell infiltration in heart tissue, and induced cardiac oxidative stress at 7 days post-ICH compared to sham-control mice. Compared to sham-control mice, ICH-mice also exhibited significantly increased (p < 0.05) cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis at 28 days after ICH. Conclusions: ICH induces significant and progressive cardiac dysfunction in mice. ICH increases cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory factor expression in heart tissue which may play key roles in ICH-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in CNS, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in CNS, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Poornima Venkat
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Zhili Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in CNS, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Tao Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Neurology, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in CNS, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
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8
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NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2): A key target of oxidative stress-mediated platelet activation and thrombosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2018; 28:429-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Li Y, Pagano PJ. Microvascular NADPH oxidase in health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:33-47. [PMID: 28274817 PMCID: PMC5482368 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The systemic and cerebral microcirculation contribute critically to regulation of local and global blood flow and perfusion pressure. Microvascular dysfunction, commonly seen in numerous cardiovascular pathologies, is associated with alterations in the oxidative environment including potentiated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent activation of redox signaling pathways. NADPH oxidases (Noxs) are a primary source of ROS in the vascular system and play a central role in cardiovascular health and disease. In this review, we focus on the roles of Noxs in ROS generation in resistance arterioles and capillaries, and summarize their contributions to microvascular physiology and pathophysiology in both systemic and cerebral microcirculation. In light of the accumulating evidence that Noxs are pivotal players in vascular dysfunction of resistance arterioles, selectively targeting Nox isozymes could emerge as a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating microvascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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10
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Yamada T, Steinz MM, Kenne E, Lanner JT. Muscle Weakness in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role of Ca 2+ and Free Radical Signaling. EBioMedicine 2017; 23:12-19. [PMID: 28781131 PMCID: PMC5605300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the primary symptoms arising from inflammatory processes in the joints, muscle weakness is commonly reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Muscle weakness not only reduces the quality of life for the affected patients, but also dramatically increases the burden on society since patients' work ability decreases. A 25–70% reduction in muscular strength has been observed in pateints with RA when compared with age-matched healthy controls. The reduction in muscle strength is often larger than what could be explained by the reduction in muscle size in patients with RA, which indicates that intracellular (intrinsic) muscle dysfunction plays an important role in the underlying mechanism of muscle weakness associated with RA. In this review, we highlight the present understanding of RA-associated muscle weakness with special focus on how enhanced Ca2 + release from the ryanodine receptor and free radicals (reactive oxygen/nitrogen species) contributes to muscle weakness, and recent developments of novel therapeutic interventions. Muscle weakness is commonly reported by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Intrinsic muscle weakness is important in the underlying mechanisms of muscle weakness associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Enhanced Ca2 + release and peroxynitrite-induced stress contributes to RA-induced muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Maarten M Steinz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellinor Kenne
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Violi F, Pignatelli P. Clinical Application of NOX Activity and Other Oxidative Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Review. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:514-32. [PMID: 24382131 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The oxidative stress theory of atherosclerosis is based on the assumption that the production of reactive oxidant species (ROS) by blood, as well as resident cells of the artery wall, elicits the formation of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), which, in turn, promotes a series of inflammatory responses, ultimately leading to atherosclerotic plaque. This theory prompted the development of new laboratory methodologies that aimed at assessing the relationship between oxidative stress and clinical progression of human atherosclerosis. CRITICAL ISSUES Markers assessing the oxidation of phospholipid and protein components of LDL were among the first to be developed. Clinical trials included cross-sectional as well as retrospective and prospective studies that, however, provided equivocal results. Thus, clear evidence that oxidative biomarkers add more to the risk stratification by common atherosclerotic risk factors is still lacking. RECENT ADVANCES More recently, the analysis of oxidative stress focused on enzymatic pathways generating ROS, such as NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Experimental and clinical studies suggest that both enzymes may be implicated in promoting atherosclerotic disease. Novel laboratory methodologies have been, therefore, developed to study NADPH oxidase and MPO in patients with stable atherosclerosis as well as in patients with acute coronary and cerebro-vascular syndromes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review will analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the current methodology to study these enzymes in human atherosclerosis with particular regard to their clinical application in several settings of cardiovascular disease. Clinical methodology and results of previous studies with regard to markers of LDL oxidation have also been reviewed as a useful background for the future development of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Violi
- I Clinica Medica , Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- I Clinica Medica , Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rome, Italy
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12
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Cifuentes-Pagano E, Meijles DN, Pagano PJ. The quest for selective nox inhibitors and therapeutics: challenges, triumphs and pitfalls. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2741-54. [PMID: 24070014 PMCID: PMC4026400 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Numerous studies in animal models and human subjects corroborate that elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in the progression of multiple diseases. As a major source of ROS in many organ systems, the NADPH oxidase (Nox) has become a prime target for therapeutic development. RECENT ADVANCES In recent years, intense efforts have been dedicated to the development of pan- and isoform-specific Nox inhibitors as opposed to antioxidants that proved ineffective in clinical trials. Over the past decade, an array of compounds has been proposed in an attempt to fill this void. CRITICAL ISSUES Although many of these compounds have proven effective as Nox enzyme family inhibitors, isoform specificity has posed a formidable challenge to the scientific community. This review surveys the most prominent Nox inhibitors, and discusses potential isoform specificity, known mechanisms of action, and shortcomings. Some of these inhibitors hold substantial promise as targeted therapeutics. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increased insight into the mechanisms of action and regulation of this family of enzymes as well as atomic structures of key Nox subunits are expected to give way to a broader spectrum of more potent, efficacious, and specific molecules. These lead molecules will assuredly serve as a basis for drug development aimed at treating a wide array of diseases associated with increased Nox activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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Pastori D, Carnevale R, Pignatelli P. Is there a clinical role for oxidative stress biomarkers in atherosclerotic diseases? Intern Emerg Med 2014; 9:123-31. [PMID: 24057419 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-013-0999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that reactive oxidant species (ROS) are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of the atherosclerotic diseases. Markers assessing the oxidation of LDL and formation of eicosanoids, such as isoprostanes, were among the first that were analyzed. More recently, new biomarkers, such as endogenous secretory receptor for AGEs have been suggested to play an oxidative role in specific atherosclerotic settings, such as diabetes. Unfortunately, clinical trials included cross-sectional as well as retrospective and prospective studies which provide inconclusive results. Thus, clear evidence that oxidative biomarkers can improve risk stratification in addition to the common used atherosclerotic risk factors is still lacking. The analysis of oxidative stress focused on enzymatic systems generating ROS. The most studied enzymes were NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Experimental and clinical studies suggest that both enzymes may be implicated in promoting atherosclerotic disease. Novel laboratory methodologies have been, therefore, developed to study NADPH oxidase and MPO in patients with stable atherosclerosis as well in patients with acute coronary syndrome and cerebrovascular accident. This review will report on the more relevant studies in which the clinical application of the oxidative biomarkers was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pastori
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, I Clinica Medica, Centro di Aterotrombosi, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
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14
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QSYQ Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Induced Heart Remodeling Rats through Different Subtypes of NADPH-Oxidase. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:824960. [PMID: 23861715 PMCID: PMC3686095 DOI: 10.1155/2013/824960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aim to investigate the therapeutic effects of QSYQ, a drug of heart failure (HF) in clinical practice in China, on a rat heart failure (HF) model. 3 groups were divided: HF model group (LAD ligation), QSYQ group (LAD ligation and treated with QSYQ), and sham-operated group. After 4 weeks, rats were sacrificed for cardiac injury measurements. Rats with HF showed obvious histological changes including necrosis and inflammation foci, elevated ventricular remodeling markers levels(matrix metalloproteinases-2, MMP-2), deregulated ejection fraction (EF) value, increased formation of oxidative stress (Malondialdehyde, MDA), and up-regulated levels of apoptotic cells (caspase-3, p53 and tunnel) in myocardial tissue. Treatment of QSYQ improved cardiac remodeling through counter-acting those events. The improvement of QSYQ was accompanied with a restoration of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) pathways in different patterns. Administration of QSYQ could attenuate LAD-induced HF, and AngII-NOX2-ROS-MMPs pathway seemed to be the critical potential targets for QSYQ to reduce the remodeling. Moreover, NOX4 was another key targets to inhibit the p53 and Caspase3, thus to reduce the hypertrophy and apoptosis, and eventually provide a synergetic cardiac protective effect.
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Barygina VV, Becatti M, Soldi G, Prignano F, Lotti T, Nassi P, Wright D, Taddei N, Fiorillo C. Altered redox status in the blood of psoriatic patients: involvement of NADPH oxidase and role of anti-TNF-α therapy. Redox Rep 2013; 18:100-6. [PMID: 23601139 DOI: 10.1179/1351000213y.0000000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic hyperproliferative inflammatory skin disease, characterized by a generalized redox imbalance. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α therapy is widely used for the treatment of this disease, but its effect on blood redox status hasn't been explored. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of anti-TNF-α therapy on blood redox status in psoriatic patients. METHODS Twenty-nine psoriatic patients (PSO) were divided into two groups: one remained untreated (NRT) and to another the anti-TNF-α therapy was prescribed (TR). The levels of main oxidative stress markers and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma, levels of total reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipoperoxidation, TAC, glutathione content, and activity of NADPH oxidase in white blood cells (WBC) were evaluated in PSO, in NTR and TR after 6 months of the study. RESULTS Plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content (PCO), ROS production, lipoperoxidation, and glutathione content in WBC were increased, while TAC in both plasma and WBC was decreased in PSO with respect to controls. In the plasma of TR, levels of MDA and PCO were significantly lower with respect to PSO and NTR. The activity of NADPH oxidase was significantly increased in WBC of PSO and NTR but not in TR versus controls. DISCUSSION Our results represent novel data about the redox status of WBC in psoriatic patients. A significant redox-balancing effect of anti-TNF-α therapy, probably associated with the normalization of NADPH oxidase activity in WBC, was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Barygina
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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