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Kumar A, Chauhan S. Pancreatic lipase inhibitors: The road voyaged and successes. Life Sci 2021; 271:119115. [PMID: 33515565 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human pancreatic lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase EC3.1.1.3) is the most widely studied member of the human lipase superfamily related to carboxyl esterase. It is secreted from the acinar cell of pancreas and has strong preference for triacylglycerides over cholesterol esters, phospholipids, and galactolipids. Apart from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides, pancreatic lipase may cause the hydrolysis of retinyl esters in vivo. So, it is very much evidenced that pancreatic lipase with its cofactor colipase has prominent role in efficient digestion of dietary fat. Hence, the modulation of human pancreatic lipase may represent a new insight in the discovery of a number of therapeutics that can inhibit the absorption of fat in body and can be used in obesity and other related metabolic disorders. Even, the only Food and drug administration (FDA) approved antiobesity drug, orlistat, is also an inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. This review summarizes studies about structure, mechanistic approach of pancreatic lipase enzyme while emphasizing on the various synthetic pancreatic lipase inhibitors with their structure activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Shilpi Chauhan
- Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology (Pharm.), U.P., India.
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2
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Shaw AY, Denning CR, Hulme C. Selenium dioxide-mediated synthesis of α-ketoamides from arylglyoxals and secondary amines. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:4151-4153. [PMID: 23180891 PMCID: PMC3501738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A facile and expeditious synthetic approach to α-ketoamides 3 is described. A series of α-ketoamides 3 was synthesized via reaction of selenium dioxide-mediated oxidative amidation between arylglyoxals 1 and secondary amines 2, and accelerated with microwave irradiation. Our findings indicate that constrained amines, such as piperazine and piperidine exhibit higher conversions for this transformation. This reaction was explored by synthesizing a series of α-ketoamides 3 from various arylglyoxals with cyclic and acyclic secondary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Y. Shaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, BIO5 Oro Valley, The University of Arizona, 1580 E. Hanley Blvd., Oro Valley, AZ 85737, USA
| | - Christine R. Denning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, BIO5 Oro Valley, The University of Arizona, 1580 E. Hanley Blvd., Oro Valley, AZ 85737, USA
| | - Christopher Hulme
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, BIO5 Oro Valley, The University of Arizona, 1580 E. Hanley Blvd., Oro Valley, AZ 85737, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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3
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Abstract
A convergent synthesis of alpha-ketoamide inhibitors of Pin1 is described. An alpha-hydroxyorthothioester derivative of Ser was reacted directly with an amine synthon. The reaction was catalyzed by HgO and HgCl(2) to form alpha-hydroxyamide. Thus, hydrolysis and coupling were combined in one step with 80% yield. Two diastereomers of a phospho-Ser-Pro alpha-ketoamide analogue were synthesized. The IC(50) values of 100 and 200 microM were surprisingly weak for Pin1 peptidyl prolyl isomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Hara T, Tainosho A, Nakamura K, Sato T, Kawakami T, Aimoto S. Peptide purification by affinity chromatography based on α-ketoacyl group chemistry. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:369-76. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Antonopoulou G, Barbayianni E, Magrioti V, Cotton N, Stephens D, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. Structure-activity relationships of natural and non-natural amino acid-based amide and 2-oxoamide inhibitors of human phospholipase A(2) enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:10257-69. [PMID: 18993078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A variety of 2-oxoamides and related amides based on natural and non-natural amino acids were synthesized. Their activity on two human intracellular phospholipases (GIVA cPLA(2) and GVIA iPLA(2)) and one human secretory phospholipase (GV sPLA(2)) was evaluated. We show that an amide based on (R)-gamma-norleucine is a highly selective inhibitor of GV sPLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Magrioti V, Naxakis G, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Makriyannis A, Kokotos G. A novel monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5424-7. [PMID: 18819796 PMCID: PMC3712614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A variety of long chain 1,2-diamines and related compounds were synthesized and tested for their activity on fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacyglycerol lipase (MGL). (2S,9Z)-Octadec-9-ene-1,2-diamine selectively inhibits MGL (K(i) 21.8 microM) without significantly affecting FAAH. This compound exhibited interesting in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting that selective inhibitors of MGL may be valuable novel agents for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 116 Mugar Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Naxakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | | | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, 116 Mugar Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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Stephens D, Barbayianni E, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Peristeraki A, Six DA, Cooper J, Harkewicz R, Deems RA, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. Differential inhibition of group IVA and group VIA phospholipases A2 by 2-oxoamides. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2821-8. [PMID: 16640343 PMCID: PMC2544624 DOI: 10.1021/jm050993h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Group IVA phospholipase A(2) (GIVA cPLA(2)) and GVIA iPLA(2) are useful tools for defining the roles of these enzymes in cellular signaling and inflammation. We have developed inhibitors of GVIA iPLA(2) building upon the 2-oxoamide backbone that are uncharged, containing ester groups. Although the most potent inhibitors of GVIA iPLA(2) also inhibited GIVA cPLA(2), there were three 2-oxoamide compounds that selectively and weakly inhibited GVIA iPLA(2). We further show that several potent 2-oxoamide inhibitors of GIVA cPLA(2) containing free carboxylic groups (Kokotos et al. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 2891-2893) do not inhibit GVIA iPLA(2) and are, therefore, selective GIVA cPLA(2) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Efrosini Barbayianni
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | | | - Anna Peristeraki
- Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - David A. Six
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jennifer Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Richard Harkewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Raymond A. Deems
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. For E.A.D. e-mail: ; phone: 858-534-3055; fax: 858-534-7390. For G.K. ; phone: 30210 7274462; fax: 30210 7274761
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. For E.A.D. e-mail: ; phone: 858-534-3055; fax: 858-534-7390. For G.K. ; phone: 30210 7274462; fax: 30210 7274761
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Constantinou-Kokotou V, Peristeraki A, Kokotos CG, Six DA, Dennis EA. Synthesis and activity of 2-oxoamides containing long chain β-amino acids. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:431-5. [PMID: 15635664 DOI: 10.1002/psc.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
2-Oxoamides based on long chain beta-amino acids were synthesized. 1-Benzyl substituted long chain amines, needed for such synthesis, were synthesized starting from Boc-phenylalaninol. The oxidative conversion of a phenyl group to a carboxyl group was used as the key transformation synthetic step. The compounds synthesized were studied for their activity against GIVA PLA(2), and were proven to be weak inhibitors.
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Kokotos G, Six DA, Loukas V, Smith T, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Kotsovolou S, Chiou A, Beltzner CC, Dennis EA. Inhibition of Group IVA Cytosolic Phospholipase A2by Novel 2-Oxoamides in Vitro, in Cells, and in Vivo. J Med Chem 2004; 47:3615-28. [PMID: 15214789 DOI: 10.1021/jm030485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (GIVA PLA(2)) is a particularly attractive target for drug development because it is the rate-limiting provider of proinflammatory mediators. We previously reported the discovery of novel 2-oxoamides that inhibit GIVA PLA(2) [Kokotos, G.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 2891-2893]. In the present work, we have further explored this class of inhibitors and found that the 2-oxoamide functionality is more potent when it contains a long 2-oxoacyl residue and a free carboxy group. Long-chain 2-oxoamides based on gamma-aminobutyric acid and gamma-norleucine are potent inhibitors of GIVA PLA(2). Such inhibitors act through a fast and reversible mode of inhibition in vitro, are able to block the production of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E(2) in cells, and demonstrate potent in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Magrioti V, Verger R, Constantinou-Kokotou V. Triacylglycerols based on 2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)oleic acid are potent inhibitors of pancreatic lipase. J Med Chem 2004; 47:288-91. [PMID: 14711301 DOI: 10.1021/jm034202s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of potent human pancreatic lipase (HPL) inhibitors was developed. Triacylglycerol analogues containing 2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino) fatty acids were synthesized, and their ability to form stable films at the air/water interface was studied. The inhibition of human digestive lipases by the compounds synthesized was studied by the monolayer technique, and the triesters of glycerol and 2-methylglycerol with 2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)oleic acid were found to be potent inhibitors of HPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Magrioti
- Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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Vallikivi I, Lille Ü, Lookene A, Metsala A, Sikk P, Tõugu V, Vija H, Villo L, Parve O. Lipase action on some non-triglyceride substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(03)00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kokotos G, Kotsovolou S, Verger R. Novel trifluoromethyl ketones as potent gastric lipase inhibitors. Chembiochem 2003; 4:90-5. [PMID: 12512081 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200390019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Novel inhibitors of human digestive lipases, lipophilic trifluoromethyl ketones, were developed. These analogues of the natural triacylglycerol substrates of lipases were designed to contain the carbonyl group of the trifluoromethyl ketone functionality in place of the carbonyl group of the scissile ester bond at the sn-1 position. The ester bond at the sn-3 position was replaced by an ether bond, while the secondary hydroxy group was either esterified or etherified. The inhibitors were prepared starting from solketal. The inhibition of human pancreatic and gastric lipases by the trifluoromethyl ketones was studied by the monolayer technique. 5,5,5-Trifluoro-1-(dodecyloxymethyl)-4-oxopentyl decanoate is the best synthetic inhibitor of human gastric lipase ever reported (inhibition constant alpha(50)=0.003).
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry, University of Athens Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Kotsovolou S, Verger R, Kokotos G. Synthesis of lipophilic aldehydes and study of their inhibition effect on human digestive lipases. Org Lett 2002; 4:2625-8. [PMID: 12153194 DOI: 10.1021/ol026039l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Novel inhibitors of human digestive lipases, aldehyde dialkyl and alkyl-acyl glycerol analogues, were developed. The inhibitors were prepared starting from 3-(benzyloxy)-1,2-propanediol. The inhibition of human pancreatic and gastric lipases by the aldehyde derivatives was studied using the monolayer technique. (1R)-1-[(Dodecyloxy)methyl]-4-oxobutyl decanoate caused a 50% decrease in HPL and HGL activities at 0.100 and 0.053 molar fractions, respectively.
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Kokotos G, Kotsovolou S, Six DA, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Beltzner CC, Dennis EA. Novel 2-oxoamide inhibitors of human group IVA phospholipase A(2). J Med Chem 2002; 45:2891-3. [PMID: 12086476 DOI: 10.1021/jm025538p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of potent human cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (GIVA PLA(2)) inhibitors was developed. These inhibitors were designed to contain the 2-oxoamide functionality and a free carboxyl group. Among the compounds tested, a long-chain 2-oxoamide containing L-gamma-norleucine was the most potent inhibitor, causing a 50% decrease in GIVA PLA(2) activity at 0.009 mole fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Enzymatic Reactions at Interfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-7303(02)80006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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