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Brañes MC, Gillet R, Valenzuela R. Nuclear receptors behind the therapeutic effects of plant sterols on metabolism: A review. Lipids 2024. [PMID: 39077818 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Plant sterols are known for their hypocholesterolemic action, and the molecular mechanisms behind this within the gut have been extensively discussed and demonstrated to the point that there is a degree of consensus. However, recent studies show that these molecules exert an additional umbrella of therapeutic effects in other tissues, which are related to immune function, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. A strong hypothesis to explain these effects is the structural relationship between plant sterols and the ligands of a group of nuclear receptors. This review delves into the molecular aspects of therapeutic effects related with lipid and energy metabolism that have been observed and demonstrated for plant sterols, and turns the perspective to explore the involvement of nuclear receptors as part of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Bakrim S, Benkhaira N, Bourais I, Benali T, Lee LH, El Omari N, Sheikh RA, Goh KW, Ming LC, Bouyahya A. Health Benefits and Pharmacological Properties of Stigmasterol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1912. [PMID: 36290632 PMCID: PMC9598710 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stigmasterol is an unsaturated phytosterol belonging to the class of tetracyclic triterpenes. It is one of the most common plant sterols, found in a variety of natural sources, including vegetable fats or oils from many plants. Currently, stigmasterol has been examined via in vitro and in vivo assays and molecular docking for its various biological activities on different metabolic disorders. The findings indicate potent pharmacological effects such as anticancer, anti-osteoarthritis, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, antiparasitic, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Indeed, stigmasterol from plants and algae is a promising molecule in the development of drugs for cancer therapy by triggering intracellular signaling pathways in numerous cancers. It acts on the Akt/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways in ovarian and gastric cancers. In addition, stigmasterol markedly disrupted angiogenesis in human cholangiocarcinoma by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) signaling down-regulation. The association of stigmasterol and sorafenib promoted caspase-3 activity and down-regulated levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in breast cancer. Antioxidant activities ensuring lipid peroxidation and DNA damage lowering conferred to stigmasterol chemoprotective activities in skin cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation also contributes to the neuroprotective effects of stigmasterol, as well as dopamine depletion and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The anti-inflammatory properties of phytosterols involve the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, the decrease in inflammatory mediator release, and the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Stigmasterol exerts anti-diabetic effects by reducing fasting glucose, serum insulin levels, and oral glucose tolerance. Other findings showed the antiparasitic activities of this molecule against certain strains of parasites such as Trypanosoma congolense (in vivo) and on promastigotes and amastigotes of the Leishmania major (in vitro). Some stigmasterol-rich plants were able to inhibit Candida albicans, virusei, and tropicalis at low doses. Accordingly, this review outlines key insights into the pharmacological abilities of stigmasterol and the specific mechanisms of action underlying some of these effects. Additionally, further investigation regarding pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Bakrim
- Molecular Engineering, Biotechnologies and Innovation Team, Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Nesrine Benkhaira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 1975, Morocco
| | - Ilhame Bourais
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Sidi Bouzid B.P. 4162, Morocco
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Ryan A. Sheikh
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco
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Ushiki Y, Kawabe K, Yamamoto-Okada K, Uneuchi F, Asanuma Y, Yamaguchi C, Ohta H, Shibata T, Abe T, Okumura-Kitajima L, Kosai Y, Endo M, Otake K, Munetomo E, Takahashi T, Kakinuma H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyridine derivatives as gut-selective NaPi2b inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 65:128700. [PMID: 35346844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported thiophene derivatives as gut-selective (minimally systemic) and potent sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 2b (SLC34A2, NaPi2b) inhibitors. However, these derivatives did not suppress phosphate absorption form the intestinal tract in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The lack of efficacy in vivo could be due to the high hydrophobicity of these compounds. In this report, we identified novel pyridine derivatives as gut-selective NaPi2b inhibitors with good activity in vitro and relatively low hydrophobicity. Especially, gut-selective compound 20b suppressed phosphate absorption in SD rats. These results suggest that physical properties, such as the hydrophobicity of the compounds, might affect the in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Ushiki
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Kawabe
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamamoto-Okada
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Fumito Uneuchi
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yuta Asanuma
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Chitose Yamaguchi
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shibata
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Abe
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Lisa Okumura-Kitajima
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yuki Kosai
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Mayumi Endo
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Otake
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Eiji Munetomo
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Teisuke Takahashi
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kakinuma
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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4
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo [b]thiophene derivatives as gut-selective NaPi2b inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 59:128572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Toopkanloo SP, Tan TB, Cheong LZ, Liu Y, Tan CP. In vitro applicability of mixed soy lecithin-based liposomes with added several lipophilic agents as novel delivery systems for delivery of quercetin. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.2013865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pakbaten Toopkanloo
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tai Boon Tan
- Department of Food Service and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Jiangnan, China
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, , Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Takeyama A, Teramoto A, Wang T, Hayashi T, Tanaka Y, Sato M, Shirouchi B. Dietary lysophospholipids reduce lymphatic cholesterol transport compared with dietary phospholipids in thoracic lymph-duct cannulated rats. Lipids 2021; 56:579-590. [PMID: 34409611 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phospholipids have been traditionally known to affect micelle formation. Egg yolk-derived lysophospholipids (LysoPL) are commercially available. We investigated the effects of dietary LysoPL on lymphatic lipid transport. We also compared sn-1 LysoPL and sn-2 LysoPL, which have different fatty acyl esterification positions. Thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats were fed a diet supplemented with egg yolk-derived sn-1 LysoPL, sn-2 LysoPL, or phospholipids (PL). The amount of lymphatic lipid transport was also evaluated. Time courses of transport were applied to the one-compartment model as one of the pharmacokinetic analyses. The solubility of cholesterol in bile acid micelles was measured. Compared to the PL diet, the sn-1 and sn-2 LysoPL diets significantly reduced the lymphatic transport of cholesterol. There were no differences in the lymphatic PL and TAG transport. There was no difference in cholesterol transport between the sn-1 LysoPL group and the sn-2 LysoPL group; however, the transport rate constant at a decrease in lymphatic cholesterol was lower in the sn-1 LysoPL group than in the sn-2 LysoPL group. Cholesterol solubility in bile acid micelles was significantly decreased in the sn-1 LysoPL and sn-2 LysoPL groups compared to that in the PL group. Dietary LysoPL affects the behavior of intestinal cholesterol and suppresses lymphatic cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Takeyama
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asami Teramoto
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasutake Tanaka
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Sato
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Bungo Shirouchi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Nishi-Sonogi-gun, Nagasaki, Japan
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Mashjoor S, Mohamadjafari Dehkordi S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Cappello T. Steroid Fingerprint Analysis of Endangered Caspian Seal ( Pusa caspica) through the Gorgan Bay (Caspian Sea). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7339-7353. [PMID: 32459473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The profile of steroid congeners was evaluated in Caspian seals Pusa caspica by age, sex, and tissue-specific bioaccumulation, and compared with that of abiotic matrices (seawater, surface sediment, and suspended particulate materials, SPMs) from Miankaleh Wildlife/Gorgan Bay, (Caspian Sea, Iran). To identify the level of human fecal contamination, ∑25 sterol congeners were measured in all abiotic/biotic samples, revealing coprostanol, a proxy for human feces, as the most abundant sterol (seawater: 45.1-20.3 ng L-1; surface sediment: 90.2-70.3 ng g-1 dw; SPMs: 187.7-157.6 ng g-1 dw). The quantification of ∑25 sterols in seals followed the order of brain > liver > kidney > heart > blood > spleen > muscle > intestine > blubber > fur, and in both sexes coprostanol level (8.95-21.01% of ∑25s) was higher in blubber and fur, followed by cholesterol in brain, liver, kidney, heart, and blood, cholestanone in intestine and muscle, and β-sitosterol in spleen. Though no age/sex differentiation was observed, the mean concentration of ∑25s was higher in male than females and pup. Different diagnostic ratios revealed sterols originating from human and nonhuman sewage sources. Findings pinpoint the urgent necessity to investigate the ecotoxicity of fecal sterols in mammals, and consequent implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Sakineh Mashjoor
- Department of Marine biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Marine Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shirin Mohamadjafari Dehkordi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy
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Hossain A, Jayadeep A. Analysis of bioaccessibility of campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in maize by in vitro digestion method. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lifsey HC, Kaur R, Thompson BH, Bennett L, Temel RE, Graf GA. Stigmasterol stimulates transintestinal cholesterol excretion independent of liver X receptor activation in the small intestine. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 76:108263. [PMID: 31759199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in healthcare, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Elevated levels of plasma cholesterol are highly predictive of CVD and stroke and are the principal driver of atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, current cholesterol lowering agents, such as statins, are not known to reverse atherosclerotic disease once it has been established. In preclinical models, agonists of nuclear receptor, LXR, have been shown to reduce and reverse atherosclerosis. Phytosterols are bioactive non-cholesterol sterols that act as LXR agonists and regulate cholesterol metabolism and transport. We hypothesized that stigmasterol would act as an LXR agonist and alter intestinal cholesterol secretion to promote cholesterol elimination. Mice were fed a control diet, or a diet supplemented with stigmasterol (0.3% w/w) or T0901317 (0.015% w/w), a known LXR agonist. In this experiment we analyzed the sterol content of bile, intestinal perfusate, plasma, and feces. Additionally, the liver and small intestine were analyzed for relative levels of transcripts known to be regulated by LXR. We observed that T0901317 robustly promoted cholesterol elimination and acted as a strong LXR agonist. Stigmasterol promoted transintestinal cholesterol secretion through an LXR-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy
| | | | - Lisa Bennett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center; Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center.
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Kokumai T, Ito J, Kobayashi E, Shimizu N, Hashimoto H, Eitsuka T, Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K. Comparison of Blood Profiles of γ-Oryzanol and Ferulic Acid in Rats after Oral Intake of γ-Oryzanol. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051174. [PMID: 31130653 PMCID: PMC6567117 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Oryzanol (OZ), a bioactive phytochemical abundant in cereals such as rice, has been reported to be mainly hydrolyzed to ferulic acid (FA) in the body. Meanwhile, in our previous study, we revealed that a part of OZ is absorbed into the body and exists in its intact form. However, the comprehensive absorption profile of OZ and its metabolites (e.g., FA) after OZ intake has not been fully elucidated yet. Therefore, in this study, we measured the concentrations of OZ, FA, and FA conjugates (i.e., FA sulfate and glucuronide) in the blood of rats with the use of HPLC-MS/MS after a single oral administration of 300 µmol/kg body weight of rice bran OZ (RBOZ). As a result, intact OZ along with FA and FA conjugates existed in the blood, which implied that these constituents may all contribute to the physiological effects under OZ intake. Additionally, when an equimolar amount of FA (300 µmol/kg body weight) was administered, it was found that the absorption profile of FA was significantly different from that when RBOZ was administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kokumai
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Junya Ito
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Eri Kobayashi
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Naoki Shimizu
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | | | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
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Nunes VS, Cazita PM, Catanozi S, Nakandakare ER, Quintão ECR. Phytosterol containing diet increases plasma and whole body concentration of phytosterols in apoE-KO but not in LDLR-KO mice. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:131-136. [PMID: 30739226 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterol metabolism is unknown in the hypercholesterolemia of genetic origin. We investigated the metabolism of phytosterols in a cholesterol-free, phytosterol-containing standard diet in hypercholesterolemic mice knockouts for low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein E (apoE) mice compared to wild-type mice (controls). Phytosterols were measured in mice tissues by GCMS. ApoE-KO mice absorbed less phytosterols than LDLR-KO and the latter absorbed less phytosterols than control mice, because the intestinal campesterol content was low in both KO mice, and sitosterol was low in the intestine in apoE-KO mice as compared to LDLR-KO mice. Although the diet contained nine times more sitosterol than campesterol, the concentration of sitosterol was lower than that of campesterol in plasma in LDLR-KO, and in the liver in controls and in LDLR-KO, but only in apoE-KO. On the other hand, in the intestine sitosterol was higher than campesterol in controls, and in LDLR-KO but with a tendency only in apoE-KO. Because of the high dietary supply of sitosterol, sitosterol was better taken up by the intestine than campesterol, but the amount of sitosterol was lower than that of campesterol in the liver, while in the whole body the amounts of these phytosterols do not differ from each other. Therefore, via intestinal lymph less sitosterol than campesterol was transferred to the body. However, as compared to controls, in apoE-KO mice, but not in LDLR-KO mice, the increase in campesterol and sitosterol in plasma and in the whole body indicating that apoE-KO mice have a marked defect in the elimination of both phytosterols from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Sutti Nunes
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - room 3305, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Miralda Cazita
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - room 3305, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Catanozi
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - room 3305, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Edna Regina Nakandakare
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - room 3305, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Eder Carlos Rocha Quintão
- Laboratorio de Lipides, LIM-10, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - room 3305, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
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Fujisue K, Nagamatsu S, Shimomura H, Yamashita T, Nakao K, Nakamura S, Ishihara M, Matsui K, Yamamoto N, Koide S, Matsumura T, Fujimoto K, Tsunoda R, Morikami Y, Matsuyama K, Oshima S, Sakamoto K, Izumiya Y, Kaikita K, Hokimoto S, Ogawa H, Tsujita K. Impact of statin-ezetimibe combination on coronary atheroma plaque in patients with and without chronic kidney disease - Sub-analysis of PRECISE-IVUS trial. Int J Cardiol 2018; 268:23-26. [PMID: 29925472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) deteriorates the prognosis of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Because coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death in CKD patients, cardiovascular risk reduction has been clinically important in CKD. We hypothesized intensive lipid-lowering with statin/ezetimibe attenuated coronary atherosclerotic development even in patients with CKD. METHODS In the prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter PRECISE-IVUS trial, 246 patients undergoing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided PCI were randomly assigned to receive atorvastatin/ezetimibe combination or atorvastatin alone (the dosage of atorvastatin was up-titrated to achieve the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 70 mg/dL). Serial volumetric IVUS findings obtained at baseline and 9-12 month follow-up to quantify the coronary plaque response in 202 patients were compared stratified by the presence or absence of CKD. RESULTS CKD was observed in 52 patients (26%) among 202 enrolled patients. Compared with the non-CKD group, the CKD group was significantly older (71.5 ± 8.6 years vs. 64.4 ± 9.6 years, P < 0.001) with similar prevalence of comorbid coronary risk factors and lipid profiles. Similar to the non-CKD group (-1.4 [-2.8 to -0.1]% vs. -0.2 [-1.7 to 1.0]%, P = 0.002), the atorvastatin/ezetimibe combination significantly reduced ∆PAV compared with atorvastatin alone even in the CKD group (-2.6 [-5.6 to -0.4]% vs. -0.9 [-2.4 to 0.2]%, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS As with non-CKD, intensive lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin/ezetimibe demonstrated stronger coronary plaque regression effect even in patients with CKD compared with atorvastatin monotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01043380 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Fujisue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Suguru Nagamatsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukuoka Tokushukai Medical Center, Kasuga, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Nakao
- Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sunao Nakamura
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, New Tokyo Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Ishihara
- Division of Coronary Heart Disease, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Matsui
- Department of Community Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Yamamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital, Nobeoka, Japan
| | - Shunichi Koide
- Division of Cardiology, Health Insurance Kumamoto General Hospital, Yatsushiro, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsumura
- Division of Cardiology, Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization Kumamoto Rosai Hospital, Yatsushiro, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Fujimoto
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Tsunoda
- Division of Cardiology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuichi Oshima
- Division of Cardiology, Kumamoto Central Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Izumiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Kaikita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Hokimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisao Ogawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Wang M, Huang W, Hu Y, Zhang L, Shao Y, Wang M, Zhang F, Zhao Z, Mei X, Li T, Wang D, Liang Y, Li J, Huang Y, Zhang L, Xu T, Song H, Zhong Y, Lu B. Phytosterol Profiles of Common Foods and Estimated Natural Intake of Different Structures and Forms in China. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2669-2676. [PMID: 29397719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are well-known for their cholesterol-lowering effects, and the structures and forms of phytosterols affect their bioactivity. We aimed to illustrate the phytosterol profiles in common foods and estimate their natural intake in five geographical regions and among different age groups in China. In total, 12 phytosterols in free and esterified forms of 119 foods from five regions across China were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, the dietary intake of phytosterols was calculated combined with the dietary foods intake data of Chinese people. The total phytosterol content was highest in vegetable oils (150.4-1230.9 mg/100 g), followed by legumes (129.6-275.6 mg/100 g), nuts (18.9-255.2 mg/100 g), and cereals (11.9-93.8 mg/100 g). Vegetables and fruits contained lower contents of total phytosterols. Phytosterols were mainly esterified in most common foods except in nuts. The predominant phytosterols were β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol, all of which belonged to plant sterols and 4-desmethylsterols. Total phytosterol intake varied across different regions, ranging between 257.7 and 473.7 mg/standard-person (sp)/day, with the highest intake in Beijing, followed by Hangzhou, Wuhan, Chongqing, and Guangzhou. However, phytosterol proportion was similar across regions, with β-sitosterol accounting for 46.5-50.3% of the natural intake. Phytosterol intake was mainly constituted by plant sterols and 4-desmethylsterols in esterified form (61.9-74.6%). At the age of 2-70 years, phytosterol intake ranged from 154.3 mg/day to 348.0 mg/day in the national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Weisu Huang
- Department of Applied Technology , Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Yinzhou Hu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Yafang Shao
- China National Rice Research Institute , Hangzhou 310006 , China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing , Beijing 100097 , China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Ziyan Zhao
- Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Xiaohong Mei
- China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Tao Li
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science , Haikou 571101 , China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Ying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province , Nanjing 210014 , China
| | - Jing Li
- The Research Institute of Pomology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Xingcheng 125100 , China
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Applied Technology , Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Liuquan Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Huaxin Song
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Yongheng Zhong
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Fuli Institute of Food Science , National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture , Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture , Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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14
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Tissue sterol composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) depends on the dietary cholesterol content and on the dietary phytosterol:cholesterol ratio, but not on the dietary phytosterol content. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:599-609. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate how the dietary sterol composition, including cholesterol, phytosterol:cholesterol ratio and phytosterols, affect the absorption, biliary excretion, retention, tissue storage and distribution of cholesterol and individual phytosterols in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). A feeding trial was conducted at two different temperatures (6 and 12°C), using nine different diets with varying contents of phytosterols, cholesterol and phytosterol:cholesterol ratio. Cholesterol retention values were clearly dependent on dietary cholesterol, and showed that fish fed cholesterol levels <1000 mg/kg feed produced considerable quantities of cholesterol de novo. Despite this production, cholesterol content increased with increasing dietary cholesterol in liver, plasma, bile, muscle, adipose tissue and whole fish at 12°C, and in plasma, bile and whole fish at 6°C. The tissue sterol composition generally depended on the dietary cholesterol content and on the dietary phytosterol:cholesterol ratio, but not on the dietary phytosterol content in itself. Campesterol and brassicasterol appeared to be the phytosterols with the highest intestinal absorption in Atlantic salmon. There was a high biliary excretion of campesterol, but not of brassicasterol, which accumulated in tissues and particularly in adipose tissue, with 2-fold-higher retention at 12°C compared with 6°C. Campesterol had the second highest retention of the phytosterols in the fish, but with no difference between the two temperatures. Other phytosterols had very low retention. Although brassicasterol retention decreased with increasing dietary phytosterols, campesterol retention decreased with increasing dietary cholesterol, indicating differences in the uptake mechanisms for these two sterols.
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Ikeda I, Tamakuni K, Sakuma T, Ozawa R, Inoue N, Kishimoto Y. Resistant Maltodextrin Decreases Micellar Solubility of Lipids and Diffusion of Bile Salt Micelles and Suppresses Incorporation of Micellar Fatty Acids into Caco-2 Cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2017; 62:335-340. [PMID: 27928121 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.62.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that resistant maltodextrin (RMD) suppresses intestinal lipid absorption in experimental animals and humans. However, possible mechanisms underlying this effect are not known. In this study, effects of RMD on processes of the absorption of various lipids were investigated in vitro. RMD dose-dependently suppressed the solubility of various lipid components, including 1-mono-oleoylglycerol, oleic acid, and phosphatidylcholine in bile salt micelles in vitro. When the diffusion rate of bile salt micelles through a filter membrane was investigated in vitro, bile salt micelles containing RMD diffused more slowly than those without RMD. Incorporation of [1-14C] oleic acid into Caco-2 cells from the RMD-containing bile salt micelles was significantly smaller than that from the control micelles (without RMD). These results show that RMD suppresses intestinal absorption of lipids by decreasing their micellar solubility and the diffusion rate of bile salt micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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16
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Minatel IO, Francisqueti FV, Corrêa CR, Lima GPP. Antioxidant Activity of γ-Oryzanol: A Complex Network of Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1107. [PMID: 27517904 PMCID: PMC5000585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-oryzanol (Orz), a steryl ferulate extracted from rice bran layer, exerts a wide spectrum of biological activities. In addition to its antioxidant activity, Orz is often associated with cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic effects. In recent years, the usefulness of Orz has been studied for the treatment of metabolic diseases, as it acts to ameliorate insulin activity, cholesterol metabolism, and associated chronic inflammation. Previous studies have shown the direct action of Orz when downregulating the expression of genes that encode proteins related to adiposity (CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs)), inflammatory responses (nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)), and metabolic syndrome (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)). It is likely that this wide range of beneficial activities results from a complex network of interactions and signals triggered, and/or inhibited by its antioxidant properties. This review focuses on the significance of Orz in metabolic disorders, which feature remarkable oxidative imbalance, such as impaired glucose metabolism, obesity, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Otavio Minatel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Bioscience, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil.
| | | | - Camila Renata Corrêa
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Bioscience, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil.
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17
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Alvarez-Sala A, Garcia-Llatas G, Cilla A, Barberá R, Sánchez-Siles LM, Lagarda MJ. Impact of Lipid Components and Emulsifiers on Plant Sterols Bioaccessibility from Milk-Based Fruit Beverages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5686-5691. [PMID: 27329567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sterol bioaccessibility (BA) of three plant sterol (PS)-enriched milk-based fruit beverages (MFb) with different fat contents (1.1-2.4%), lipid sources (animal or vegetable), and without or with emulsifiers (whey proteins enriched with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) or soy lecithin) was evaluated after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The BA of total PS followed the order 31.4% (MFbM containing milk fat and whey proteins enriched with MFGM) = 28.2% (MFbO containing extra virgin olive oil and soy lecithin) > 8.7% (MFb without fat addition). Total and individual PS content in the bioaccessible fractions followed the order MFbM > MFbO > MFb. Consequently, formulation with MFGM is proposed in beverages of this kind to ensure optimum bioavailability of PS. Our results suggest that the BA of PS is influenced by the type and quantity of fat and the emulsifier type involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alvarez-Sala
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 - Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 - Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 - Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Reyes Barberá
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 - Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Sánchez-Siles
- Research and Development Department, Hero Institute for Nutrition , Avda. Murcia 1, 30820 - Alcantarilla (Murcia), Spain
| | - María Jesús Lagarda
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 - Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
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18
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Ikeda I. Factors affecting intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols and stanols. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:9-18. [PMID: 25742922 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various factors affect intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols and stanols. Plant sterols and stanols are generally less absorptive than cholesterol. Differential absorption rates among various plant sterols and stanols have been also reported. Although it was suggested that differential absorption among cholesterol and various plant sterols was determined by difference in excretion rates of sterols and stanols through ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) G5/ABCG8 of intestinal cells, our study suggests that affinity for and solubility in bile salt micelles can be important determinants for differential absorption of plant sterols and stanols. It was also suggested that plant sterols were transiently incorporated into intestinal cells and then excreted to intestinal lumen through ABCG5/ABCG8. However, in a rat study, transient incorporation of sitosterol into intestinal cells was not observed, suggesting that sitosterol is differentiated from cholesterol at the incorporation site of intestinal cells. It is well established that plant sterols inhibit intestinal absorption of cholesterol and exert a hypocholesterolemic activity. Plant sterols are solubilized in bile salt micelles as cholesterol. Our study clearly showed that because the sterol-solubilizing capacity of bile salt micelles was limited, plant sterols solubilized in micelles reduced the solubility of cholesterol. This can be the major cause of inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant sterols. Pancreatic cholesterol esterase accelerates intestinal absorption of unesterified cholesterol. Although it was suggested that cholesterol esterase accelerated esterification of cholesterol incorporated into intestinal cells and acted as a transporter at the surface of intestinal cells, our research revealed that the accelerated cholesterol absorption was caused by hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine in bile salt micelles. It is thought that hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine reduces the affinity of cholesterol for the micelles and accelerates the incorporation of cholesterol released from the micelles into intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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19
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Matsuoka K, Kase A, Matsuo T, Ashida Y. Competitive Solubilization of Cholesterol/Cholesteryl Oleate and Seven Species of Sterol/Stanol in Model Intestinal Solution System. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:783-91. [PMID: 26136176 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of plant sterols/stanols (sterols or stanols) can reduce the solubilization of cholesterol in a model intestinal solution system. We studied the molecular structure of seven different sterols/stanols and the effect they had on the solubilization of cholesterol or cholesterol ester in a model intestinal solution. The differences in the molecular structures of the sterol/stanol species influenced their abilities to reduce the solubility of cholesterol in the competitive solubilization experiments. Cholestanol whose molecular structure resembled cholesterol was the most effective at reducing the solubilization of cholesterol and cholesterol ester, with the solubilities of cholesterol and cholesteryl oleate being 41% and 39% respectively of the values observed for the single solubilizate systems. β-Sitosterol was also able to reduce the solubilities of cholesterol and cholesteryl oleate to 43% and 45% of those observed in a single solubilizate system. Both, stigmasterol and brassicasterol have an unsaturated double bond in a steroid side chain and did not exhibit major cholesterol-lowering effects. These results were reflected by the Gibbs free energy change values (ΔG(0)) for solubilization, where the sterol/stanol species with cholesterol-lowering effects had similar or larger negative ΔG(0) values than those observed for cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsuoka
- Faculty of Education, Laboratory of Chemistry, Saitama University
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20
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Zhu D, Brambilla D, Leroux JC, Nyström L. Permeation of steryl ferulates through an in vitro intestinal barrier model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1182-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Institute of Food; Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Laura Nyström
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Institute of Food; Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Matsuoka R, Shirouchi B, Kawamura S, Baba S, Shiratake S, Nagata K, Imaizumi K, Sato M. Dietary egg white protein inhibits lymphatic lipid transport in thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10694-10700. [PMID: 25300535 DOI: 10.1021/jf502741b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dietary egg white protein (EWP) decreases serum cholesterol levels. We previously showed that EWP decreased cholesterol absorption in the intestine. Rats subjected to permanent lymph duct cannulation were used to investigate the effects of dietary EWP on lipid transport. They were fed diets with 20% EWP and casein, and their lymph was collected to quantify lymphatic lipid levels. Dietary EWP decreased lymphatic cholesterol transport compared with casein. It was previously shown that EWP excluded cholesterol from bile acid micelles. Therefore, pepsin-hydrolyzed EWP and casein were prepared. EWP was not completely digested. Ovalbumin, which is the most abundant protein in EWP, showed resistance to digestion by pepsin. This study investigated the effects of EWP pepsin hydrolysate (EWP-ph) on cholesterol micellar solubility, cholesterol transfer from the micellar to the oil phase, water-holding capacity (WHC), settling volume in water (SV), and relative viscosity and compared them with the effects of casein pepsin hydrolysate (C-ph). EWP-ph significantly decreased the micellar solubility and transfer rate and increased the WHC, SV, and relative viscosity compared with C-ph. Moreover, the pepsin hydrolysate of ovalbumin, a major protein in EWP, played a role in decreasing cholesterol micellar solubility, leading to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption. In conclusion, dietary EWP decreased cholesterol intestinal absorption by exerting combined effects of these physicochemical properties in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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22
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Missense Mutation inAbcg5in SHRSP Rats Does Not Accelerate Intestinal Absorption of Plant Sterols: Comparison with Wistar Rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:361-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Missense Mutation ofAbcg5in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Does Not Influence Lymphatic Sitosterol Absorption Regardless of the Dose: Comparison with Wistar Rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:2777-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Effect of a Liver X Receptor Agonist on Deposition and Lymphatic Absorption of Plant Sterols in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Having a Mutation in ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter G5. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:2359-63. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Othman RA, Myrie SB, Jones PJH. Non-cholesterol sterols and cholesterol metabolism in sitosterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:291-9. [PMID: 24267242 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sitosterolemia (STSL) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, manifested by extremely elevated plant sterols (PS) in plasma and tissue, leading to xanthoma and premature atherosclerotic disease. Therapeutic approaches include limiting PS intake, interrupting enterohepatic circulation of bile acid using bile acid binding resins such as cholestyramine, and/or ileal bypass, and inhibiting intestinal sterol absorption by ezetimibe (EZE). The objective of this review is to evaluate sterol metabolism in STSL and the impact of the currently available treatments on sterol trafficking in this disease. The role of PS in initiation of xanthomas and premature atherosclerosis is also discussed. Blocking sterols absorption with EZE has revolutionized STSL patient treatment as it reduces circulating levels of non-cholesterol sterols in STSL. However, none of the available treatments including EZE have normalized plasma PS concentrations. Future studies are needed to: (i) explore where cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols accumulate, (ii) assess to what extent these sterols in tissues can be mobilized after blocking their absorption, and (iii) define the factors governing sterol flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rgia A Othman
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Alemany L, Cilla A, Garcia-Llatas G, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Cardenia V, Alegría A. Effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on plant sterols and their oxides in enriched beverages. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Competitive solubilization of cholesterol and six species of sterol/stanol in bile salt micelles. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:397-402. [PMID: 20346931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Slight differences in the molecular structures of a category of sterol/stanol species affect the solubility of cholesterol in a bile salt solution. We systematically studied the preferential solubilization of cholesterol and sterol/stanol in sodium taurodeoxycholate solutions using relatively minor plant species of sterol/stanol (brassicasterol and stigmasterol) and a non-plant sterol (cholestanol). As relatively major sterol/stanol species (beta-sitosterol, beta-sitostanol, and campesterol) have already been examined using nearly identical procedures to that used in our system, we were able to sufficiently discuss the cholesterol-lowering effects resulting from the molecular structures of six sterol/stanol species. The results of competitive solubilization revealed that cholestanol has the largest cholesterol-lowering effect, decreasing cholesterol solubility to 33% of that in a single solubilizate system. The molecular structure of cholestanol is also most similar to that of cholesterol. In contrast, brassicasterol and stigmasterol have little ability to decrease cholesterol solubility in a mixed binary system. Both have an unsaturated double bond at the side chain of the steroid ring. By applying thermodynamic analyses to these results, we found that the Gibbs energy changes (DeltaG degrees ) of solubilization for sterol/stanol species with cholesterol-lowering effects show larger negative values than that for cholesterol.
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Solecki O, MacRae M, Strachan N, Lindstedt BA, Ogden I. E. coliO157 from Sheep in Northeast Scotland: Prevalence, Concentration Shed, and Molecular Characterization by Multilocus Variable Tandem Repeat Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:849-54. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Solecki
- Applied Food Microbiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Marion MacRae
- Applied Food Microbiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Norval Strachan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Bjørn-Arne Lindstedt
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division for Infectious Bacteria Diseases Control, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iain Ogden
- Applied Food Microbiology Group, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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30
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Li YH, Yang YF, Li K, Jin LL, Yang NY, Kong DY. 5 Alpha-Reductase and Aromatase Inhibitory Constituents from Brassica rapa L. Pollen. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:401-4. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry
| | - Yi-Fang Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry
| | - Li-Li Jin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry
| | - Nian-Yun Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry
| | - De-Yun Kong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry
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31
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Study of thermodynamic parameters for solubilization of plant sterol and stanol in bile salt micelles. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 154:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Membranolytic activity of bile salts: influence of biological membrane properties and composition. Molecules 2007; 12:2292-326. [PMID: 17978759 DOI: 10.3390/12102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The two main steps of the membranolytic activity of detergents: 1) the partitioning of detergent molecules in the membrane and 2) the solubilisation of the membrane are systematically investigated. The interactions of two bile salt molecules, sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) with biological phospholipid model membranes are considered. The membranolytic activity is analysed as a function of the hydrophobicity of the bile salt, ionic strength, temperature, membrane phase properties, membrane surface charge and composition of the acyl chains of the lipids. The results are derived from calorimetric measurements (ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry). A thermodynamic model is described, taking into consideration electrostatic interactions, which is used for the calculation of the partition coefficient as well as to derive the complete thermodynamic parameters describing the interaction of detergents with biological membranes (change in enthalpy, change in free energy, change in entropy etc). The solubilisation properties are described in a so-called vesicle-to-micelle phase transition diagram. The obtained results are supplemented and confirmed by data obtained from other biophysical techniques (DSC differential scanning calorimetry, DLS dynamic light scattering, SANS small angle neutron scattering).
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33
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Ogino Y, Osada K, Nakamura S, Ohta Y, Kanda T, Sugano M. Absorption of dietary cholesterol oxidation products and their downstream metabolic effects are reduced by dietary apple polyphenols. Lipids 2007; 42:151-61. [PMID: 17393221 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous and endogenous cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) perturb various metabolic processes, and thereby they may induce various homeostasis-related disorders. Here, we observed that procyanidin-rich dietary apple polyphenol (APP) from unripe apples alleviates the perturbation of lipid metabolism by decreasing the exogenous COP levels in rats. Dietary COPs may be the greatest source of COPs found in the human body. Rats (4 weeks of age) were fed AIN-purified diets containing 0.3% COPs supplemented with 0.5 or 2.5% APP for 3 weeks. Dietary APP alleviated the growth inhibition action of the exogenous COPs. The modulations of the liver lipid profile by COPs remained unchanged. However, serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels increased following the intake of dietary APP. Further, dietary APP inhibited the increase in lipid peroxide levels in the liver and serum by COPs. The activity of hepatic Delta6 desaturase was lowered by dietary APP in a dose-dependent manner, although exogenous COPs generally increased the activity of this enzyme. In keeping with this observation, Delta6 desaturation indices in the phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of the liver and serum lipids were lower in the APP-fed groups than those in the control group. Dietary APP also promoted the excretion of exogenous COPs, cholesterol, and acidic steroids in feces. Therefore, the inhibition of intestinal absorption of COPs may partly contribute to the alleviation of the perturbation of lipid metabolism and lipid peroxidation levels. Thus, APP may be an important removal agent of exogenous toxic material such as COPs contained in processed or fast foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Ogino
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Hamada T, Egashira N, Nishizono S, Tomoyori H, Nakagiri H, Imaizumi K, Ikeda I. Lymphatic absorption and deposition of various plant sterols in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, a strain having a mutation in ATP binding cassette transporter G5. Lipids 2007; 42:241-8. [PMID: 17393229 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ATP binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) and ATP binding cassette transporter G8 (ABCG8) have been suggested to transport absorbed plant sterols and cholesterol from enterocytes to the intestinal lumen and from hepatocytes to bile. It has been thought that mutations of ABCG5 or ABCG8 cause the deposition of plant sterols in the body. In the present study, lymphatic absorption of various plant sterols and their deposition in various tissues was investigated in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), having a mutation in Abcg5 and depositing plant sterols in the body. The order of lymphatic 24-h recovery of plant sterols was as follows: campesterol > sitosterol > brassicasterol > stigmasterol = sitostanol. When SHRSP were fed a diet containing one of the plant sterols, the depositions of campesterol and sitosterol were comparatively higher than those of brassicasterol, stigmasterol and sitostanol. Highly positive correlations were obtained between lymphatic recovery of plant sterols and their levels in plasma, liver, adipose tissue and heart. The tendency of differential absorption of plant sterols to the lymph in SHRSP was similar to that in normal Wistar rats previously reported by us (Hamada et al. Lipids 41:551-556, 2006). These observations suggest that differential absorption of various plant sterols is kept in SHRSP in spite of a mutation in Abcg5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadateru Hamada
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Micieli D, Trombetta D, Saija A. Differential scanning calorimetry evidence of the enhancement of beta-sitosterol absorption across biological membranes mediated by beta-cyclodextrins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:10228-33. [PMID: 17177564 DOI: 10.1021/jf062228x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
beta-Sitosterol is a plant sterol that has received much attention because of its effectiveness in reducing the absorption of dietary cholesterol, as well as in offering protection from cardiovascular diseases and cancer development. Thus, the knowledge of the interaction of beta-sitosterol with biological membranes can help in understanding its mechanism of action. In the present paper, the differential scanning calorimetry technique has been used to study the interaction of beta-sitosterol with a biomembrane model constituted by dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles. Furthermore, kinetic experiments have been carried out to follow the uptake of beta-sitosterol by biomembranes and the effect of beta-cyclodextrins on such a process. Our results indicate that opportune concentrations of beta-cyclodextrins improve the uptake of beta-sitosterol by phospholipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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