1
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Buckland G, de Silva Johnson S, Johnson L, Taylor CM, Jones LR, Emmett PM. The relationship between dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of PUFA in school-age children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:1-11. [PMID: 34134803 PMCID: PMC10484628 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An adequate intake of PUFA plays a vital role in human health. Therefore, it is important to assess PUFA intakes in different populations and validate them with biomarkers, but only a few small studies are in paediatric populations. We calculated the dietary intake of PUFA and their main food sources in children and assessed associations between PUFA intakes and plasma proportions. Dietary intakes of 7-year-old children (n 8242) enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were calculated from the parental-completed FFQ. Plasma PUFA were measured in 5571 children 8 months later, and 4380 children had complete dietary and plasma data. The association between dietary and plasma PUFA proportions was estimated using Spearman's correlation coefficients, quintile cross-classification and Cohen's κ coefficients. Mean total PUFA intake was 13·2 g/d (sd 4·2), contributing 6·5 % of total energy intake; n-6 PUFA contributed 5·2 % and n-3 PUFA 0·7 %. The n-6:n-3 ratio was 7·9:1. Mean intakes of EPA and DHA were 35·7 mg/d and 49·7 mg/d, respectively. Most n-3 and n-6 PUFA intakes were weakly correlated with their respective plasma lipids (0·07 ≤ r ≤ 0·16, P < 0·001). The correlation between dietary and plasma DHA was stronger though (r = 0·34, P < 0·001), supported by a modest level of agreement between quintiles (k = 0·32). The results indicate that the FFQ was able to reasonably rank the long-chain (LC) PUFA, DHA, in this paediatric population. Public health initiatives need to address the suboptimal ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA and very low n-3 LC-PUFA intakes in school-age children in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Buckland
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1NU, UK
| | - Sandra de Silva Johnson
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Johnson
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline M. Taylor
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1NU, UK
| | - Louise R. Jones
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1NU, UK
| | - Pauline M. Emmett
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1NU, UK
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2
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Cheng TS, Day FR, Perry JRB, Luan J, Langenberg C, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ, Ong KK. Prepubertal Dietary and Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids Related to Puberty Timing: Longitudinal Cohort and Mendelian Randomization Analyses. Nutrients 2021; 13:1868. [PMID: 34070864 PMCID: PMC8228200 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary intakes of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (FAs) have been inconsistently associated with puberty timing. We examined longitudinal associations of prepubertal dietary and plasma phospholipid FAs with several puberty timing traits in boys and girls. In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, prepubertal fat intakes at 3-7.5 years and plasma phospholipid FAs at 7.5 years were measured. Timings of Tanner stage 2 genital or breast development and voice breaking or menarche from repeated reports at 8-17 years, and age at peak height velocity (PHV) from repeated height measurements at 5-20 years were estimated. In linear regression models with adjustment for maternal and infant characteristics, dietary substitution of polyunsaturated FAs for saturated FAs, and higher concentrations of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n6) and palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) were associated with earlier timing of puberty traits in girls (n = 3872) but not boys (n = 3654). In Mendelian Randomization models, higher genetically predicted circulating dihomo-γ-linolenic acid was associated with earlier menarche in girls. Based on repeated dietary intake data, objectively measured FAs and genetic causal inference, these findings suggest that dietary and endogenous metabolic pathways that increase plasma dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, an intermediate metabolite of n-6 polyunsaturated FAs, may promote earlier puberty timing in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuck Seng Cheng
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 285, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (T.S.C.); (F.R.D.); (J.R.B.P.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (N.G.F.); (N.J.W.)
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 285, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (T.S.C.); (F.R.D.); (J.R.B.P.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (N.G.F.); (N.J.W.)
| | - John R. B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 285, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (T.S.C.); (F.R.D.); (J.R.B.P.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (N.G.F.); (N.J.W.)
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 285, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (T.S.C.); (F.R.D.); (J.R.B.P.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (N.G.F.); (N.J.W.)
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 285, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (T.S.C.); (F.R.D.); (J.R.B.P.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (N.G.F.); (N.J.W.)
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 285, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (T.S.C.); (F.R.D.); (J.R.B.P.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (N.G.F.); (N.J.W.)
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 285, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (T.S.C.); (F.R.D.); (J.R.B.P.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (N.G.F.); (N.J.W.)
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box 285, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (T.S.C.); (F.R.D.); (J.R.B.P.); (J.L.); (C.L.); (N.G.F.); (N.J.W.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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3
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Ryan AT, Postolache TT, Taub DD, Wilcox HC, Ghahramanlou-Holloway M, Umhau JC, Deuster PA. Serum Fatty Acid Latent Classes Are Associated With Suicide in a Large Military Personnel Sample. J Clin Psychiatry 2021; 82:20m13275. [PMID: 33988928 PMCID: PMC9308986 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.20m13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fatty acids (FAs) are involved in the functioning of biological systems previously associated with suicidal behavior (eg, monoamine signaling and the immune system). We sought to determine (1) whether observed FA levels in a sample of military suicide decedents and living matched controls were consistent with latent classes having distinctive FA profiles and (2) whether those latent classes were associated with suicide and mental health diagnoses. METHODS Serum samples from 800 US military suicide decedents who died between 2002 and 2008 and 800 demographically matched living controls were selected at random from a large military serum repository and assayed for 22 different FAs. A latent class cluster analysis was performed using values of 6 FAs previously individually associated with suicide. Once the latent classes were identified, they were compared in terms of suicide decedent proportion, demographic variables, estimated FA enzyme activity, diagnoses, and mental health care usage. RESULTS A 6-latent class solution best characterized the dataset. Suicide decedents were less likely to belong to 2 of the classes and more likely to belong to 3 of the classes. The low-decedent classes differed from the high-decedent classes on 9 FAs and on estimated indices of activity for 3 FA enzymes: 14:0, 24:0, 18:1 n-9, 24:1 n-9, 22:5 n-3, 22:6 n-3, 20:2 n-6, 20:4 n-6, 22:5 n-6, elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 1 (ELOVL1), ELOVL6, and Δ9 desaturase. The FA profiles of the latent classes were consistent with biological abnormalities previously associated with suicidal behavior. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests the utility of methods that simultaneously examine multiple FAs when trying to understand their relationship with suicide and psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Thomas Ryan
- Veterans Affairs VISN 5 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Now with Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Psychiatry, University of Coloraso Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Corresponding author: Arthur Thomas Ryan, PhD, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore VA Annex, 7th Floor, 209 West Fayette St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Teodor. T. Postolache
- Veterans Affairs VISN 5 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Rocky Mountain MIRECC for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Holly C. Wilcox
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John C. Umhau
- Office of New Drugs, Division of Psychiatry Products Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA,Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, MD, USA
| | - Patricia A. Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Thompson AD, Jones HJ, Heron J, Hibbeln J, Sullivan S, Zammit S. Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids and risk of psychotic outcomes in the ALSPAC birth cohort. Schizophr Res 2020; 224:108-115. [PMID: 33067055 PMCID: PMC7738752 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels have been implicated in the pathology of psychotic disorders. We investigated the relationship between childhood PUFA levels and later psychotic experiences (PE's) in a large birth cohort. METHODS Plasma levels of Ω-3 and Ω-6 fatty acids (FA's) were assayed at ages 7 and 16 years. PE's were assessed at ages 12 and 18 years using a semi-structured interview. Primary outcome was any PE's at 18 years; sensitivity analyses examined incident PE's between ages 12 and 18 years, persistent PE's (at 12 and 18) and psychotic disorder at 18 years. Genetic instruments for Ω-3 and Ω-6 were derived and used in a multivariable Mendelian Randomization analysis. RESULTS Higher levels of Ω-6 FA's AA, OA and AdA at age 7 years were weakly associated with a reduced risk for PE's at 18 years, however, effect sizes were small and attenuated after adjusting for confounders (strongest evidence for OA; adjusted OR, 0.842; 95% CI, 0.711, 0.998; p, 0.048). Total Ω-6 levels at age 16 years were associated with an increased odds of psychotic disorder at age 18 years. However, there was no association between Ω-6/Ω-3 ratio and psychosis outcomes, nor with genetic instruments of total Ω-3 or Ω-6 levels. CONCLUSIONS There is no strong evidence that total plasma Ω-3 FA levels or Ω-6/Ω-3 ratios in childhood and mid-adolescence are associated with increased risk for PE's or psychotic disorder, but very marginal evidence that alterations in the Ω-6 pathway at developmental time points might influence risk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Thompson
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, UK; Orygen, the Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, VIC 3250, Australia.
| | - H J Jones
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, UK
| | - J Heron
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J Hibbeln
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute for Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - S Sullivan
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR CLAHRC West, Whitefriars, Lewins Mead, Bristol, UK
| | - S Zammit
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, UK; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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5
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Alqarni A, Mcintyre KJ, Brown SHJ, Meyer BJ, Mitchell TW. A High-Throughput Method for the Analysis of Erythrocyte Fatty Acids and the Omega-3 Index. Lipids 2019; 53:1005-1015. [PMID: 30592061 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) have several health benefits. In particular, low n-3 LCPUFA status is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and led to the development of the omega-3 index that is the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the erythrocyte membranes, as a marker of CVD risk. Most methods used to measure the omega-3 index are laborious and time consuming. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a high-throughput method for the extraction and measurement of erythrocyte fatty acids and the omega-3 index. For sample extraction and quantification, two methods were used; a single-step extraction, degradation, and derivatization method by Lepage and Roy, followed by gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC-FID), which is commonly used and a high-throughput method using an automated methyl tert-butyl ether extraction followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Both methods were first applied to the analysis of known concentrations of synthetic phospholipid (PL) mixtures to determine recovery and precision prior to their application in the analysis of human erythrocytes. The range of recoveries over five synthetic PL mixtures were 86.4-108.9% and the coefficient of variation was <10% (within-run) and ≤15.2% (between-run). Both methods showed high correlation (R = 0.993) for the omega-3 index and there was no systematic bias in the detection of omega-3 index using either method. The new high-throughput method described here offers considerable advantages in terms of simplicity and throughput compared to the GC-FID method and provides additional information on molecular PL concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayedh Alqarni
- School of Medicine and Lipid Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam city, 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiara J Mcintyre
- School of Medicine and Lipid Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine and Lipid Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Medicine and Lipid Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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6
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Vaz JDS, Farias DR, Adegboye ARA, Nardi AE, Kac G. Omega-3 supplementation from pregnancy to postpartum to prevent depressive symptoms: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:180. [PMID: 28599630 PMCID: PMC5466796 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been linked to depression, but the preventive effect of n-3PUFAs supplementation on maternal depression needs further investigation. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a daily dose of n-3 PUFAs supplementation (fish oil) on the prevention of postpartum depression (PPD). Methods A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind trial was designed and nested into a cohort study conducted in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sixty pregnant women identified as being at risk for PPD were invited and randomly assigned to receive fish oil capsules [1.8 g (1.08 g of Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and 0.72 g of Docosapentaenoic (DHA) acids)] or placebo (control). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was scored at 5–13 (T0, baseline), 22–24 (T1), 30–32 weeks of gestation (T2) and 4–6 weeks’ postpartum (T3). Supplementation started at week 22–24 of gestation (T1) and lasted for 16 weeks. Serum fatty acids were assayed to evaluate compliance. Prevalence of EPDS ≥11 was the primary outcome, and mean and changes in EPDS score, length of gestation, and birth weight the secondary outcomes. Linear mixed-effect (LME) and random-intercept logistic regression models were performed to test the effect of fish oil supplementation on prevalence of EPDS ≥11 and EPDS scores variation. Results In intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, at 30–32 weeks’ gestation women in the fish oil presented higher serum concentration of EPA, DHA and lower n-6/n-3 ratio comparing to the control group. There were no differences between intervention and control groups in the prevalence of EPDS ≥11, EPDS scores over time, or in changes in EPDS scores from pregnancy to postpartum in either the ITT or per-protocol analyses. Women in the fish oil group with previous history of depression presented a higher reduction on the EPDS score from the second to the third trimester in the fish oil comparing to the control group in the ITT analyses [−1.0 (−3.0–0.0) vs. -0.0 (−1.0–3.0), P = 0.038). These results were confirmed on the LME model (β = −3.441; 95%CI: -6.532– -0.350, P = 0.029). Conclusion Daily supplementation of 1.8 g of n-3 PUFAs during 16 weeks did not prevent maternal depressive symptoms in a sample of Brazilian women. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01660165. Retrospectively registered on 24 May 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dos Santos Vaz
- Faculty of Nutrition, Pelotas Federal University, Rua Gomes Carneiro 1 - Campus Porto, Pelotas, RS, 96160-000, Brazil.
| | - Dayana Rodrigues Farias
- Institute of Nutrition, Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 367, CCS - Bloco J - 2° andar, sala 29, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Egidio Nardi
- Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Avenida Venceslau Braz, 71 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Institute of Nutrition, Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 367, CCS - Bloco J - 2° andar, sala 29, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
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7
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Serum n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are inversely associated with longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2017; 26:157-168. [PMID: 27026507 PMCID: PMC6998689 DOI: 10.1017/s204579601500116x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been hypothesised to be protective for depression during pregnancy. However, there are few data and no consensus regarding this association. In this line, we aim to evaluate if the concentration of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs, and their ratio, are associated with depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy. METHOD A prospective cohort of 172 Brazilian women was followed at 5-13th, 20-26th and 30-36th weeks of gestation. The presence of depressive symptoms was evaluated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at each pregnancy trimester. Depression was defined as an EPDS score ≥11. The concentrations of n-3 [α-linolenic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and n-6 PUFAs [linoleic acid; γ linolenic acid; eicosadienoic acid; eicosatrienoic acid; arachidonic acid; docosatetraenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid] were expressed as absolute (μg/ml) values. The total n-6/n-3 ratio was calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using univariate and adjusted random intercept logistic model for each fatty acid (FA) considering the longitudinal nature of data. Covariates were selected as potential confounders based on their biological plausibility of having an association with the concentration of FA and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. RESULTS The prevalence of depressive symptoms was high in all pregnancy trimesters (1st = 33.7%; 2nd = 18.9%; 3rd = 17.4%). We did not find differences in means FA concentrations by depressive symptom classification, for each follow-up visit. The women presented a 5% decrease in the odds of having depressive symptoms for each one-week increase in the gestational age. As individual women progressed through pregnancy, higher concentrations of EPA (odds ratio (OR) = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99), DHA (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93-0.99), DPA (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77-0.99) and total n-3 (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96-0.99) were associated with a lower odds of depressive symptoms, while higher total n-6/n-3 ratio were associated with greater odds of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.09-1.79). We detected a decrease in the probability of depressive symptoms as concentrations of total n-3 FA, α-linolenic acid, DPA, and DHA increased. We also observed a sharper decline for women with initial greater chance of depressive symptoms compared with those with lower chance of having these symptoms. CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in low-income Brazilian pregnant women and no significant associations between n-6 FA and depressive symptoms. Lower serum concentrations of DHA, EPA and DPA and a higher n-6/n-3 ratio at each pregnancy trimester were associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy.
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8
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Argus JP, Yu AK, Wang ES, Williams KJ, Bensinger SJ. An optimized method for measuring fatty acids and cholesterol in stable isotope-labeled cells. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:460-468. [PMID: 27974366 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d069336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope labeling has become an important methodology for determining lipid metabolic parameters of normal and neoplastic cells. Conventional methods for fatty acid and cholesterol analysis have one or more issues that limit their utility for in vitro stable isotope-labeling studies. To address this, we developed a method optimized for measuring both fatty acids and cholesterol from small numbers of stable isotope-labeled cultured cells. We demonstrate quantitative derivatization and extraction of fatty acids from a wide range of lipid classes using this approach. Importantly, cholesterol is also recovered, albeit at a modestly lower yield, affording the opportunity to quantitate both cholesterol and fatty acids from the same sample. Although we find that background contamination can interfere with quantitation of certain fatty acids in low amounts of starting material, our data indicate that this optimized method can be used to accurately measure mass isotopomer distributions for cholesterol and many fatty acids isolated from small numbers of cultured cells. Application of this method will facilitate acquisition of lipid parameters required for quantifying flux and provide a better understanding of how lipid metabolism influences cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Argus
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Amy K Yu
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Eric S Wang
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 .,Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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9
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Khedr A, Hegazy MA, Kammoun AK, Shehata MA. Phospholipidomic identification of potential serum biomarkers in dengue fever, hepatitis B and hepatitis C using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1009-1010:44-54. [PMID: 26708624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The serum phospholipid (PL) profiles of healthy volunteers (HE) and patients with recently diagnosed dengue fever (DF), hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV) were investigated using liquid chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry (LC-IT-MS) and liquid chromatography-triple quad-mass spectrometry (LC-TQ-MS). Major PLs, including lyso-phosphatidylcholins (LPCs), phosphatidylcholins (PCs), phosphatidylinositols (PIs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) and phosphatidylserines (PSs), were characterized in human serum using LC-IT-MS. Thirty-five PLs were quantified using seven non-endogenous odd-carbon PL standards. An MS search protocol for the identification of PLs is described. The analytical method was optimized to achieve maximum recovery and detection. PLs were detected with minimal ionization suppression. The PLs species were characterized on the basis of (i) MS(2) peaks due to polar head, (ii) precursor ion or neutral loss scans, (iii) identification of fatty acid, (iv) identification of sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acid. The quantitation data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), and a significant difference was observed between the PL profiles of the investigated diseases and those of HE subjects. The significance of the changes in each lipid among the four groups was statistically assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc multiple comparison. The serum profiles of 28 PLs were determined to be significantly different and enabled the discrimination between HE individuals and the studied patients. Potentially dysregulated PLs were considered as differentiating biomarkers to diagnose DF, HBV, and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maha A Hegazy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed K Kammoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa A Shehata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Abstract
Altered levels of selenium and copper have been linked with altered cardiovascular disease risk factors including changes in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels. However, it is unclear whether this can be observed prenatally. This cross-sectional study includes 274 singleton births from 2004 to 2005 in Baltimore, Maryland. We measured umbilical cord serum selenium and copper using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We evaluated exposure levels vis-à-vis umbilical cord serum triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations in multivariable regression models adjusted for gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, race, parity, smoking, prepregnancy body mass index, n-3 fatty acids and methyl mercury. The percent difference in triglycerides comparing those in the highest v. lowest quartile of selenium was 22.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.1, 39.7). For copper this was 43.8% (95% CI: 25.9, 64.3). In multivariable models including both copper and selenium as covariates, copper, but not selenium, maintained a statistically significant association with increased triglycerides (percent difference: 40.7%, 95% CI: 22.1, 62.1). There was limited evidence of a relationship of increasing selenium with increasing total cholesterol. Our findings provide evidence that higher serum copper levels are associated with higher serum triglycerides in newborns, but should be confirmed in larger studies.
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11
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Khedr A, Hegazy M, Kamal A, Shehata MA. Profiling of esterified fatty acids as biomarkers in the blood of dengue fever patients using a microliter-scale extraction followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:316-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Hegazy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa A. Shehata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
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12
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Castro-Gómez P, Fontecha J, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. A high-performance direct transmethylation method for total fatty acids assessment in biological and foodstuff samples. Talanta 2014; 128:518-23. [PMID: 25059195 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Isolation is the main bottleneck in the analysis of fatty acids in biological samples and foods. In the last few decades some methods described direct derivatization procedures bypassing these steps. They involve the utilization of methanolic HCL or BF3 as catalysts, but several evidences from previous works suggest these reagents are unstable, lead to the formation of artifacts and alter the distribution of specific compounds as hydroxy fatty acids or CLA. However, the main issue is that they are excellent esterification reagents but poor in transterification, being not suitable for the analysis of all lipid classes and leading to erroneous composition quantitations. The present research work is a comprehensive comparison of six general methylation protocols using base, acid or base/acid catalysts plus a proposed method in the analysis of total fatty acids in lipid standards mixtures, foodstuff and biological samples. The addition of aprotic solvents to the reaction mixture to avoid alterations was also tested. Results confirmed that procedures solely involving acid catalyst resulted in incomplete derivatizations and alteration of the fatty acid profile, partially corrected by addition of the aprotic solvent. The proposed method combining sodium methoxyde and sulfuric acid showed absence of alteration of the FAME profile and the best values for response factors (short chain fatty acids to PUFA), accuracy in the determination of total cholesterol and derivatization performance, thus showing a high reliability in the determination of the total fatty acid composition in biological samples and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Castro-Gómez
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Lipid Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Autónoma University of Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Lipid Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Autónoma University of Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Lipid Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Autónoma University of Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Vaz JS, Kac G, Nardi AE, Hibbeln JR. Omega-6 fatty acids and greater likelihood of suicide risk and major depression in early pregnancy. J Affect Disord 2014; 152-154:76-82. [PMID: 23726775 PMCID: PMC4239694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of suicide risk (SR) and major depressive episodes (MDEs) in early pregnancy, as well as the relationship of serum fatty acid status to these outcomes. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses were performed on data from 234 pregnant women enrolled in a prospective cohort study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. SR and MDE were defined according to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Fatty acid compositions were determined for serum samples obtained between the 6th and 13th gestational week. Fatty acid data were expressed as the percent of total fatty acids, converted to Z scores and then entered as continuous variables in logistic regression models. RESULTS The prevalence of SR was 19.6% and that of MDE was 17.0%. In the adjusted logistic regressions, a higher likelihood of SR was observed among women with higher arachidonic acid levels [AA (20:4, n-6): OR=1.45, 95%CI 1.02-2.07] and adrenic acid levels [AdA (22:4, n-6): OR=1.43, 95%CI 1.01-2.04]. A higher likelihood of MDE was also observed among women with higher AA levels [OR=1.47, 95%CI 1.03-2.10] and AdA levels [OR=1.59, 95%CI 1.09-2.32]. CONCLUSION Higher serum levels of AA and AdA were associated with a greater likelihood of SR and MDE among pregnant Brazilian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S. Vaz
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio E. Nardi
- National Institute for Science and Technology - Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseph R. Hibbeln
- Section of Nutritional Neurosciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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14
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Brenna JT. Fatty acid analysis by high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for clinical and experimental applications. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013; 16:548-54. [PMID: 23892505 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328363bc0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Quantitative fatty acid profiles analyzed via fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are among the most common metabolite panels and fit into the category of omics techniques. Recently, preparation and analysis methods for high throughput clinical analysis have become routine, and novel methods for structure analysis enable rapid identification of unknowns and confounded peaks. RECENT FINDINGS Observation of one hundred FAME in a single mixture is common with high resolution capillary gas chromatography columns. Structural analysis of FAME requires high resolution gas chromatography with specialized tandem mass spectrometry to obtain fragments indicative of structure. Covalent adduct chemical ionization provides unambiguous double bond positions, whereas electron ionization with fragmentation of the molecular ion identifies branch points. Quantitative analysis requires response calibration using external standards and/or isotopically labeled internal standards with mass spectrometry detection. SUMMARY Modern high throughput methods enable routine analysis of well behaved clinical samples. Careful attention to structure analysis using recent methods avoids biases due to interfering or mischaracterized fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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15
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Wang LY, Summerhill K, Rodriguez-Canas C, Mather I, Patel P, Eiden M, Young S, Forouhi NG, Koulman A. Development and validation of a robust automated analysis of plasma phospholipid fatty acids for metabolic phenotyping of large epidemiological studies. Genome Med 2013; 5:39. [PMID: 23618465 PMCID: PMC3706814 DOI: 10.1186/gm443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A fully automated, high-throughput method was developed to profile the fatty acids of phospholipids from human plasma samples for application to a large epidemiological sample set (n > 25,000). We report here on the data obtained for the quality-control materials used with the first 860 batches, and the validation process used. The method consists of two robotic systems combined with gas chromatography, performing lipid extraction, phospholipid isolation, hydrolysis and derivatization to fatty-acid methyl esters, and on-line analysis. This is the first report showing that fatty-acid profiling is an achievable strategy for metabolic phenotyping in very large epidemiological and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Yun Wang
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Keith Summerhill
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Carmen Rodriguez-Canas
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Ian Mather
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Pinal Patel
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Michael Eiden
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Stephen Young
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
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16
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Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C. Role of fatty acid-based functional lipidomics in the development of molecular diagnostic tools. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 12:767-80. [PMID: 23153242 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are molecules with different structures which have the feature of water insolubility in common. They have very important biological roles within structural, functional and signaling activities that have recently received renewed attention from life science research. Lipidomics considers the structural and functional roles played by lipids, but also their in vivo changes due to metabolic or degradation pathways, as well as their biological consequences. In this context, the dynamic vision of phospholipid metabolism and, in particular, fatty acid transformations combine with nutritional aspects and health consequences, providing important information for molecular medicine. Fatty acid-based functional lipidomics can be successfully applied to the follow-up of human lipid profiles under normal and pathological conditions, and this review provides several examples of this powerful molecular diagnostic tool, which is expected to have a strong influence on biomedical research in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreri
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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17
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Lattka E, Koletzko B, Zeilinger S, Hibbeln JR, Klopp N, Ring SM, Steer CD. Umbilical cord PUFA are determined by maternal and child fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genetic variants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Br J Nutr 2013; 109:1196-210. [PMID: 22877655 PMCID: PMC3600399 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fetal supply with long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) during pregnancy is important for brain growth and visual and cognitive development and is provided by materno-fetal placental transfer. We recently showed that maternal fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotypes modulate the amounts of LC-PUFA in maternal blood. Whether FADS genotypes influence the amounts of umbilical cord fatty acids has not been investigated until now. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of maternal and child FADS genotypes on the amounts of LC-PUFA in umbilical cord venous plasma as an indicator of fetal fatty acid supply during pregnancy. A total of eleven cord plasma n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were analysed for association with seventeen FADS gene cluster SNP in over 2000 mothers and children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. In a multivariable analysis, the maternal genotype effect was adjusted for the child genotype and vice versa to estimate which of the two has the stronger influence on cord plasma fatty acids. Both maternal and child FADS genotypes and haplotypes influenced amounts of cord plasma LC-PUFA and fatty acid ratios. Specifically, most analysed maternal SNP were associated with cord plasma levels of the precursor n-6 PUFA, whereas the child genotypes were mainly associated with more highly desaturated n-6 LC-PUFA. This first study on FADS genotypes and cord fatty acids suggests that fetal LC-PUFA status is determined to some extent by fetal fatty acid conversion. Associations of particular haplotypes suggest specific effects of SNP rs498793 and rs968567 on fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lattka
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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18
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Metherel AH, Buzikievich LM, Charkhzarin P, Patterson AC, Peel AC, Howorth AM, Kishi DM, Stark KD. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid profiling using fingertip-prick whole blood does not require overnight fasting before blood collection. Nutr Res 2012; 32:547-56. [PMID: 22935337 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid profiling through the rapid analysis of capillary blood collected by fingertip prick could enable economical screening for omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status, although the typical requirement of fasting prior to sample collection may limit application. We hypothesize that moderate changes in omega-3 biomarkers determined from fingertip-prick blood will occur and correspond to omega-3 PUFA content of the meals. Eight participants consumed a single breakfast with high fat, high fat with omega-3 functional foods, and low fat and low fat with fish oil capsules in a cross-over design. The fatty acid composition of fingertip-prick blood total lipid and venous blood erythrocyte total lipid, plasma total lipid, plasma triacylglycerol, and plasma phospholipids were analyzed at baseline and 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after each single breakfast consumption. Omega-3 blood biomarkers; % of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in total HUFA, weight % of eicosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid, weight % of eicosapentaenoic acid+omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid, and the ratio of total omega-6 PUFA to total omega-3 PUFA in fingertip-prick blood, did not change from baseline during the postprandial period (P > .05). However, meal type yielded lower (P < .05) % omega-3 HUFA in total HUFA in the low fat meal (22.8 ± 3.9) as compared with the low fat with omega-3 (24.2 ± 3.9) and, the high fat (23.8 ± 4) meals. The ratio of total omega-6 PUFA to total omega-3 PUFA was generally higher in meals without omega-3 compared with omega-3. In conclusion, determinations of omega-3 status by fingertip-prick blood sampling may not require prior overnight fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Novel methodologies for assessing omega-3 fatty acid status - a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2012; 107 Suppl 2:S53-63. [PMID: 22591903 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status became of special interest for scientists. Biochemical measures on the n-3 fatty acid status vary depending on body compartment assessed and measures chosen. Plasma phospholipids and red blood cell membrane phospholipids are mainly used as n-3 fatty acid status marker. The conventional analysis of phospholipid fatty acids involves lipid extraction and consecutive chromatographic separation of phospholipids from other lipid fractions, which is time-consuming and costly. In recent years, different investigators have tried to overcome these limitations by using other biological markers or by modifying the analytical procedures used to assess n-3 fatty acid status. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview on these novel analytical methods developed for the fatty acid quantification by gas chromatography, highlights the methodological limitations, and discusses advantages or disadvantages of the biological markers used. Seventeen papers were identified that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. New opportunities arise from sensitive and precise high-throughput methodologies for assessment of plasma total lipid and plasma glycerophospholipid fatty acids, as well as cheek cell fatty acid composition.
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20
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Automated high-throughput fatty acid analysis of umbilical cord serum and application to an epidemiological study. Lipids 2012; 47:527-39. [PMID: 22430941 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Large population studies show that polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for human health, but determining relationships between the health benefits and the fatty acid content has been hampered by the unavailability of labor-effective high-throughput technologies. An automated high throughput fatty acid analysis was developed from a previous procedure based on direct transesterification including the automation of chemical procedures, data acquisition and automatic data processing. The method was validated and applied to umbilical cord serum samples in an epidemiological study. The method was linear in the range of 1-600 μg/mL serum with r² ≥ 0.99. The within-run CV was <5.4% for 23 fatty acids and a range of recoveries over three concentrations were 76-119% in a low-lipid matrix with the exception of 14:0. The fatty acid concentration as measured by the robotic method for human plasma was in good agreement with the Lepage & Roy method. The fatty acid profile in umbilical cord serum from American subjects (n = 287) showed an average of 38.0, 24.9, 32.0 and 4.6% of total fatty acids for saturates, monounsaturates, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates, respectively. This is the first report of a complete, validated, cost-effective, automated, high throughput fatty acid measurement method along with application to a population-based study. Automated fatty acid analysis coupled with automated data processing greatly facilitates the high throughput, 72 samples transesterified in 6 h, required for large population-based studies.
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21
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Golding J, Northstone K, Emmett P, Steer C, Hibbeln JR. Do ω-3 or other fatty acids influence the development of 'growing pains'? A prebirth cohort study. BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-001370. [PMID: 22923631 PMCID: PMC3432839 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether the prevalence of growing pains varies with indicators of fatty acid exposure. Growing pains (limb pains of no obvious explanation) have been shown to be strongly linked to a family history of arthritis, and are thought to predict an increased risk of the development of arthritis in adulthood. Much has been made of the possibility of fatty acids, particularly the ω-3 fatty acids, playing a preventive role in the development of arthritis, but little research has been undertaken to determine whether such fatty acids might reduce the risk of growing pains. We aimed to assess whether the prevalence of growing pains varies with indicators of fatty acid exposures. DESIGN Case-control study nested within a prospective longitudinal cohort comparing prenatal and postnatal diet, blood measures and variants in fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes that influence the metabolism of fatty acids. Statistical analysis took account of factors such as gender, smoke exposure, maternal age and education, social class and parity. SETTING Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents & Children. PARTICIPANTS All children born between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992 (approximately14 000) within the Avon area (only that part of Avon under the South-West Regional Health Authority). This project compared 1676 children who reported 'growing pains' at age 8 with 6155 with no such pain. PRIMARY OUTCOME Reported limb pains of no apparent origin. RESULTS There was no indication that the affected children had diets that differed with regard to ω-3, plasma levels of fatty acids, or the FADS genetic variants. We also assessed fetal and infant exposure but neither maternal prenatal blood levels nor maternal dietary intake, or duration of breast feeding showed any significant relationships even after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Thus, there is no evidence that ω-3 fatty acid status protects against the development of growing pains in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Golding
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon, UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon, UK
| | - Pauline Emmett
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon, UK
| | - Colin Steer
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon, UK
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, LMBB, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Rockville, Maryland, USA
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22
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Steer CD, Hibbeln JR, Golding J, Davey Smith G. Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in blood during pregnancy, at birth and at 7 years: their associations with two common FADS2 polymorphisms. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:1504-12. [PMID: 22194195 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor alleles of polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster have been associated with reduced desaturation of the precursor polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) in small studies. The effects of these polymorphisms during progressive developmental stages have not previously been reported. Data from blood samples for 4342 pregnant women, 3343 umbilical cords reflecting the newborn's blood supply and 5240 children aged 7 years were analysed to investigate the associations of polyunsaturated FAs with rs1535 and rs174575-two polymorphisms in the FADS2 gene. Strong positive associations were observed between the minor G allele for these two markers, especially rs1535, and the substrates linoleic (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic (18:3n-3) acid. Negative associations were observed for the more highly unsaturated FAs such as arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), timnodonic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and cervonic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Bivariable genetic associations using the mother and child genotypes suggested that the newborn metabolism had a greater capacity to synthesize the more highly unsaturated omega-6 FAs than the more highly unsaturated omega-3 FAs. Nevertheless, despite the immaturity of the neonate, there was evidence that synthesis of DHA was occurring. However, by 7 years, no associations were observed with the maternal genotype. This suggested that the children's FA levels were related only to their own metabolism with no apparent lasting influences of the in utero environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Steer
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
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23
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Duong CT, Roper MG. A microfluidic device for the automated derivatization of free fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters. Analyst 2011; 137:840-6. [PMID: 22166918 DOI: 10.1039/c2an15911b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Free fatty acid (FFA) compositions are examined in feedstock for biodiesel production, as source-specific markers in soil, and because of their role in cellular signaling. However, sample preparation of FFAs for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis can be time and labor intensive. Therefore, to increase sample preparation throughput, a glass microfluidic device was developed to automate derivatization of FFAs to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). FFAs were delivered to one input of the device and methanolic-HCl was delivered to a second input. FAME products were produced as the reagents traversed a 29 μL reaction channel held at 55 °C. A Design of Experiment protocol was used to determine the combination of derivatization time (T(der)) and ratio of methanolic-HCl:FFA (R(der)) that maximized the derivatization efficiencies of tridecanoic acid and stearic acid to their methyl ester forms. The combination of T(der) = 0.8 min and R(der) = 4.9 that produced optimal derivatization conditions for both FFAs within a 5 min total sample preparation time was determined. This combination of T(der) and R(der) was used to derivatize 12 FFAs with a range of derivatization efficiencies from 18% to 93% with efficiencies of 61% for tridecanoic acid and 84% for stearic acid. As compared to a conventional macroscale derivatization of FFA to FAME, the microfluidic device decreased the volume of methanolic-HCl and FFA by 20- and 1300-fold, respectively. The developed microfluidic device can be used for automated preparation of FAMEs to analyze the FFA compositions of volume-limited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy T Duong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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24
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Lewis MD, Hibbeln JR, Johnson JE, Lin YH, Hyun DY, Loewke JD. Suicide deaths of active-duty US military and omega-3 fatty-acid status: a case-control comparison. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72:1585-90. [PMID: 21903029 PMCID: PMC3259251 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.11m06879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent escalation of US military suicide deaths to record numbers has been a sentinel for impaired force efficacy and has accelerated the search for reversible risk factors. OBJECTIVE To determine whether deficiencies of neuroactive, highly unsaturated omega-3 essential fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are associated with increased risk of suicide death among a large random sample of active-duty US military. METHOD In this retrospective case-control study, serum fatty acids were quantified as a percentage of total fatty acids among US military suicide deaths (n = 800) and controls (n = 800) matched for age, date of collection of sera, sex, rank, and year of incident. Participants were active-duty US military personnel (2002-2008). For cases, age at death ranged from 17-59 years (mean = 27.3 years, SD = 7.3 years). Outcome measures included death by suicide, postdeployment health assessment questionnaire (Department of Defense Form 2796), and ICD-9 mental health diagnosis data. RESULTS Risk of suicide death was 14% higher per SD of lower DHA percentage (OR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.27; P < .03) in adjusted logistic regressions. Among men, risk of suicide death was 62% greater with low serum DHA status (adjusted OR = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.12-2.34; P < .01, comparing DHA below 1.75% [n = 1,389] to DHA of 1.75% and above [n = 141]). Risk of suicide death was 52% greater in those who reported having seen wounded, dead, or killed coalition personnel (OR = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.11-2.09; P < .01). CONCLUSION This US military population had a very low and narrow range of n-3 HUFA status. Although these data suggest that low serum DHA may be a risk factor for suicide, well-designed intervention trials are needed to evaluate causality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph R. Hibbeln
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda MD
| | | | - Yu Hong Lin
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda MD
| | - Duk Y. Hyun
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda MD
| | - James D. Loewke
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda MD
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Wells EM, Jarrett JM, Lin YH, Caldwell KL, Hibbeln JR, Apelberg BJ, Herbstman J, Halden RU, Witter FR, Goldman LR. Body burdens of mercury, lead, selenium and copper among Baltimore newborns. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:411-417. [PMID: 21277575 PMCID: PMC3064741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood or serum concentrations of mercury, lead, selenium and copper were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a population of 300 infants born in Baltimore, Maryland. Geometric mean values were 1.37 μg/L (95% confidence interval: 1.27, 1.48) for mercury; 0.66 μg/dL (95% CI: 0.61, 0.71) for lead; and 38.62 μg/dL (95% CI: 36.73, 40.61) for copper. Mean selenium was 70.10 μg/L (95% CI: 68.69, 70.52). Mercury, selenium and copper levels were within exposure ranges reported among similar populations, whereas the distribution of lead levels was lower than prior reports; only one infant had a cord blood lead above 10 μg/dL. Levels of selenium were significantly correlated with concentrations of lead (Spearman's ρ=0.20) and copper (Spearman's ρ=0.51). Multivariable analyses identified a number of factors associated with one of more of these exposures. These included: increase in maternal age (increased lead); Asian mothers (increased mercury and lead, decreased selenium and copper); higher umbilical cord serum n-3 fatty acids (increased mercury, selenium and copper), mothers using Medicaid (increased lead); increasing gestational age (increased copper); increasing birthweight (increased selenium); older neighborhood housing stock (increased lead and selenium); and maternal smoking (increased lead). This work provides additional information about contemporary prenatal element exposures and can help identify groups at risk of atypical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Wells
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Yu Hong Lin
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Caldwell
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Joseph R. Hibbeln
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Apelberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Julie Herbstman
- The Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University; Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Frank R. Witter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Lynn R. Goldman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services; Washington D.C. 20037, USA
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Glaser C, Demmelmair H, Sausenthaler S, Herbarth O, Heinrich J, Koletzko B. Fatty acid composition of serum glycerophospholipids in children. J Pediatr 2010; 157:826-31.e1. [PMID: 20646712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine reference values for fatty acid (FA) composition of serum glycerophospholipids (GPs) in children with a new high-throughput method. STUDY DESIGN The GP FA composition of 1326 serum samples obtained from a cohort of 951 children at 2 and 6 years, participating in the German Influences of Lifestyle Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood (LISA) study, was analyzed with a new high-throughput method. Only 2 simple preparation steps were necessary to obtain fatty acid methyl esters selectively from serum GPs. The FA status was determined by separating and quantifying the fatty acid methyl esters with high-resolution capillary gas chromatography. RESULTS FA values in serum GPs were in very good agreement with other published values in serum or plasma phospholipids for most of the analyzed FAs. No major age and sex differences in GP FA composition were observed. CONCLUSION The serum GP FA values obtained from children aged 2 and 6 years may serve as reference values in clinical practice (eg, for monitoring and improving therapeutic interventions). Furthermore, they can serve as a reference point for interpreting FA values in clinical and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Glaser
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, München, Germany
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Glaser C, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. High-throughput analysis of total plasma fatty acid composition with direct in situ transesterification. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12045. [PMID: 20711501 PMCID: PMC2918509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma fatty acid (FA) composition reflects dietary intake and endogenous turnover and is associated with health outcomes on a short and long term basis. The total plasma FA pool represents the composition of all FA containing lipid fractions. We developed a simplified and affordable high-throughput method for the analysis of total plasma FA composition, suitable for large studies. Methodology/Principal Findings The total lipid FA from 100 µl plasma is transferred in situ into methyl esters, avoiding initial extraction and drying steps. The fatty acid methyl esters are extracted once and analyzed by gas chromatography. For the new direct in situ transesterification method optimal, reaction parameters were determined. Intra-assay analysis (n = 8) revealed coefficients of variation below 4% for FA contributing more than 1% to total FA. Conclusions/Significance The results show good agreement with FA concentrations obtained by a reference method. The new direct in situ transesterification method is robust and simple. Sample preparation time and analysis costs are reduced to a minimum. This method is an economically and ecologically superior alternative to conventional methods for assessing plasma FA status in large studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Glaser
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Glaser C, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. High-throughput analysis of fatty acid composition of plasma glycerophospholipids. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:216-21. [PMID: 19654422 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma FA composition, a marker of FA status and dietary intake, is associated with health outcomes on a short- and long-term basis. Detailed investigation of the relationships between plasma FA composition and health requires the analysis of large numbers of samples, but manual sample preparation is very cumbersome and time consuming. We developed a high-throughput method for the analysis of FAs in plasma glycerophospholipids (GPs) with increased sensitivity. Sample preparation requires two simple steps: protein precipitation and subsequent base catalyzed methyl ester synthesis. Analysis of GP FAs is performed by gas chromatography. Coefficients of variation for FAs contributing more than 1% to total FAs are below 4%. Compared with the established reference method, results of the new method show good agreement and very good correlations (r > 0.9). The new method reduces the manual workload to about 10% of the reference method. Only 100 microl plasma volume is needed, which allows for the analysis of samples from infants. The method is well suitable for application in large clinical trials and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Glaser
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Li J, Yue Y, Li T, Hu X, Zhong H. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of bonded long chain fatty acids in a single zebrafish egg by ultrasound-assisted one-step transmethylation and extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 650:221-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is a long chain omega-3 fatty acid that is the primary n-3 fatty acid found in the central nervous system where it plays both a structural and functional role in cells. Because the tissues of interest are generally inaccessible for fatty acid analysis in humans and because precise DHA intake is difficult to determine, surrogate biomarkers are important for defining DHA status. Analysis of total lipid extracts or phospholipids from plasma or erythrocytes by gas chromatography meet the criteria for a useful biomarker of DHA status. Furthermore, both plasma and erythrocyte DHA levels have been correlated with brain, cardiac, and other tissue levels. Use of these biomarkers of DHA status will enable future clinical trials and observational studies to define more precisely the DHA levels required for either disease prevention or other functional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connye N Kuratko
- Martek Biosciences, Inc., 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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Cruz-Hernandez C, Destaillats F. Recent Advances in Fast Gas-Chromatography: Application to the Separation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li J, Yue Y, Hu X, Zhong H. Rapid Transmethylation and Stable Isotope Labeling for Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acids by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5080-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900222q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingxia Yue
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongying Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People’s Republic of China
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Stark K. Analytical implications of routine clinical testing for omega-3 fatty acid biomarkers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.200800037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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Lands B. A critique of paradoxes in current advice on dietary lipids. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 47:77-106. [PMID: 18177743 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Beliefs about credible hypotheses of dietary causes of disease still need well-defined mediators to test for logical proof or disproof. We know that food energy causes transient postprandial oxidative insults that may not be fully reversible. Also, eating vitamin-like 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in foods maintains the 20- and 22-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in tissues. Tissue HUFA form hormone-like mediators that each amplify transient postprandial insults into fatal inflammatory, thrombotic and arrhythmic events in cardiovascular disease, a major preventable cause of death. Similar diet-based amplified events may also occur in other inflammatory proliferative disorders including cancer, dementia, arthritis and asthma. Puzzling paradoxes come from fragmented views of this situation which convey incomplete knowledge in oversimplified messages. Tools now exist to demonstrate successful prevention of two fatal food imbalances with credible dietary preventive interventions, but organizers and financers to help gather the evidence remain unknown. The overall evidence accumulated about diet, disease and death may be nearing a paradigm shift in which prior observed facts remain while beliefs about their accepted interpretation change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lands
- 6100 Westchester Park Drive, #1219, College Park, MD 20740 USA.
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